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A Journey of Antenna from Dipole to Fractal: A Review
Article in Journal of Engineering Technology · July 2017
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Journal of Engineering Technology (ISSN: 0747-9964)
Volume 6, Issue 2, July, 2017, PP.317-351
A Journey of Antenna from Dipole to Fractal: A Review
Narinder Sharma1
and Vipul Sharma2
1
ECE Department, ACET, Amritsar, Punjab, India
2
ECE Deapartment, GKV, Haridwar, Uttrakhand, India
Abstract: This paper presents the comprehensive review of developments in the field of antenna engineering.
Various efforts have been made by distinguished researchers to design the antenna for market needs. Firstly, it
gives brief introduction about antenna and its history, and the various types of antennas. The problems faced by
researchers while designing the antennas are also reported in this paper and finally extensive literature survey has
been carried out to understand the journey of the antenna from dipole to fractal, especially the fractal antenna
which is compact in size and exhibits the multiband/wideband characteristics and widely useful in wireless
applications. The FDTD and FEM based methodology has been used by various researchers to simulate and
analyze the antenna. The results of various papers have been discussed which is based on antenna performance
factors such as return loss, resonant frequency, bandwidth and gain. Further, these results are delineated in the
tabular form for better understanding.
Keywords: Dipole, MPA, Fractal , Hybrid fractal , Slotted Patch
1. Introduction:
Today, we are living in communication era, there are various ways of communication but wireless
communication is preferred among all. The drastic changes have been noted in the human lives with the use of
wireless technology. The wireless technology is used in communication system to receive or transmit the
messages and multimedia files. A basic communication system may consist of transmitter, receiver and medium.
Medium is used to transfer the messages from transmitter to receiver and may be guided (wired) or unguided
(wireless). Antenna is a vital part of the communication system and a wireless communication without proper
antenna setup is unimaginable. It helps not only to transmit the messages (or data streams) but to receive them
also. Mismanagement in case of transmission and reception of the messages may result in a total failure of the
system. Thus a proper antenna design is a vital issue which should be kept in mind while designing a
communication system. So antenna is vital part of the communication system and plays significantly paramount
part in the wireless communication system. With the advent of the wireless technology, the compact size, better
performance (in terms of coverage, capacity and transmission quality) and low cost antenna has huge demand in
market.
An antenna is a metallic device which can act as transmitter and receiver. According to Webster’s
dictionary,” An antenna is a metallic device (may be wire or rod) for transmitting or receiving radio waves.” IEEE
standards defines antenna as a means for transmitting or receiving unguided waves [1]. Antenna can also be said
as an electronic device which is used to convert electronic power into radio waves and vice-versa. Antenna is like
electronic eye and ear, and act as interface between free space and circuitry. It can be said as a backbone of the
wireless communication system.
2. History of Antennas
Antennas are our link with free space, and are vital part of our civilization. They have been used since
millions of years but in the last century, great revolution has been noticed specially the link between radio system

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and outside world. The credit of the evolution of antenna can be given to James Clark Maxwell who combined the
theories of electricity and magnetism and invented the most popular Maxwell equations in 1873, which are the
backbone of antenna theory [2]. He also predicted that EM and light waves travel by disturbances of the same
speed. The first satisfactory concept of antenna has been conceived by German physicist Heinrich Rudolph Hertz
in 1886 during working in his laboratory at Technical Institute of Kalssuhe [3]. He is also known as father of
electromagnetic. Even the SI units of frequency i.e.; Hertz is also named after him. He experimentally proved that
the electrical disturbances can be detected with the secondary circuit in terms of turning on or off the spark at
wavelength of 4m. His contribution to the research in this field can be judged from this aspect that an end loaded
half wave dipole loop is also known as Hertizian dipole. An Indian Scientist J. C. Bose (1858-1937) carried out
the research with millimeter waves at 60GHz, and developed new antenna named Horn Antenna in the year 1897.
Though the great inventions were made by Hertz but it was not used in real life until some tuning circuits were
added by Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1973), an Italian Scientist to improve the coverage of antenna [4]. In 1901,
he made transmissions of signals from Poldu, UK to St. Johns, Newfoundland in Canada, and further share the
noble prize for Physics with Karl Fedinand Brain of their contribution to development of wireless telegraphy. He
used monopole antenna of quarter wavelength to perform the experiment, that’s why vertical monopole antenna is
also known as Marconi Antenna [5].
World War-II is the great evidence of revolution of new era in antenna. During this war, Radar technology
came into existence as there was a need of hour to hit the enemy’s ships, submarines or airplanes from the
distance even at night time. The English and American Scientists carried out the extensive research in this
direction which resulted into the rapid development of high range Radar antennas e.g; Aperture type, Reflector
type, Horn type etc. The research was continued by many Scientists to develop different antennas like Circularly
polarized, Broadband and many other types for applications in distinguished domains like Wi-MAX (World Wide
interoperability of µ-wave access), WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity),
Satellite Communication, Point-to-Point high speed communication, GPS (Global Positioning System), Mobile
Communication, Microwave Communication, Infrared Communication, GPRS (Global Packet Radio System),
MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network), VANET (Vehicle Ad-hoc Network), UWB (Ultra Wideband), WSN etc.[6] -
[8]. The different wireless applications require different antenna for communication, rather there is always a need
to design an optimal antenna for existing or emerging applications. Antenna is the significantly an essential part
of the communication system. A wireless communication system cannot be designed without proper set up of the
antenna. So, Antenna is gaining popularity day by day. It is no longer a radiating or receiving device, but a device
which can be integrated with the system to attain optimal performance e.g.; MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple
Output) antenna is used to enhance the channel capacity.
3. Types of Antennas
Many of the new antennas which are invented by the scientists have not been defined by “IEEE Standards
of terms for Antennas.” The IEEE Standards for Antennas have not been updated since 1983. According to David
Thiel of Griffth University, antennas can be categorized by the groups as:
3.1 Wire Antenna
As a name suggests that, this type of antenna is made of conducting wires. Such type of antennas are
commonly available, easy to construct and economical in cost. These antennas are available in the Dipole and
Loop configuration.
3.1.1 Dipole Antenna

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This is the first type of simplest antenna which was ever used, and shown in Fig. 1. Dipole is defined by
M.W. Diction as “A pair of equal and unlike electric charges or magnetic poles of opposite signs isolated by small
distance” [9]. It is classified into two categories like Short Dipole Antenna and Folded Dipole Antenna
Fig. 1: Dipole Antenna
The word “Short” in antenna engineering is always related to wavelength. The size of antenna does not
matter but the size of wire which is related to wavelength matters in terms of frequency. With increase in
wavelength, the gain of dipole antenna also increases. For optimal gain, the size of dipole should be more than
wavelength. The folded dipole antenna is made of two parallel conductor wires which are joined together to form
loop.
3.1.2 Loop Antenna
Loop is a closed circular antenna. It is not necessary that antenna should be circular in shape. It may be
triangular, elliptical, rectangular, square or any other closed shape, as shown in Fig. 2. It is most popular antenna
because of simple in construction and easy to analyze. It may be Electrically Small or Electrically Large.
Fig. 2: Loop Antenna
Electrically small means circumference is less than 1/10th
of the wavelength. In electrically large, circumference is
almost equal to the wavelength [10].
3.2 Aperture Antenna
This antenna is commonly used at microwave frequency and may take the shape of horn or waveguide.
The aperture may be rectangular, square, elliptical, circular etc. Aperture antenna is widely used in Aircraft and
Spacecraft. It is of two types such as Slot and Horn Antenna.

320
3.2.1 Slot Antenna
Slots can be cut out anywhere on the surface. It is popular antenna because of ease to cut the slots and
mount effortlessly. Slots can be cut out in the MPA. A Slotted MPA may comprise of a metal surface (flat plate)
with a hole or slot cut out as shown in Fig. 3. When this plate is driven as an antenna by the driving frequency, the
slots radiates EM waves in the similar way to a dipole antenna. In the MPA without slot, the centre of the dipole
element exhibits the maximum current distribution. The slots are being extracted from the proposed MPA which
may result into the enhancement of the current distribution, bandwidth and reduction in the effective area
(conducting element). These antennas are used in UHF, RADAR and microwave applications. The main
advantages of this antenna are design simplicity, compact size, and convenient adaptation to mass production in
using PC board technology. The printed slot antennas (PSA) are also used in wireless communication. PSA has
the slots in the patch or in the ground plane. PSA’s are bi-directional radiators which mean that they radiate
bidirectionally. Depending upon the requirement the PSA can be designed. Slots can be annular in shape and such
type of antennas have dual port and dual band which is suitable for the use ion the feedback path of an oscillator
[11]. In the slot antennas, the polarization is linear and radiation pattern is almost omnidirectional [12] [13].
Fig. 3: Slotted Patch Antenna
3.2.2 Horn Antenna
Horn is a hollow pipe of different flared cross-sections, as shown in Fig. 4. It is simple and widely used
microwave antenna. Though its existence is assumed in the year 1800 but its usability accounted in year 1900,
especially during the world war-II [14]. The flares of the horns may be rectangular, conical, square or cylindrical.
Horn antennas are quite easy to feed with waveguide or coaxial cable. The gain of this antenna increases with
increase in frequency of operation. The loss of this antenna is very less that’s why the gain of antenna is almost
equal to its directivity. It is useful in satellite tracking, communication dishes and radio astronomy.
Fig. 4: Horn Antenna

