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Shakespeare’s Sonnets
A Scratch across the Surface
by
Vicki Lague
Rhyme Scheme
• Example, Sonnet 18:
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer's lease hath all too short a date:
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance, or nature's changing course, untrimm'd;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st;
Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st;
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

a
b
a
b
c
d
c
d
e
f
e
f
g
g

(day)
(temperate)
(May)
(date)
(shines)
(dimm’d)
(declines)
(untrimm’d)
(fade)
(ow’st)
(shade)
(grow’st)
(see)
(thee)
William Shakespeare

26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616
Poetry Forms
• Narrative (tells a tale/story)
• Drama (presented on a stage)
• Lyric (Short poem that expresses a state of
mind)
– Personal experience, close relationships, and
description of feelings
– Updated by Shakespeare and other early European
poets into long sonnet sequences mostly in praise of
their mistresses
Historical Background
• Writing lyric poetry was more fashionable
than writing drama
• Ambitious poet had to write a sonnet
sequence
• Trended in early and mid-1590’s England
• Ended suddenly in 1596 or 1597

Bevington, David. “Sonnets.” The Necessary Shakespeare. Boston: Pearson, 2014. 880-884. Print.
Shakespeare’s Sonnets (880)
•
•
•
•

Written during the genre’s zenith
Not published when written
Circulated in manuscript form
Shakespeare may have delayed publication
himself:
–
–
–
–

Genteel accomplishments were supposed to include versifying
Designed to amuse friends
Publication not considered “genteel”
Not clear if this attitude motivated Shakespeare
Publication, Presentation &
Problems (880)
• Publication:
– By Thomas Thorpe in 1609
– Reprinted in 1640

• Questions:
− To whom are the sonnets addressed?
− Do they tell a consistent story?
− Are they autobiographical?

• Basic Difficulty:
− Thorpe’s order of presentation may not be Shakespeare’s
intention
Sonnet Order (880)
• Sonnets 1 – 126 (most of them): Show a
warm friendship for a handsome young
aristocratic man (The Fair Youth)
– May be one person or several
– May be William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke
The Fair Youth (882)
• May have been William Herbert, patron of
the theatre and education
– An aristocrat, handsome, young, charismatic
– Shakespeare’s sponsor (monetary support)
• Makes Shakespeare subservient to friend
• Praises friend’s beauty and virtues

– As the older man, Shakespeare
• Urges young man to marry
• Become immortal through children
http://www.pbs.org/shakespeare/players/player42.html
Sonnet Order
• Sonnets 127- 152: About the poet’s darkhaired mistress, the Dark Lady
The Dark Lady (883)
• Praised for her being a “real” woman, not some
kind of goddess (Petrarchan sonnet convention)
• Unknown woman, but may be Emilia Lanier
with whom Shakespeare had a brief affair, a
love triangle that included his friend, William
Herbert
– Proto-feminist: “Forgetting they were born of woman, nourished
of women, and that if it were not by the means of women they would be
quite extinguished out of the world, and a final end of them all, do like
vipers deface the wombes wherein they were bred.”
http://www.pbs.org/shakespeare/players/player34.html
Sonnet Order
• Sonnets 153 – 154: Seem unrelated to
anything that comes before them, casting
doubt on the ordering
Sonnet Order (881)
• Evidence of inconsistencies
– Some are closely linked to preceding sonnets
– Some are disconnected
– Most readers see a narrative continuity with
some blocks of sonnets being out of place
Sonnet Order (881)
• Evidence of inconsistencies
– Some are closely linked to preceding sonnet
– Some are disconnected
– Most readers see a narrative continuity with
some block of sonnets being out of place

• Shakespeare may intend to show
juxtaposition and contrast
Sonnet Order (881)
• Evidence of inconsistencies
– Some are closely linked to preceding sonnet
– Some are disconnected
– Most readers see a narrative continuity with
some block of sonnets being out of place

• Shakespeare may intend to show contrast
• No alternative order has found acceptance
Sonnet Order (881)
• Evidence of inconsistencies
– Some are closely linked to preceding sonnet
– Some are disconnected
– Most readers see a narrative continuity with
some block of sonnets being out of place

• Shakespeare may intend to show contrast
• No alternative order has found acceptance
• Conclusion: Thorpe’s order is suspect, but
may have an unknown rationale
Autobiographical? (882)
• Are they autobiographical?
– Most scholars believe they were written over a
number of years
• Large number before 1598
• Some perhaps later
• Some up to the date of publication (1609)

– May not be autobiographical
– Emotion may be from Shakespeare’s gift as a
poet
Not Autobiographical? (882)
• Established artistic conventions had already
displace biography
– Biography avoided
– The “story” of the sonnet is never important
– A series of lyric reflections:
• Love, adversities of fortune, death, etc.
• Narrative events are occasions for reflection
Use of Conventions (882-3)
• Uses typical situations and themes use by
predecessors
• Emphasis on friendship is new
• Use of juxtaposition/contrast favored in
drama: Shakespeare was a dramatist
Structure
• Three quatrains (four lines) developing a
specific idea closely related to others with
alternating end rhyme
• End couplet of two rhyming lines
• Volta (turn): line 9 (Italian) or may be
delayed to the couplet
• Some sonnets don’t fit pattern
• Iambic pentameter
http://www.sonnets.org/basicforms.htm