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3.3 Yagi-Uda Antenna
Yagi-Uda antenna is named after Prof. Shintro Uda and H. Yagi who started work on it in 1920 and first
and first research published in the year 1927 at Tohoku University, Japan. It is low cost, simple in design (consists
of array feed lines) and high gain (greater than 10dB) antenna and popularly known as Yagi antenna. It operates
on high frequency (3-30MHz), very high frequency (30-300MHz) and ultra high frequency (300-3000MHz)
bands [15]. It’s most popular and commendable application is for home TV reception. In between 1970-2000
years, it is easily found on the top of the roofs of every house, as shown in Fig. 5. It consists of number of dipole
and common feed elements. The spacing between dipole elements is λ/4 and to achieve the highest gain the length
of the reflector should be λ/2.
Fig. 5: Yagi-Uda Antenna
3.4 Reflector Antenna
The maximum gain which can be obtained from practical horn antenna is 20dB, to achieve more gain, it is
required to design a large and bulky horn antenna which may not be suitable for various application or sometimes
tough to construct. This problem can be overcome by the reflector antenna. Reflector antenna is quite easy to
design. The most commonly used reflector antenna is parabolic reflector antenna, also known as Satellite Dish
Antenna, as shown in Fig. 6. As a name suggests that, it is parabolic in shape which mainly depends upon the
parameters i.e.; diameter and focal length. The smaller reflector antenna operates on 2-28 GHz frequency band
whereas large reflector antenna operates in very high frequency (30 – 300 MHz) band. The gain of satellite dish
antenna is very high i.e.; 30-40 dB. The basic structure of this antenna is depicted in the Fig. 1.5, and indicated
that feed antenna is pointed towards parabolic reflector. Often, the feed antenna is horn antenna and its aperture is
circular in shape [1].
Fig. 6: Parabolic Reflector Antenna
3.5 Travelling Wave Antenna
The most popular travelling wave antenna is helix in shape and also known as helical antenna. Its shape is
identical to the corkscrew and produces the radiations across the axis as shown in Fig.7. These antennas are very
Reflector

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popular in 1990 because it occupies less space. The main features of this antenna are wide bandwidth, real input
bandwidth and easy to construct.
Fig. 7: Travelling Wave – Helical Shaped Antenna
3.6 Microstrip Patch Antenna
It has made the revolution in the antenna field. The considerable attention has been given to this antenna
in the year 1970 but it came into the existence in 1950 [16]. The first meeting in regard to the application of
microstrip antenna was held at New Maxico in 1979 and it was noticeable during the discussion that it will be
quite small in size, light weight, easy to fabricate and economical [17] [18]. It is a single layer design composed
of four parts i.e; substrate, patch, ground plane and feeding line, as shown in Fig.8. Patch is a thin metal strip
located on top of the substrate whereas ground plane is located on bottom of the substrate [19]. Patch is a
conductor, a design from the metals copper, Nickel, Tin, Aluminum or Gold. Dielectric substrate is made of
material like FR4 epoxy, Rogers RT duroid, Teflon, Polyster, Polythene, Glass, Arlon etc. as per the requirement
of the antenna design. The most commonly used dielectric material is FR4 epoxy because of its low cost and
availability in the market. The microstrip patch antenna has created drastic evolution in the field of wireless
communication [20].
Generally, it is designed as per the demand of various wireless applications. The design of Microstrip
patch Antenna (MPA) will be different for different applications like Wi-MAX, WLAN, Wi-Fi etc.[21] [22]. The
size of the antenna will be compromising trade off with the required applications. MPA also exhibits the
multiband characteristics through a single device [23]. There are various shapes in which patch antenna can be
designed but commonly used shape is circular and rectangular. For any application, the appropriate design of
MPA is based on the following mathematical equations:
For Circular patch:
The dimensions (length and width) of rectangular patch element can be computed by using equations (1.1) to (1.5)
[24]:
(1.1)
= (1.2)
(1.3)
(1.4)
(1.5)
Where,

323
c = Velocity of light (in free space)
h = height of Substrate
εr = Relative permittivity of substrate
W = Width of rectangular patch
L = Actual Length of rectangular patch
Effective length of Patch
= Extension in actual Length
= Effective dielectric constant
The radius of circular patch element can be computed from the following equations (1.6) to (1.8) [1]:
= (1.6)
(1.7)
= (1.8)
Where,
a = Radius of the circular patch
ae = Effective Radius of circular patch.
Fig. 8: Microstrip Patch Antenna
For optimal design of antenna, the patch length should be chosen in the range (0.3333λ0 < L < 0.5λ0) and
the breadth (t) should be less than or equal to λ0. The height of the substrate must be in the range (0.03 λ0 ≤ h ≤
0.05 λ0) and dielectric constant should have the value between 2.9 to 12 [25]. Patch can be excited by either edge
or probe feed. When it gets excited, the change will automatically be distributed between ground plane and patch.
As soon as the patch excites, the beneath of the patch will get positive charge whereas ground plane will get
negative charge. Due to this positive and negative charge, the force of attraction will be set up between
underneath of patch and ground plane which will lead to the fringing effect between patch edges and ground
plane. In this way, the MPA will get radiated [26]. The radiations depend upon the fringing field, it will be
maximum if the fringing field is high.

324
An MPA will be said to be optimal, if there is thick dielectric with small dielectric constant, good
radiations, larger bandwidth and better efficiency. Antenna size may get increased for an optimal MPA [27]. To
overcome this, a trade off must be compromised between antenna dimensions and parameters.
3.7 Fractal Antenna
To overcome the disadvantages of microstrip antenna, fractal antenna came into the existence and
intensively used in the field of wireless communication. Mainly the Fractal antenna geometry is used to attain the
multiband characteristics which is not possible in case of conventional microstrip patch antenna [28]. To
understand the Fractal antenna, firstly we must get familiar with “What is the fractal?” It is derived from the Latin
word Fractus which means broken/fracture or irregular fragments, and describe a family of complex structures
[29]. Fractal shapes have created the revolution in the designing and development of multiband antennas.
Numerous types of fractal geometries have been proposed by distinguished researchers for the development of
wideband and multiband antennas. In 1975, B. Mandelbort was the first to introduce the fractal geometry, and
explain that the whole geometry repeats itself by a particular scale in different iterations [30]. He proposed theory
was based on the natural fractals. Fractal shapes are complex in structure and can be generated by using recursive
procedures which exhibit large surface area in limited space [31]. Even though there are various mathematical
structures may be termed as fractals [32]. So, geometries and dimensions of fractal structures are important key
factor for the operative resonant frequencies. Though there are many properties of fractal antennas like space-
filling, self- similarity, fractional dimensions and infinite complexity which make the fractal antenna unique to
attain advantages like miniaturization, wideband characteristics, multiband characteristics and better efficiency
[33] [34] but Self similarity and Space filling are the key properties of fractal geometries which are used in
designing the fractal antennas. The self similarity of fractal shapes can be obtained by applying the infinite
number of iterations with the help of Multiple Reduction Copy Machine algorithm, it also helps the antenna to
achieve multiband characteristics [35]. The space filling property is used to decrease the antenna size or to
achieve the miniaturization of antenna. The miniaturization of antenna is also achieved by increasing the effective
permeability and permittivity of the substrate [36].
The fractal antenna is more powerful, compact and versatile [37]. The generally used fractal are Sierpinski
Gasket, Sierpinski Carpet, Koch curves, Minkowski Geometery, Meander, Giuseppe Peano, Hilbert etc.
3.7.1 Sierpinski Gasket
Sierpinski geometry was suggested by the Polish mathematician Sierpinski in 1961. The widely
studied and used fractal geometry is Sierpinski Gasket for antenna applications. The Self-similar current
distribution on this antenna exhibits the multi-band characteristics [38]. Multi-band nature of this antenna can be
controlled by perturbing the geometry of antenna [39] and the band characteristics of such antennas can be
changed by varying the flare angle [40]. Two different approaches like multiple-copy and decomposition can be
used to generate the Sierpinski Gasket antenna with the help of self-similarity and space-filling properties, as
shown in the Fig. 9 (a). As illustrated in Fig. 9 (b), the Sierpinski Gasket shape is attained by extracting the
central part of main triangle with inverted equilateral triangle from the main triangle and this process can be
repeated to attain the desired geometry [41].
Fig. 9 (a): Sierpinski Gasket - Multiple Copy Generation Approach

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Fig. 9 (b): Sierpinski Gasket - Decomposition Generation Approach
3.7.2 Sierpinski Carpet
The Sierpinski Carpet geometry is obtained by using the rectangular patch. The rectangle of 1/3rd
size is
subtracted from the centre of the main rectangle and this process is repeated number of times to attain the desired
geometry [42]. The self-similarity property of fractal antenna is used with varying iterations to design this antenna
[43] [44]. The Sierpinski Carpet fractal antenna with four iterations is shown in Fig. 10.
Fig. 10: Sierpinski Carpet Fractal Antenna
3.7.3 Koch curves
The Koch curve is the simplest fractal and generated in 1998. It is generated by dividing the straight line
into three parts a, b and c. The middle part of the straight line bends into the triangular shape as shown in Fig. 11,
with flare angle 600
and indicated as “b” [45]. The same process can be repeated for the fractal geometry up to
finite number of iterations. Iteration adds length to the curve and results in a total length i.e.; 4/3rd
the original
geometry. The fractal dimension (D) and curve length (l) is given as [46]:
Where,
‘N’ is the Number of the segments
‘h’ is the height of the curve
‘r’ is the number that each segment is divided on iteration
‘n’ is the number of iterations

326
Fig. 11: Koch Fractal Curves
3.7.4 Minkowski Geometry
Minkowski Geometry is named after a Jewish German Mathematician Hermann Minkowski in 1907.The
geometric shape of Minkowski curve is designed by taking the straight line (initiator) which is shown in Fig.
12(a), and the generator structure is shown in Fig. 12(b) [47]. This recursive process is repeated up to 2nd
iteration
as shown in Fig. 12(c). The Iterated Function System (IFS) can also be used to obtain the required Minkowski
fractal shape. It is somehow similar to Koch curves where equilateral triangles are used but in Minkowski
geometry the rectangles are used. The length of the rectangle is and height is , where L denotes length
of original antenna and r denotes ratio coefficient.
Fig. 13: (a) Initiator geometry, (b) Generator geometry and (c) Proposed Minkowski curve
3.7.5 Meander Geometry
If we want to decrease the size of monopole antenna without disturbing the parameters like bandwidth,
pattern and efficiency. The various shapes such T and inverted L have been tried by the scientist to decrease the
size of the wire but it somehow affects the aforementioned parameters of antenna. So, the new antenna came
into the existence which can reduce the size of monopole without changing the performance of antenna, is said
to be a meander antenna. It is made from a continuously folded wire contemplated to reduce the resonant length,
shown in Fig. 13(a). Hexagonal Meander shape is shown in Fig. 13(b)
Fig. 13: Meander (a) Line (b) Hexagonal

327
The reduction factor (β) should be less than one for a meander antenna [48]. If the length of conventional
monopole is L, and of meander monopole is I have the same resonant frequency, then relation between the
lengths and β is given as:
β = I/L
Reduction factor mainly depends on the number of sections per wavelength (N) and the width of the rectangular
loops (W), as shown in Fig. 13.
3.7.6 Giuseppe Peano
Giuseppe Peano was famous Italian mathematician, and Peano curves were named after him in 1890
[49]. These curves uses a line segment as base and then dividing this line segment in three parts and making a
square up and down the middle part [50]. The iterative process of this Giuseppe Peano fractal is shown in Fig.
14, which is applied to the edges of the square patch upto 2nd
iteration.
Fig. 14: Giuseppe Peano
3.7.7 Hilbert Curve
Hilbert curves are given the name after David Hilbert in 1891. These curves consist of various stages
where each following stage contains four copies of the previous one, along with one extra line segment as shown
in Fig. 15. The geometry of Hilbert curve is space filling i.e; with the large number of iterations [50].
Fig. 15: Hilbert Curves
3.7.8 Hybrid Fractal Antenna
To improve the performance of the fractal antenna, sometimes, it is advisable to design a fractal antenna
by integrating two or more than two geometries [51]. So, antenna which is designed by combining at least two
fractal geometries is said to be hybrid fractal antenna. Hybrid fractal antenna can be designed in the following
combinations:
 Fractal shape with itself e.g.; Koch-Koch etc.
 Koch-Sierpinski
 Koch-Meander
 Sierpinski-Giuseppe peano

328
There may be other combinations of fractal geometries as shown in fig. 16, 17 and 18.
Fig. 16: Hybrid fractal slot - (a) Koch- Koch and (b) Koch- Minkowski
Fig. 17: (a) MPA with Koch-Koch Slot and (b) MPA with Koch-Minkowski slot
Fig. 18: (a) Minkowski Curve, (b) Sierpinski Carpet geometry and (c) Hybrid fractal structure
4. Challenges
Most of the available antennas are either bulky, space consuming or large in size and even performance
parameters are compromised. Antenna size is kept large for the lower frequency spectrum to meet the

329
requirements of the application. These problems are not always overcome by using the compact sized Microstrip
patch and fractal antennas, and also leave the challenges for the antenna designers which may evolve with the
following reasons:
 Different tissue properties of individual persons and even change in this properties, from time to time also
has direct impact on the antenna performance.
 Need of compact sized antenna for modern wireless communication small sized equipments.
 Unwanted radiations also affect the bandwidth of antenna.
 Reduced ground plane size can rise the issues:
 Forward directivity may be decreased with backward radiations
 Increase in resonant frequency
5. Research Motivation
In this technological era, wireless communication has gained huge popularity. People even can’t think to live
without the electronic gadgets specially based on the wireless technology. The most commonly used wireless
applications are cellular phones (GSM and UMTS), Satellite, GPS, Radio frequency identification (RFID), Wi-
MAX, Wi-Fi, WLAN, RADAR, Rectenna (converts microwave energy directly into DC power), Telemedicine
(Wearable microstrip antenna used for wireless body area networks), Medicinal (microwave energy used to treat
malignant tumor), Multilevel advance antennas for motor vehicles etc. [3] [52]. These discussed wireless
applications are of no use without proper designing of antenna. So, antenna is the hot cake of the market which
attracts researchers to carry the research to design a compact sized, low profile, economical and wide bandwidth
optimized antenna. The conventional antennas are not capable to satisfy these needs, only the microstrip patch and
fractal antenna fulfill these aforementioned requirements. The antenna parameters of various shapes of Microstrip
and fractal antennas can be optimized to meet the market needs.
6. Literature Survey:
Extensive research work has been done by the distinguished researchers to enhance the performance parameters
of a fractal antenna, and MPA in the past decades. This paper mainly deals with the motivation to carry the
research on antennas, study of work that has been done by the various researchers and the challenges faced by
distinguished researchers. The study of the research work carried out by various researchers is listed below:
Zavosh and Aberle [53] (1996), the paper illustrates patch-antenna with cavity-backed geometry, and features
shorting posts and multiple dielectric layers. These distinctive attributes are exhibited to design proposed antennas
which may possess various desirable characteristics of microstrip antennas.
C. Punete et al. [54] (1998), this paper exhibits the multiband behaviour of the Sierpinski fractal antenna. The
discussed antenna is also compared with the bow-tie antenna. The antenna is simulated and fabricated. The
experimental and simulated results depict the self-similarity properties which is mainly responsible for the
electromagnetic behavior of antenna.
C. P. Baliarda et al. [55] (2000), this paper projects the iterative transmission line model which demonstrates the
behavior of the Sierpinski fractal antenna. The proposed geometry illustrates the multiband characteristics. The
different flare angles (α) has been used to predict the behavior of the the Sierpinski fractal antenna, and found the
most precise behavior at α = 30o
.

330
J. P. Gianvittorio et al. [56] (2002), this paper premeditates the Fractal geometry based on recursive generating
methodology. The natural fractal geometry found as coastlines and clouds which can be used to model complex
objects. These fractal geometry exhibits space-filling properties which is quite helpful in miniaturization of
antennas. These recursive contours are helpful to include more electrical length in limited volume. Fractals are
shapes which are easy to explain and can be modelled mathematically with increased number of iterations.
Antennas can easily miniaturize by using the space-filling property of the fractals without any extra expense. The
designed antenna with corner-led square loop exhibits S11= -15dB whereas antenna Minkowski fractals reports
S11= -25dB (approx.). Almost 40% improvement has been reported in the return loss by using fractal techniques.
It has also been observed that how fractal antenna can be used in linear arrays with avoiding grating lobes.
D. C. Chang and J. X. Zheng [57] (2003), this paper introduces a designing and investigation of wideband patch
antenna which is comprised of two triangular patches (45o
- 45o
- 90o
). The discussed antenna bandwidth is almost
two times large in comparison of rectangular patch (ordinary) of the same size. Results depicted in this paper,
shows good radiation patterns which are derived with the cross-polarization level of -14 dB and impedance-
bandwidth is enhanced almost 2.5% by using two triangular patches whereas it is reported only 1.1% with
ordinary rectangular patches .
Qu et al. [58] (2006), this paper explains the MPA with a high impedance Electromagnetic Band Gap substrate.
The designed structure is almost similar and equivalent to a microstrip antenna, with the difference that the
conducting ground plane is replaced with high impedance Electromagnetic Band Gap layer. While designing,
firstly the bandgap of the Electromagnetic Band Gap structure is determined. After-that, patch antennas with
Electromagnetic Band Gap ground plane is designed to operate within the bandgaps as well outside the bandgaps.
It has been observed that wide bandwidths (approx. 25%) can be attained with the deviation of EBG parameters as
well as original antenna. This may lead to increase in gain of antenna.
H. Boutayeb and T. A. Denidni [59] (2007), This paper depicts the performance of a Circular MPA which is
enhanced by using a new cylindrical EBG substrate. The MPA is combined with a cylindrical Electromagnetic
Band Gap substrate and fed by a coaxial probe, to increase the gain of the antenna. The cylindrical EBG structure
is an integration of couple of periodic structures with different periods. One structure consists of metallic rings
and the another one is of grounding vias, with this given concept, an antenna is fabricated and results are
measured. It has been observed that the measured return loss and radiation patterns of proposed antenna exhibit a
proper impedance matching with improved gain.
Q. Rao and T. A. Denidni [60] (2009), the paper investigates a small sized multiband antenna used for wireless
handheld devices. The discussed design comprises of two folded L-shaped strips which are connected by a short
stub and common excitation is fed to both. It has been observed that the designed antenna is compared with the
other existing multiband antennas designs, and noted that the designed antenna is simple in structure, smaller in
size, and has higher mode independence. This paper also elaborates that the various cellular bands can be attained
by varying the shape and width of strip and slot.
Q. Luo et al. [61] (2009), this paper reports the simulation and fabrication of a printed fractal monopole antenna
which can be used for WLAN-USB dongle applications. The discussed antenna is designed with the fusion of
meander line and fractal geometry. The discussed antenna structure is simple in shape and easy to fabricate. The
multiband operation characteristics can be achieved with proposed antenna. The measured results clearly indicate
that the proposed antenna may be used for WLAN applications as it covers the frequency bands in between 2.22
to 2.52 GHz and 5.03 to 5.84 GHz. It has been also observed from the simulated results that designed antenna, in
the lower frequency band has constant gain 1.8 dBi with radiation efficiency 95% whereas in the upper band, it
exhibits gain 2.4 dBi with radiation efficiency 94%.