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Shakespeare’s sonnets

  • 1. Shakespeare’s Sonnets A Scratch across the Surface by Vicki Lague
  • 2. Rhyme Scheme • Example, Sonnet 18: Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimm'd; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or nature's changing course, untrimm'd; But thy eternal summer shall not fade Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st; Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st; So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. a b a b c d c d e f e f g g (day) (temperate) (May) (date) (shines) (dimm’d) (declines) (untrimm’d) (fade) (ow’st) (shade) (grow’st) (see) (thee)
  • 3. William Shakespeare 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616
  • 4. Poetry Forms • Narrative (tells a tale/story) • Drama (presented on a stage) • Lyric (Short poem that expresses a state of mind) – Personal experience, close relationships, and description of feelings – Updated by Shakespeare and other early European poets into long sonnet sequences mostly in praise of their mistresses
  • 5. Historical Background • Writing lyric poetry was more fashionable than writing drama • Ambitious poet had to write a sonnet sequence • Trended in early and mid-1590’s England • Ended suddenly in 1596 or 1597 Bevington, David. “Sonnets.” The Necessary Shakespeare. Boston: Pearson, 2014. 880-884. Print.
  • 6. Shakespeare’s Sonnets (880) • • • • Written during the genre’s zenith Not published when written Circulated in manuscript form Shakespeare may have delayed publication himself: – – – – Genteel accomplishments were supposed to include versifying Designed to amuse friends Publication not considered “genteel” Not clear if this attitude motivated Shakespeare
  • 7. Publication, Presentation & Problems (880) • Publication: – By Thomas Thorpe in 1609 – Reprinted in 1640 • Questions: − To whom are the sonnets addressed? − Do they tell a consistent story? − Are they autobiographical? • Basic Difficulty: − Thorpe’s order of presentation may not be Shakespeare’s intention
  • 8. Sonnet Order (880) • Sonnets 1 – 126 (most of them): Show a warm friendship for a handsome young aristocratic man (The Fair Youth) – May be one person or several – May be William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke
  • 9. The Fair Youth (882) • May have been William Herbert, patron of the theatre and education – An aristocrat, handsome, young, charismatic – Shakespeare’s sponsor (monetary support) • Makes Shakespeare subservient to friend • Praises friend’s beauty and virtues – As the older man, Shakespeare • Urges young man to marry • Become immortal through children http://www.pbs.org/shakespeare/players/player42.html
  • 10. Sonnet Order • Sonnets 127- 152: About the poet’s darkhaired mistress, the Dark Lady
  • 11. The Dark Lady (883) • Praised for her being a “real” woman, not some kind of goddess (Petrarchan sonnet convention) • Unknown woman, but may be Emilia Lanier with whom Shakespeare had a brief affair, a love triangle that included his friend, William Herbert – Proto-feminist: “Forgetting they were born of woman, nourished of women, and that if it were not by the means of women they would be quite extinguished out of the world, and a final end of them all, do like vipers deface the wombes wherein they were bred.” http://www.pbs.org/shakespeare/players/player34.html
  • 12. Sonnet Order • Sonnets 153 – 154: Seem unrelated to anything that comes before them, casting doubt on the ordering
  • 13. Sonnet Order (881) • Evidence of inconsistencies – Some are closely linked to preceding sonnets – Some are disconnected – Most readers see a narrative continuity with some blocks of sonnets being out of place
  • 14. Sonnet Order (881) • Evidence of inconsistencies – Some are closely linked to preceding sonnet – Some are disconnected – Most readers see a narrative continuity with some block of sonnets being out of place • Shakespeare may intend to show juxtaposition and contrast
  • 15. Sonnet Order (881) • Evidence of inconsistencies – Some are closely linked to preceding sonnet – Some are disconnected – Most readers see a narrative continuity with some block of sonnets being out of place • Shakespeare may intend to show contrast • No alternative order has found acceptance
  • 16. Sonnet Order (881) • Evidence of inconsistencies – Some are closely linked to preceding sonnet – Some are disconnected – Most readers see a narrative continuity with some block of sonnets being out of place • Shakespeare may intend to show contrast • No alternative order has found acceptance • Conclusion: Thorpe’s order is suspect, but may have an unknown rationale
  • 17. Autobiographical? (882) • Are they autobiographical? – Most scholars believe they were written over a number of years • Large number before 1598 • Some perhaps later • Some up to the date of publication (1609) – May not be autobiographical – Emotion may be from Shakespeare’s gift as a poet
  • 18. Not Autobiographical? (882) • Established artistic conventions had already displace biography – Biography avoided – The “story” of the sonnet is never important – A series of lyric reflections: • Love, adversities of fortune, death, etc. • Narrative events are occasions for reflection
  • 19. Use of Conventions (882-3) • Uses typical situations and themes use by predecessors • Emphasis on friendship is new • Use of juxtaposition/contrast favored in drama: Shakespeare was a dramatist
  • 20. Structure • Three quatrains (four lines) developing a specific idea closely related to others with alternating end rhyme • End couplet of two rhyming lines • Volta (turn): line 9 (Italian) or may be delayed to the couplet • Some sonnets don’t fit pattern • Iambic pentameter http://www.sonnets.org/basicforms.htm