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R. Azaro et al. [62] (2009), this letter elaborates the simulation and fabrication of three-band hybrid fractal
antenna which can efficiently use in wireless applications like GSM (925 and 1850MHz) and Wi-Fi (2440MHz).
The proposed geometry of the hybrid antenna is attained by combining the Meander and Sierpinski fractal
shapes. Customised Particle Swarm technique is used to enhance the performance parameters of the designed
antenna. The comparative analysis of measured and simulated results has been assessed on the basis of VSWR,
and found good agreement with each other. The optimal value of VSWR has been embellished as 2.4 for GSM
(Lower frequency band), 1.3 for GSM (Upper frequency band) and 3.2 for Wi-Fi frequency band.
R. Azaro et al. [50] (2009), This letter demonstrates the design of a Monopole quad-band antenna using Hilbert
geometry. The dimensions of the proposed antenna is being optimized by using the PSO technique and reported
that almost 39% length is reduced. The discussed antenna is simulated and fabricated. The experimental and
numerical data like VSWR and gain are discussed in this letter, and predicted as good agreement with each other.
C. Liu et al. [63] (2010), this paper analyses a compact monopole antenna which is designed with slotted ground
and exhibits penta-band operations. The proposed antenna consists of T-slit monopole printed on the upper side of
the substrate top (ungrounded portion). Dimensions of the designed antenna are 47 × 5.4 mm2
and the dimensions
of the slotted ground plane which is incised on the bottom of the substrate are 47 × 10 mm2
. An inverted-L copper
strip is also soldered at the one edge of the monopole for increasing the length of the designed antenna. Because
of the compact size, the discussed antenna takes up the small space inside the handheld mobile phones and can
efficiently operate as an internal mobile phone antenna. It also has been observed that the designed antenna can
operates at multiple frequency bands and useful for the wireless applications like GSM (824-894/890-960MHz),
DCS (1710-1880MHz), PCS (1850-1990MHz) and UMTS (1920-2170MHz).
N. Singh et al. [64] (2010), the paper defines the design of small sized corner triangular patch antenna with
truncated corners. The proposed antenna is designed for Wi-MAX bands i.e; (2.5 GHz – 2.55GHz) and (3.4 GHz
to 3.7 GHz). Designed antenna exhibits S11 -10 dB for the entire frequency band and maximum return losses
adorned at two different resonant frequencies 2.53GHz and 3.5GHz are -29.3dB and -18dB respectively.
A. Mehdipour et al. [65] (2010), this letter depicts the multiband antennas with single wall carbon nanotube.
Sierpinski Fractal composite antenna has been analysed by Microwave Studio software. Antenna is fabricated
using high-precision milling machine by printing carbon nanotube both sides of the substrate, and further, desired
shape is truncated. To strengthen the carbon nanotube material resin infiltration technique is used. The proposed
antenna illustrates the significant gain and radiation patterns, and can be used for the applications WLAN, UHF-
RFID and Bluetooth. The numerical data of proposed antenna is juxtaposed with the experimental data and
predicted as good agreement with each other where experimental results exhibits tri-band instead of tetra-bands in
simulated results. It also has been predicted that the measured s11 dB for all the three resonating
frequencies. The letter also contemplates that the proposed antenna depicts the 0.17 and 0.22dB/cm loss at
frequency 2.4GHz and 5.8GHz respectively and the gain of antenna can be controlled by adjusting the microstrip
length.
H. Kumar and N. Singh [11] (2011), this paper demonstrates the 2-port dual frequency antennas with annular
slot resonator. The proposed antenna is fabricated and exhibits return loss -20.5dB at frequency 2.4GHz, where as
simulated return loss is -9.36dB at frequency 2.4GHz and 31.35dB at 5.2 GHz, which is the maximum value,
revealed. Designed antenna also illustrates the omnidirectional radiation pattern in H-plane, and it operates at
WLAN bands and well suited for the domestic networks and oscillator type antenna applications.
C. Singh and R.P.S. Gangwar [24] (2011), this paper describes the designing of slotted rectangular MPA.
Antenna’s bandwidth has been improved by cutting the slot into the rectangular patch. The proposed antenna

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exhibits the three resonant frequencies, return loss , VSWR and peak gain 7 dBi. The axial ratio
depicted in the paper is also below 3dB which adorns that the antenna projects circular polarization. The presented
antenna is useful for the C-band applications like airbone and ground based, object identification during
surveillance, cordless phones, location tracking etc.
N. Singh et al. [18] (2011), this paper reports that the performance parameters of antennas can be enhanced by
using metamaterials or EBG structures. Even microwave applications like antennas and filters cannot play
significant role in communication without the proper use of metamaterials.
A. Kumar et al. [66] (2014) this letter explains the design of fractal-based multifrequency-reconfigurable antenna
where reconfigurability is attained by varying the feed line with the help of flexible coaxial cable attached with
the feed line. The coaxial cable is automatically moved to the various locations with the help of microcontroller.
In this letter, the feed line is moved to 144 different positions to get the optimized results and six results in the
form of table and graphs has been projected and found that feed position at 34.08mm exhibits the triple band. The
proposed antenna is also fabricated and numerical results are compared with the experimental results and
predicted as an good agreement with each other.
A. Azari [31] (2011), this paper explains the design of UWB antennas which are used for military and
commercial telecommunication services. The compact size and multi-band characteristics is very important aspect
to design the UWB antennas. Fractal geometry can fulfill this requirement as they possess the unique properties
like space-filling and self-similarity, as these properties are very helpful to attain the required miniaturization and
multi-band characteristics. The discussed antenna design is in octagonal shaped fractal µ-strip patch antenna and
depicts positive gain for the entire frequency interval 10 – 40GHz and peak gain 8.5dBi. The designed antenna is
optimized by using CST Microwave Studio software, and the results exhibit frequency range between 10 GHz -50
GHz. It has been observed that the designed antenna is a super wideband µ-strip antenna with bandwidth of 40
GHz and can be used for X (10-12GHz), Ku, K, Ka and U-band (40-50GHz) applications.
T. Chang and J. Lin [67] (2011), This paper presents that a radome is designed to improve the boresight (optical
axis- directional antenna) gain, flat-gain bandwidth and return-loss bandwidth of a MPA. The radome comprises
of a pair of parallel strips incised on the bottom of dielectric material. The length and spacing between each strip
is adjusted to tune the -10 dB return loss- bandwidth. Also stacked patches have been introduced in the basic
structure to enhance the gain of the antenna.
R.K. Kanth et al. [68] (2011), this paper depicts that printed electronic materials are more environmental friendly
in comparison to the PCB electronics. The author contemplates that the printed RFID antenna causes less harmful
impact to the environment. This paper also revealed that the printed antenna causes less harmful radiation in
comparison to the conventional antenna.
A. Jamil et al. [48] (2011), this paper premeditates the hybrid fractal antenna which is designed by integrating the
Meander and Koch geometry for WLAN USB dongle application. Optimization of antenna i.e; to decrease the
size of antenna without any change in the performance parameters of antenna is still a big challenge for the
researchers. But, Fractal antenna is quite useful to overcome the aforementioned challenges as it exhibits the
multiband characteristics, reduces the cost as well as size of antenna. The discussed antenna is simulated by using
CST microwave studio simulator and the results exhibit the dual bands of bandwidth (2.2909 GHz - 2.553 GHz)
and (5.1406 -GHz-5.8737 GHz). It also has been observed that the minimum S11 is -28.9 dB at the lower
frequency band (2.41 GHz) whereas S11 is -20.8 dB at upper frequency band (5.36 GHz).

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H. Oraizi and S. Hedayati [49] (2012), this paper analyses the possibilities, investigation and properties of the
Giuseppe Peano geometry for the miniaturization of MPA and also compare the performance with fractals like
Sierpinski, Tee-Type, Square-Koch, Triangular-Koch and Peano based on resonance frequency and bandwidth.
The surface area (900mm2
) of the Giuseppe Peano remains unaltered without occupying more space, even if the
length of the antenna is increased. It has been observed that the gain and relative frequency bandwidth of antenna
has been improved along with miniaturization. This has been also noticed that with perturbation in its initial
structure, a circular polarization has been achieved at its one of its resonance frequency.
S. Behera et al. [69] (2012), this paper proposes a multiport network approach to validate the behaviour of MPA.
The Minkowski geometry replaces the side opposite to the feed arm of microstrip square ring antenna. Dual
frequency is attained by properly taking the indentation of this Minkowski geometry. The resonant characteristics
can be controlled by increasing the width of the sides. This has been noticed in the paper that the impedance
matrix (multiport network model) of discussed antenna is simplified exploiting self-similarity of the geometry
with greater precision and accuracy with minimum analysis time.
R.K. Kanth et al. [52] (2012), this paper explains the design of triangular printed antenna with truncated tip. The
proposed antenna consists of copper as a radiating patch and glass epoxy as substrate and also analysed by using
Method of Moment technique. The bandwidth, radiation pattern and return loss are contempalted in the paper.
The designed antenna is best fit for establishing the communication link between satellites and buoys.
R. A. Kumar and Y. K. Choukiker [51] (2012), The paper depicts a simulated design of compact sized
(30×25mm2
) hybrid fractal antenna with microstrip line feed applied on semi-elliptical ground plane for UWB
applications. The discussed antenna is designed by integrating Sierpinski Carpet and Giuseppe Peano geometries.
It has been investigated in the paper that the designed antenna demonstrates omnidirectional radiation pattern with
acceptable value of gain.
R. Karli and H. Ammor [17] (2012), this paper depicts the Simulation of multi-band microstrip antenna which
can be used for the wireless applications such as GSM, , PCS, Cellular phone system, UMTS, WLAN, Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, DCS. The main advantages of proposed antenna are that it is light in weight, economical, and exhibits
multi-band characteristics. The simulated results of designed antenna show the resonant frequency, return loss
and, radiation patterns in the acceptable range. The discussed antenna resonates at three unique frequencies and
adorns the bandwidth 312MB, 667MB and 907MB. This paper also depicts -22.27dB maximum return loss.
J. W. Jayasinghe and D. Uduwawala [71] (2013), this paper premeditates the design of multi-frequency
broadband patch antenna (Compact size – 32mm2
) which can be used for WLAN applications. The proposed
antenna consists of patch, and shorting pin is incised on a substrate and is hanged in air 5 mm over the ground
plane. Genetic algorithm is applied to optimize the patch dimensions, a feed point and positions of shorting pin.
The proposed antenna exhibits a -10 dB fractional impedance bandwidth of 12.6%. The designed antenna is best
suited for the handheld devices like mobile phones, electronic wallets etc.
J. S. Sivia et al. [29] (2013), this paper demonstrates a design of Circular Fractal antenna (CFA) using ANN
technique. CFA is optimised using IE3D software up to 2nd
iteration and works at four different frequencies.
Discussed antenna is fabricated, and experimental results are found in accordance with the simulated results.
W. Ahmad and H. Kumar [72] (2013), this paper premeditates the small sized UWB antenna for wireless
applications. The designed antenna exhibits the input impedance 348.1 Ω, and highly matched antenna makes it
best suitable for the communication applications. This paper reports almost the omnidirectional radiation pattern
with maximum power 0. 3.7 and 7.2dBi.

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V. V. Reddy and N. V. S. N. Sarna [73] (2013), this paper demonstrates a design of microstrip antenna with
single layer single and single probe feed for tri-band circular polarization operation. Various structures without-
slot, rectangular, fractal and optimised fractal slot are discussed for multiband Circular Polarization radiation. To
attain the tri-band Circular Polarization radiation some variation has been made in the structure and also Koch
curve has been used at boundaries of rectangular slot and square patch. 3dB axial ratio bandwidths of optimized
fractal slot are 3.2%, 1.6%, and 3.0% at resonating frequencies 2.45 GHz, 3.4 GHz, and 5.8 GHz respectively.
Author also demonstrated that the simulation results are in genuine agreement with the measured results and
designed antenna may be used for WLAN and Wi-MAX applications.
V. V. Reddy and N. V. S. N. Sarna [74] (2014), this paper explains the small sized Microstrip antenna with
fractal boundary for circular polarization. In this design, the square sides are being replaced by asymmetrical
prefractal curves, to excite two orthogonal modes for Circular Polarization operation. The designed structure of
antenna is asymmetrical in shape along the principal axes (x, y). The compact circular polarized antenna has
designed with the optimization of indentation parameters. The measured results for the Ant-2 (Antenna-2)
exhibits 3 dB axial-ratio, -10-dB return loss and bandwidths 162MHz and 50 MHz, at resonating frequency 2540
MHz. The observed results depict that a magnificent Circular Polarisation is attained with a single probe feed, and
the antenna’s size is get decreased by using the concept of fractal boundaries.
Y. K. Choukiker et al. [75] (2014), this paper proposes a hybrid fractal shape planar monopole antenna which
operates at different frequencies and useful for wireless communication especially for Multiple Input Multiple
Output (MIMO). The discussed hybrid structure is the integration of Minkowski and Koch curve with edge to
edge separation of at 1.75 GHz. To improve the isolation and impedance matching of antenna, T-shaped strip is
inserted into the structure and rectangular slot is incised towards upper side of the ground plane. The measured
impedance matching fractional bandwidths have been observed that it is 14% for band 1 (1.65 GHz to 1.9 GHz)
and 80% for band 2 (2.68 GHz to 6.25 GHz). An acceptable agreement has been observed between the measured
and simulated results, and the presented antenna can be used for handheld mobile devices.
A. Kumar et al. [66] (2014), this letter premeditates the frequency reconfigurable antenna with moving feeding
technique. Sierpinski monopole gasket is connected with microstrip line feed which is also attached with flexible
coaxial feed. The connected feed line slides with the help of Computer controlled mechanism. While sliding the
feed line with the help of computer controlled mechanism, the various operational frequencies are observed. The
observed frequencies are single and multiple. The feasibility of the discussed concept has been implemented and
verified experimentally with the help of designed frequency reconfigurable antenna.
K. Gangwar et al. [36] (2015), this paper illustrates the design of rectangular MPA using Metamaterial structure
(MTM) at 2.54 GHz. The performance parameters like bandwidth, gain and return loss have been improved by
using MTM. The improved return loss also enhances the directivity of the proposed antenna.
A. Amini et al. [76] (2015), this letter anticipates the design of log-periodic square fractal antenna for Ultra Wide
Band applications. In the desired band, the proposed antenna indicates the results i.e; constant and stable gain
along with miniaturization (almost 24%). The attain radiation pattern is also towards broadside, which is quite
suitable for the medical imaging and UWB radars applications. Designed antenna is also fabricated and
experimental results are discussed in the paper which shows a reasonable agreement between measured and
simulated results.
S. Singh and Y. Kumar [46] (2015), this paper describes a design of compact size Multiband hybrid fractal
antenna. The discussed hybrid antenna structure has been attained by combining Koch and Minkowski curve
together. Proposed antenna shows multiband characteristics, acceptable return loss and VSWR, good value of

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gain and compact size. Discussed antenna is simulated upto 2nd
iteration by using scripting method of HFSS using
MATLAB and reports almost omnidirectional radiation pattern. The simulated antenna resonates at seven
frequency bands and covers the wireless applications such as GPS, Bluetooth, ISM band, WLAN, aeronautical
navigation and Mobile/fixed satellite.
N. Abdullah et al. [47] (2015), This paper premeditates the design of Minkowski fractal antenna for dual band
applications which is compact in size and exhibits the multiband characteristics, and practically useful in wireless
communication. The designed antenna operates on two different frequencies and reports maximum return loss -
20.62dB. The proposed antenna is mathematically analyzed, simulated over Microwave Office software and
fabricated. The parameters like reflection coefficient, VSWR, bandwidth, radiation pattern and beamwidth are
visualized for simulated and fabricated antenna and also found the agreement with each other. The reference
frequencies used to design the antenna are GPS (1.5 GHz) and GSM (1800 MHz).
M. T. Islam et al. [77] (2015), this paper describes the compact microstrip antenna with coaxial-probe-fed, high-
gain and circularly polarized Microstrip antenna is a best choice of the researchers for this application because it
is light in weight and low profile antenna. Proposed antenna is optimised for HORYU-IV nano satellite whose
main task is to gather data in regard to high-voltage discharge phenomena in LEO. The discussed antenna
comprises of four V-shaped (asymmetrical) slits, Asymmetrical slits are joined at all the four corners of a
rectangular patch, and parasitic rectangular strip. It has been understood from the paper that discussed antenna
attains an appropriate bandwidth for LEO satellites.
Y. Kumar and S. Singh [78] (2015), this paper explains Hybrid fractal antenna which is designed by combining
the Koch curve and Meander geometry. The characteristics of proposed antenna are studied and investigated. The
designed antenna exhibits multiple resonance characteristics because of its multiband behavior and also reports
almost omnidirectional radiation pattern. An Iterative Function System method has been implemented to attain the
hybrid compact sized antenna using MATLAB and HFSS. Discussed antenna resonates at four frequencies i.e;
Bluetooth (2.12-2.95 GHz), 4.07 GHz, WLAN (4.82-5.95 GHz) and 7.3 GHz, and can be used for wireless
applications.
S. Dhar et al. [79] (2015), this paper anticipated the multiband fractal antenna with CPW-fed slot. The CPW- fed
slot is burdened with dielectric resonator. The Minkowski geometry is used to achieve the multiband and to
exhibit a miniaturized design. Dielectric load is used to improve the impedance bandwidth at the upper frequency
band and the overall gain. The slot loop used in this paper acts as an antenna and feed mechanism both. Design
guidelines which include closed form formulae and equivalent model comprising of distributed resonators,
lumped resonators and impedance transformers of the fractal slot antenna(dielectric loaded) is shown to exhibit an
insight into the antenna related to its functioning. The closed match has been observed between the reflection
coefficient and the circuit model which is obtained from simulator. The antenna resonates at seven frequency
bands, and reports maximum return loss -30dB and peak gain 3.1 dB.
D. Mitra et al. [80] (2015), This paper illustrates the design of ring slot antenna with interdigitated slits. It has
been observed in this paper that with the use of interdigitated slits inside the ring, the fundamental resonant
frequency has been significantly reduced up to 54.47%., which causes the antenna to almost reach to the
electrically small limit. Further, low impedance metamaterials slab has used with the electrically small antenna to
significantly enhance the antenna characteristics, which may lead to the reduction in superstrate height. With this
low profile substrate, the efficiency and the directivity of the electrically small antenna are significantly enhanced.
M. K. Khandewal et al. [81] (2015), This paper anticipated the Dual band Microstrip Patch Antenna with line
feed. Ground plane is embedded with a rotated rectangular shaped defect and open ended Microstrip-Line feed of

336
50 Ω. Dual bands and gain of 8.1 dB with good radiation characteristics have been attained. Proposed antenna is
useful for the WLAN/Wi-MAX, and exhibits omnidirectional radiation pattern. Equivalent circuit model has been
demonstrated for the analysis of antenna. The 40% miniaturization has been achieved by cutting all the corners of
the rectangular defect and inserting defected square ring in it. It also has been observed that simulated results are
in average agreement with experimental results.
A. Singh and S. Singh [82] (2015), this paper describes a monopole antenna with defective ground plane and
useful for wireless communication. The designed antenna illustrates the reflection coefficient i.e; S11 ≤ −10dB of
3.18GHz whereas the peak gain is 4.5dB throughout the entire frequency band. Further, defective ground plane is
used to improve the impedance bandwidth and gain of antenna. The measured bandwidth observed for the
antenna is 2.44–2.58GHz and 3.5–8.85GHz which is quite useful in WLAN, Wi-MAX and point to point high
speed wireless applications the agreement average between the simulated and measured results has been observed.
C. Wang et al. [83] (2015), the paper proposes an open-slot antenna with microstrip-fed and exhibits dual-band
circular polarization. Proposed antenna consists of a T-shaped open slot, parasitical rectangular patch, bent
feeding structure and two inverted L-slots for radiating right-hand circularly polarized wave at frequency 1.57
GHz whereas left-hand circularly polarized wave at frequency 2.33 GHz. Parasitical rectangular patch which is
added on the top of the substrate will help to enhance the impedance bandwidth at the low-frequency band. The
measured impedance bandwidth of S11 ≤ -10 dB ranges from 1.45 GHz to 3.93 GHz, and will cover wireless
applications like Satellite Digital Audio Radio (SDAR), DCS/PCS, GPS, WLAN, WiMAX, IMT-2000 and LTE.
D. Yu et al. [84] (2015), this paper depicts the designing of Conical-beam circularly polarized µ-strip antenna.
The proposed antenna comprises of a center-fed patch with elliptical-ring slot containing eight shorting vias. θ-
polarization and φ-polarization is with shorting vias and coaxial probe, and modified elliptical-ring slots
respectively. The amplitudes of both the polarizations can be managed separately. The designed antenna depicts
wide impedance bandwidth because of the employment of odd and even modes of the elliptical ring slot.
Discussed antenna is fabricated and it is seated on three ground planes with radii λ0, 2λ0, and 10λ0. The
experimental results indicate the10-dB impedance bandwidths of 19.4%, 19.5%, and 19.9%, and the
simultaneously 3-dB axial ratio bandwidths of 25.3%, 25.6%, and 24.8%.
J. P. Jacobs [85] (2015), this paper investigates the Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) methodology for
precisely modeling the antenna. Two types of antennas i.e.; U-slot patch and center square slot on patch are being
discussed. The results clearly exhibit that Gaussian Process Regression is better approach in comparison to neural
networks; even small training data is used. It also has been observed that GPR approach illustrates high accuracy
in results and, normalized rms error is below 0.6% in all the discussed cases. GPR also has the automatic
relevance determination property without any extra cost, which is quite useful for antenna resonance
characteristics; such facility is not available in the neural networks.
H. Malekpoor and S. Jam [86] (2015), this paper demonstrates the bandwidth enhancement analysis of
microstrip patch antennas with probe feed. The proposed antenna consists of a patch with U-shaped-slot, a folded-
patch feed, E-shaped (symmetric) edge, and shorting pins. The experimentally measured impedance-bandwidth of
the discussed antenna is about 92%, and the frequency range (3.94 GHz -10.65 GHz). To enhance the bandwidth
of the compact wideband antenna, basic-antenna model (equivalent transmission line) is introduced. If U-shaped
slot is being replaced with the V-shaped slot on the patch, then performance of antenna is also improved and
exhibit 4 GHz to 14.4 GHz (frequency range). This optimised antenna design is simple in structure, rather size of

337
the antenna is also get reduced and impedance bandwidth is also improved by 21% in comparison to the basic
antenna.
M. A. Rahman et al. [87] (2015), this paper explains the switching techniques used for Notched ultra-wideband
antenna. The switched defected µ-strip structure band stop filter is used in the microstrip feed line along with a
switched meandered slot incised in the patch to attain the band-notched frequencies. The reconfiguration of the
switching is done by integrating the two switches for the response of notch filter which is required to avoid the
interference occurred in the middle and upper Wi-MAX WLAN bands for the primary users. The discussed
structure operates in four modes by controlling the positions (on/off) of two switches. The designed antenna
exhibits good matched impedance from 2.5 GHz to 12 GHz with two notched bands from 3.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz
(middle Wi-MAX) and from 5.1 GHz to 5.9 GHz (upper Wi-MAX). The good agreement has been noticed
between the experimental and simulated results of proposed antenna.
M. R. I. Faruque et al. [88] (2015), the paper explains the design of MPA used for cellular applications. The
proposed design consists of slots and Flame Retardant 4-dielectric substrate which is fed by a microstrip line
along with partial ground plane. The SAR value of the designed antenna is assessed for different frequency bands.
The designed antenna exhibits impedance bandwidth of 230.4 MHz and 522.24 MHz which is useful in GSM
900 MHz and 1900 MHz, digital communication and UMTS. Designed antenna is also compared with dipole/
helical/ planar inverted-F antenna on the basis of SAR and found that proposed antenna possess low SAR value in
the human head.
J. M. Jeevani et al. [89] (2015), This paper describes the design of Planer inverted F antenna which is compact in
size (Foot print 140mm2
). Proposed antenna is optimized using Genetic Algorithms, and covers various UNII
bands. The patch with a shorting pin is incised on a substrate, and is hanged in the air 5 mm over the ground
plane. The shorting pin position, feed position and patch geometry is being optimised using Genetic Algorithm
Optimization technique to attain triple-frequency band. Proposed antenna exhibits fractional impedance
bandwidth 4% and 21% at the lower and upper band. The discussed antenna is best suited Bluetooth and WLAN
applications.
S. Singh and A. Singh [36] (2015), this article investigates the optimization of modified Sierpinski fractal
antenna using Particle Swarm Optimisation and curve fitting techniques. The main aim of this article to convert
the simple dual band antenna to broadband antenna by using above mentioned techniques. The proposed antenna
can be used for the Wi-MAX, WLAN, Public safety band and point-to-point high speed communication.
J. Jayasinghe et al. [90] (2015), This letter demonstrates the high-directivity Microstrip patch by substituting 2 x
2 array which uses Genetic Algorithm with patch size of 1λ ×1λ along the broadside direction and measured
directivity 13.2 dBi. In this letter, the proposed design is fabricated, and experimental results are compared with
simulated results, and found an agreement with each other.
S. Singh and A. Singh [91] (2015), this paper explains the modified Sierpinski fractal antenna using compact
high frequency coaxial probe feed. The designed antenna shows the broadband behavior in frequency bands 12.2
– 13,4 GHz and 21 – 30 GHz. The experimental gain varies in between 8 to 22 dB. The implemented antenna is
useful for the satellite receiver, mounted earth station, mobile space research activity, passive sensors and active
sensors.
M. Kaur et al. [92] (2016), this paper anticipates the design of Plus Slotted Fractal Antenna Array by combining
the fractal antenna and antenna array. Proposed antenna operates at 2.5 GHz and designed upto 2nd
iteration. The

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designed antenna array operates at five different frequencies and exhibits maximum gain 10.26 dB at 6.9 GHz.
The designed antenna depicts multiband characteristics and can be used for S, X and C band applications.
R. K. Pandey T. Shanmuganantham [93] (2016], the aim of the paper is to propose a wideband compact sized
slotted MPA with enhanced bandwidth using coaxially fed. The proposed antenna exhibits increased -10 dB
impedance bandwidths of 500 MHz, 400 MHz and 550 MHz, and practically used for WLAN and WiMAX
applications. To improve the bandwidths, some slots and slits are inserted in the radiating patch and ground plane.
The results of the antenna exhibit a return loss - 10dB for entire operating range.
W. Farooq et al. [8] (2016), this paper explains the design of Ring shaped antenna (Conventional microstrip).
The proposed antenna radiates at 5 GHz, and simulated using CST Microwave Studio. The simulated results
exhibit that the designed antenna has a -10 dB bandwidth of 90.3 MHz with peak gain of 6.9 dBi. The antenna
performance parameters like bandwidth, gain, radiation characteristics and return loss, are in acceptable range.
The proposed antenna is used for the wireless sensor applications because of its compact size and acceptable
range of performance parameters.
Y. P. Saputra [94] (2016), this paper explains the designing of microstrip patch antenna with slots which are
utilized for altering polarization of X-band. The alternation of polarization is done without changing the feed line
and parameters of other polarization technique. The linear vertical polarization of antenna is altered into the
perpendicular polarization by inserting a slot over the patch antenna. The dimensions of the designed antenna are
20.2 × 20.2 mm2
and the dimension of the slot used to alter the polarization is 0.65 × 5.1 mm2
. To exhibit the
capability of proposed antenna in altering polarization, a comparison has been done with conventional X-band
microstrip patch antenna with the same physical parameters.
X. Liu et al. [95] (2016], this paper projects the design of triple-band µ-strip antenna. The proposed antenna
structure is quite simple. Designed antenna exhibits three different operating frequency bands i.e; 0.9GHz,
1.8GHz and 2.4GHz) and is built on a single 1/8th
circle ring sector radiating patch, the slots and vias are properly
embedded on the patch area.
S. Mishra et al. [96] (2016), this paper investigates the design and analysis of Microstrip patch antenna which
consists of T and U shaped slots along with truncated rectangular corner. The proposed antenna resonants at 3.105
GHz, and covers the S- band applications. The main aim of the paper is to enhance the Return Loss by making
changes in the slots (cut or made) inserted on the patch as well as improve the bandwidth by increasing the height
between the substrate and ground plane. The designed antenna is simulated using IE3D software, and shows
maximum return loss -42.57 at resonant frequency 3.105 GHz and bandwidth enhancement upto 21%.
H. Barapatre et al. [97] (2016), this paper describes the design of Circular Microstrip patch antenna which
operates at 2.4 GHz and 7.1GHz. The results of the proposed design exhibits return loss, efficiency, gain and
bandwidth (almost 6 GHz) are in acceptable range. The maximum return loss is -19.94 dB at frequency 2.4 GHz.
Ankita et al. [23] (2016), this paper explains the Microstrip Antenna with two stacked patches along with wide
ground slot to enhance the performance parameters. The proposed antenna exhibits six resonant frequencies with
peak gain 5.11 dB. Designed antenna is useful for wireless communications like Wi-MAX, Bluetooth, Wibro,
DCS, Satellite and C-band.
S. S. Bhatia and J. S. Sivia [98] (2016), this paper premeditates the design of compact sized 4900 mm2
circular
monopole antenna which exhibits seven frequency bands. The discussed antenna comprises of partial ground

339
plane and a triangular notch is also introduced in the ground plane to improve the impedance matching. The
proposed antenna can be used for WLAN, Wi-MAX, X-band and Ku-band applications.
S. Ullah et al. [122] (2017), this paper demonstrates the design of monopole antenna which depicts three different
frequency bands. The radiating patch of antenna comprises of two parts, the upper part is flower-shaped and lower
part is leave- shaped. Lower part comprises of two identical leaves. Discussed antenna exhibits acceptable
simulated antenna efficiency ( > 70 ) and can be used for GPS and Mobile WiMAX applications.
To understand the discussed literature in a better way, it has been delineated in the Table 1.
Table 1: Comparative analysis of various MPA and Fractal Antennas
Ref. Antenna Size
(mm3
)
Resonant
Frequency
(GHz)
Return Loss (dB) Bandwidth
(MHz)
Gain (dBi) Applications
[54] 800 * 88.9 * 1.588 0.52/1.74/3.51/6
.95/13.89
-16/-18/-17/-15/-
10
37.8/157.2/71
9.6/1529/347
2
---- L, S, C, X and Ku band
applications
[58] 1. 60 * 60 * 1.59
2. 80 x 80 x 1.59
10.5 – 13GHz
6.25 – 7.7GHz
-34
-44.77
2500
1400
8.02
10.32
C, X and Ku band
applications
[59] 180 * 180 * 3.2 2.6 -20 80 2.9 S band applications
[60] 41 * 14 * 6 0.9/1.8/5.3 -20/-25/-29 ---- 0.443/0.625
/0.71
WLAN and Cellular
Bands
[61] 60 * 20 * 0.8 2.4/5.2 -32 / -14 300 / 810 1.8 / 2.4 WLAN 802.11a/b/g
standards (USB Dongle)
[62] 34.8*36.1*0.8 1.85 -7.07/-17.62/-5.67 ---- ---- GSM and VoIP (Wi-Fi
band)
[50] 52*49*0.8 0.87/1.25/1.6/
1.83/2.37
-10.88/-11.25/-
11.7/-23.13/-
15.56
---- ---- WSN (Europe), GPS-
L1, GSM 1800 and Wi-
Fi
[63] 47*10*5 0.92/1.75/1.91/
2.04
-11.6/-23/-22.9/
-23.9/
125/470 2.9 (Peak) GSM (850/900), DCS,
PCS and UMTS
[64] 40*50*0.6 2.53/3.5 -29.3/-18 50/310 ---- Wi-Max (2.5-2.55/3.4-
3.7GHz)
[65] 72*84.7*1.5 0.91/2.44/5.7 -30/-30/-30 Narrow 1.42/4.69/
5.7
UHF-RFID (900 MHz),
Bluetooth (2.4 GHz)
and WLAN (5.5 GHz)
[24] ---- 6.47/6.87/7.84 -20/-22/-30 149.4/114.94/
201.15
7 Airbone and Ground
based applications in C-
band
[66] 50.5*83.5*1.524 1.1/3.4/5.8 -23.73/-38.9/-16.4 212.12/333.3
3/363.6
2.09/6.31/
4.33
Wi-Max and ISM band
[31] 6000*6000*1.524 All frequencies
(10-50GHz)
and -37.33dB
(Max.)
40000 (Super
wideband)
9.5 at
18.1GHz
X, Ku, K, Ka and U-
band
[67] Two strips of size
s*w*1.6 and
distance d =25mm
2.39-2.62GHz -21.78 at
2.58GHz
226 with
s=10mm
225 with
7 Bluetooth

340
between strips
s= 38 to 42
-21.94 at
2.58GHz
d=25mm
[48] 38*10*1.6 2.41/5.36 -28.9 at 2.41GHz
-20.8 at 5.36GHz
262.1/733.1 2.281/2.3 WLAN USB dongle
(WLAN 802.11 a/b/g
Standards)
[49] 30*30*1.6 2.52 -36 at 2.12 GHz 40 3.2 Bluetooth
[69] 75*75*1.56 3/ 4.3 -21.5/-22.5 29.19/59.8 4.45/5.4 S and C band
Applications
[52] 1. 2679.8 *4.8 at
1.176GHz
2. 564.49 *4.8 at
2.487GHz
1.16 – 1.19GHz
2.46 – 2.5GHz
-34
-39.18
300
400
5.07 L and S band
applications
[51] 30*25*1.6 3.75 -37 7500 4.713 at
8.5GHz
UWB
[70] 45*70*08 0.688/1.88/2.5 -16.23/-22.27/-
19.68
612/367/907 -7.25 GSM, , PCS, Cellular
phone system, UMTS,
WLAN, Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, DCS
[71] 8*4*0.762 5.48 -30 690 --- WLAN
[29] 530.93*1.58 4/6.9/8.5/9.8 -19.8/-12.7/-
11.89/-22.65
Narrow ---- C and X band
applications
[72] 32*30*1.5 3.1-10.6GHz -32 (Maximum) 7500 ---- S, C and X band
applications
[73] 50*50*3.2 2.45/3.4/5.8 -23.5/-19.8/-16.2 200/80/300 6.9/4.8/2.6 WLAN and WiMAx
[74] 42*42*3.2 2.54 -23 50 6 Bluetooth and ISM
band
[75] 100*50*1.54 1.75/3/4.5/6 -37 (Maximum) 250/3570 1.67/3.29/5.
25/6.78
LTE, WiFi, WiMAX
and WLAN
[68] 50*50*1.59 2.417 -34.95 60 3.612 Bluetooth
[76] 173*70*60 3-11GHz -45.5 (Maximum) 8000 9 (Peak) UWB
[46] 28*15*1.58 1.23/2.43/4.18/5
.4/6.75/8.1/9.33
-15.56/-13.89/-
16.13/-19.62/-
21.33/-17.9/-
17.22
283/475/499/
480/385/376/
456
4.16 GPS, Bluetooth, ISM
band, WLAN,
aeronautical navigation
and Mobile/fixed
satellite.
[47] 38.78*38.78*1.6 1.54/1.88 -12.91/-20.62 Narrow ---- GPS and GSM
[77] 80*80*20 2.285 -29.5 62 7.29 (Peak) Satellite
Communication
[78] 55*24*1.6 2.65/4.07/5.35/7
.3
-16.4/-27.92/-
42.61/-13.05
830/525/1130
/530
4.35 Bluetooth and WLAN
[79] 100*100*1.6 0.95/1.9/2.45/3. -30 (Maximum) 31/65/102/15 1.1/1.4/2.5/ S and C band

341
4/4.21/5.54/6.06 1/138/730/36
0
3.1/1.9/2.8/
2.1
applications
[80] 19.25*19.25*1.52 1.9 -14.46 Narrow -1.22 S band applications
[81] 46.4*46.4*0.762 2.45/5.1 -20/-16.5 300/600 6/7.2 WLAN and WiMAX
[82] 33*30*1.6 2.6/ (3.5-9GHz) -39.7 (Maximum) 5500 10.2 (Peak) WLAN, WiMAX and
Point-to-point high
speed applications
[83] 50*60*1.6 1.49/1.66/2.02/2
.54/3.45
-44 (Maximum) 2470 4.3 (Peak) DCS/PCS, GPS,
WLAN, SDAR,
WiMAX, IMT-2000
and LTE
[84] 2290.22*5 5.04-6.12GHz -30 (Maximum) 1080 6.5 (Peak) WLAN
[85] 20*7*0.762 2.445/5.95 -20.5/-19 90/1110 2.5/3.2 Bluetooth and WLAN
[86] 1. 15*18*7
2. 15*15*7
3.94 -
10.65GHz
4 - 14.4GHz
-40 (Maximum)
-15 (Maximum)
7100
4700
4.2 (Peak)
5.1 (Peak)
S, C, X and Ku band
applications
[87] 40*40*1.6 2.5-12GHz -33 (Maximum) 9500 3 (Peak) WiMAX
[88] 40*78*0.8 0.9/1.8/1.9/2.1 -37 (Maximum) 230/522 2/2.14/2.51/
2.58
GSM, PCS/DCS and
UMTS
[89] 20*7*0.762 `2.9 -11 Narrow ---- WLAN
[33] 27*29*1.6 3 – 9GHz -47 (Maximum) 6000 9 WiMAX, WLAN,
public safety band and
point-to-point high
speed wireless
applications
[90] 120*120*1.52 4.04 -30 Narrow 13
(Directivity
)
C-band applications
[91] 40*39*1.524 12.2 – 13.4GHz,
21 – 30GHz
-13.19/-15 1200/9000 19.25/5.25 Vehicle mounted earth
stations, Mobile space
research, Radio
determination
application and
Active/Passive sensors
for satellites
[92] 57.91*113.5*1.6 2.5/4.1/6.9/7.4/8
.2
-22.15/-19.44/-
25.21/-10/-12.45
Narrow 9.22 (Peak) S, C and X band
applications
[93] 22*24*1.6 3.2-36GHz, 4.4-
4.8GHz, 5.1-
5.6GHz
-20.3 (Maximum) 500/400/550 2.6 (Peak) WLAN and WiMAX
[8] 22*21.64*0.8 5.03 -21.48 90.3 6.9 (Peak) Body-worn wireless
sensor networks
[94] 20.2*20.2*0.508 9.31 -46.14 220 ---- X-Band applications
[99] 30*30*1.6 2.125 -35 1250 4.2 L and S band
applications
[100] 40*40*1.5 2.9-19.2GHz 16300 7.98 (Peak) S, C, X, Ku and K band
applications

342
[101] 47*38*0.813 2.3-11.5GHz -43.5 (Maximum) 9200 3.3 (Peak) UWB
[102] 1. 73*16*1.6
2. 55*30*1.6
5.05
4.93
-39.5 (Maximum)
-17.7 (Maximum)
254
214
1.3
4.2
ISM Band
[103] 25*28 3.5-7.5GHz -17 (Maximum) 4000 3.9 (Peak) WLAN and WiMAX
[104] 1. 40*60*1.6
2. 90*30*1.6
3.6/5.7/8.2
3.9/5.9/8.2
-19.4/-20.4/-20.6
-17.1/-19.7/-20.3
248/398/405
238/180/310
3.4 (Peak)
3.9 (Peak)
RFID
[105] 100*40*1.6 2.27-17.98GHz -23 (Maximum) 15710 ---- Bluetooth, UWB and
Satellite
[106] 40.3*25.3*1.6 1.529/2.75 -23.4/-18.6 Narrow ---- Cellular and WiMAX
[90] 80*80 4.05 -30 (Maximum) 13.2
(directivity)
C-Band
[107] 1. Conventional
2. Suspended
(optimal)
2.43
3.88
-18.1
-20.89
60
257
5.2
3.21
WiFi and WLAN
[108] 30*32.4*1.6 1.6-10.4GHz -28 (Maximum) 8800 1.51 (Peak) UWB
[109] 19.5*19.5*1 4.2-10.3GHz -29.29
(Maximum)
6100 2.79 (Peak) UWB
[110] 50*50*0.762 2.3367/5.39/7.5
8
-14 (Maximum) Narrow 8.68/7.3/6.3
3
S and C-band
[111] 42*42*32 2.7-2.9GHz,
7.8-8.5GHz
-18.31/-23.31 200/700 0.5/4.77 Military for
meteorological purpose
and satellite
[112] 33.5*28.5*1.6 2.8/5.7 -49 (Maximum) 1000/1200 0.2 WiMAX and WLAN
[113] 85*75*1.5 2.6/4.2/6.2/8.1/
9.7
-19.8/-16.5/ -15.1/
-28.9/-25.3
Narrow 3.61 GPS, PCS, Vehicular
radar and imaging
system
[114] 112*28*0.00062 2.46/3.58 -31.29/-10.26 Narrow ---- Bluetooth and GSM
[115] 22*10*3.5
Diodes ON
Diodes OFF
1.62/2.42/2.92
2.44/3.68
-14.8(Peak)
-19.27 (Peak)
80
60
7.57
8.52
L and S band
[116] 37*32*2 3.6/6.1 -13/-33 150/850 3.8/2.1 S and C band
[117] 50*50*1.6 3.85/4.58/5.09/6
.82/8.49
-26.21/-14.51/-
31.21/-10.76/-
10.58
125/125/250/
105/100
-6.72/4.8/
2.94/5.67/
18.58
S and C band
[118] 20*20*0.5 1.77/2.61/3.24/4
.15
-18/-19/-18/-13 60/90/90/90 3 (Peak) GSM, WiMAX and C
band
[119] 40*40*1.6 1.5/3.5/5.4 -25/-18/-12.5 Narrow -
4.5/3.75/5.3
GPS, WiMAX and
WLAN

343
[120] 24.5*16.8*0.5 14.25 -35 3700 ---- Air-to-ground
applications
[121] 59*59*1.6 1.58/2.67/3.64 -29.69/-22.08/-
26.77
Narrow 1.63/2.59/
3.23
GPS and Mobile
WiMAX
It can be contemplated from the discussed literature survey that most vital performance factor of the antenna
is return loss, resonant frequency, gain and impedance matching which should matched over the resonating
frequency range. In discussed papers, it also have been noticed that compact sized antenna may be designed to
exhibit the multiband/wideband characteristics, apart from this the following problems have also been reported:
 Few of the researchers have focused on the directivity only at the cost of other antenna performance
parameters.
 Even Bandwidth of the various discussed design is low, which is not applicable for the efficient use of
antenna in practical applications.
 Much attention is not given to the impedance matching by some of the researchers; it is a very important
parameter responsible for the reduction in power losses which occurred in antenna.
Conclusion and Future Scope:
This paper has demonstrated the various types of antennas along with the history of antenna. The main
focus of this review is to understand the journey of antenna from dipole to fractal. The various research
papers on MPA and fractal antennas have been adorned in this paper, and can be contemplated from the
aforesaid discussion that fractal geometries drastically reduce the size of antenna and also exhibit the
desired characteristics. Though, different fractal geometries have been introduced by various researchers
to understand the antenna in a better way but somehow antenna performance parameters are being
compromised. While designing an antenna there is a prime requirement of antenna size which should be
compact and antenna’s performance parameters like gain, return loss, directivity, impedance matching,
VSWR etc. should not be compromised.
To improve the performance of the antenna Defected Ground Structure and Nature inspired techniques
like Ant- colony, PSO etc. or ANN can be implied. A reconfigurable antenna can also be designed by
using the switches like p-i-n diode, Schottkey diode, SPDT, SPST, MEMS, BJT, MOSFET, FET etc.
Antennas are back bone of the wireless communication, and discussed antennas can be used for various
wireless applications like Bluetooth, GSM, Satellite, GPS RFID, WiMAX, WLAN, RADAR, Point-to-
point high speed wireless communication, ISM band etc.
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