This document discusses the past, present, and future of fiber optic communication technology. It provides an overview of the basic principles and evolution of fiber optic systems over multiple generations. Future trends discussed include all optical networks, multi-terabit transmission using dense wavelength division multiplexing, intelligent optical networks, ultra-long haul transmission, improvements in laser and amplification technologies, advancement of submarine network configurations, and continued miniaturization of components. Fiber optic communication capacity and capabilities are expected to continue growing to meet rising bandwidth demands.
Silicon photonics is an evolving technology in which data is transferred among computer chips by optical rays. Optical rays can carry far more data in less time than electrical conductors.
This presentation gives emphasis on the basics of silicon photonics
Silicon photonics is an evolving technology in which data is transferred among computer chips by optical rays. Optical rays can carry far more data in less time than electrical conductors.
This presentation gives emphasis on the basics of silicon photonics
An optical fiber is a hair thin cylindrical fiber of glass or any transparent dielectric medium.
The fiber which are used for optical communication are wave guides made of transparent dielectrics.
Its function is to guide visible and infrared light over long distances.
Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms anelectromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information.
Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, Internet communication, and cable television signals.
The process of communicating using fiber-optics involves the following basic steps: Creating the optical signal involving the use of a transmitter, relaying the signal along the fiber, ensuring that the signal does not become too distorted or weak, receiving the optical signal, and converting it into an electrical signal.
Optical cable: It serves as transmission medium.
Optical detector: It is responsible for optical to electrical conversion of data and hence responsible for demodulation of the optical carrier. It may be a photodiodes, phototransistor, and photoconductors.
Electrical receiver: It is used for electrical interfacing at the receiver end of the optical link and to perform the signal processing electrically.
Destination: It is the final point at which we receive the information in the form of electrical signal.
Applications -In telecommunication field
In space applications
Broadband applications
Computer applications industrial applications
Mining applications
In medical applications
In military applications etc.
Optical Fiber Basic Concept Which May Help You To Understand More Easily. The Slide Is Specially For Engineering Background. Anyone can get easily understand by studying this material. Thank you.
FUTURE TRENDS IN FIBER OPTICS COMMUNICATIONIJCI JOURNAL
Fiber optic systems are vital media transmission foundation for overall broadband systems. Wide data transfer capacity (bandwidth) signal transmission with low delay is a key prerequisite in present day applications. Optical fiber give broad and incomparable transmission transfer speed with insignificant expectations, and are currently the transmission medium of decision for long separation and high information rate transmission in media transmission systems. This paper gives a review of fiber optic communication system, including their key advances, and furthermore talks about their mechanical pattern towards the next generation.
An optical fiber is a hair thin cylindrical fiber of glass or any transparent dielectric medium.
The fiber which are used for optical communication are wave guides made of transparent dielectrics.
Its function is to guide visible and infrared light over long distances.
Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms anelectromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information.
Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, Internet communication, and cable television signals.
The process of communicating using fiber-optics involves the following basic steps: Creating the optical signal involving the use of a transmitter, relaying the signal along the fiber, ensuring that the signal does not become too distorted or weak, receiving the optical signal, and converting it into an electrical signal.
Optical cable: It serves as transmission medium.
Optical detector: It is responsible for optical to electrical conversion of data and hence responsible for demodulation of the optical carrier. It may be a photodiodes, phototransistor, and photoconductors.
Electrical receiver: It is used for electrical interfacing at the receiver end of the optical link and to perform the signal processing electrically.
Destination: It is the final point at which we receive the information in the form of electrical signal.
Applications -In telecommunication field
In space applications
Broadband applications
Computer applications industrial applications
Mining applications
In medical applications
In military applications etc.
Optical Fiber Basic Concept Which May Help You To Understand More Easily. The Slide Is Specially For Engineering Background. Anyone can get easily understand by studying this material. Thank you.
FUTURE TRENDS IN FIBER OPTICS COMMUNICATIONIJCI JOURNAL
Fiber optic systems are vital media transmission foundation for overall broadband systems. Wide data transfer capacity (bandwidth) signal transmission with low delay is a key prerequisite in present day applications. Optical fiber give broad and incomparable transmission transfer speed with insignificant expectations, and are currently the transmission medium of decision for long separation and high information rate transmission in media transmission systems. This paper gives a review of fiber optic communication system, including their key advances, and furthermore talks about their mechanical pattern towards the next generation.
Silicon Photonics: A Solution for Ultra High Speed Data TransferIDES Editor
Silicon photonics is the integration of integrated
optics and photonics IC technologies in silicon. Silicon
photonics has recently attracted a great deal of attention since
it offers an opportunity for low cost solutions for various
applications ranging from telecommunications to chip-chip
inter connects. Two keys to this advancement are the increased
speed of communications (now at the speed of light) and the
increased amount of data that can be transmitted at once (i.e.,
bandwidth). Silicon photonics is the study and application of
photonic systems which use silicon as an optical medium.
The silicon is usually patterned with sub-micrometer
precision, into microphotonic components. These operate in
the infrared, most commonly at the 1.55 micrometer
wavelength used by most fiber optic telecommunication
systems. The silicon typically lies on top of a layer of silica in
what (by analogy with a similar construction in
microelectronics) is known as silicon on insulator (SOI). Today
the problems associated with multi-core processors with copper
interconnect are Latency, Bandwidth, Power dissipation,
Electromagnetic interference and Signal integrity. Micro
processor designers use the integration of number of
transistors that could be squeezed onto each chip to boost
computational horsepower. That in turn caused the amount
of waste heat that had to be dissipated from each square
millimeter of silicon to go up. One problem we are facing in
this effort is that micro processors with large numbers of cores
are not yet being manufactured. Fiber optics has a reputation
as an expensive solution because of high cost of hardware and
Fabrication is done using exotic materials which are costly.
The methods used in assembly and package of these
components are also expensive. A recent break through in
silicon photonics is in the development of a laser modulator
that encodes optical data at 40 billion bits per second. Finally
reached the goal of data transmission at 40 Gbps speed,
matching the fastest devices deployed today with least cost of
processing and showing the ultimate solutions to the problems
associated with copper interconnects in multi-core processors
and expensive fiber optics.
Optical communication, also known as optical telecommunication, is communication at a distance using light to carry information. It can be performed visually or by using electronic devices. The earliest basic forms of optical communication date back several millennia, while the earliest electrical device created to do so was the photophone, invented in 1880.
An optical communication system uses a transmitter, which encodes a message into an optical signal, a channel, which carries the signal to its destination, and a receiver, which reproduces the message from the received optical signal. When electronic equipment is not employed the 'receiver' is a person visually observing and interpreting a signal, which may be either simple (such as the presence of a beacon fire) or complex (such as lights using color codes or flashed in a Morse code sequence).
Modern communication relies on optical networking systems using optical fiber, optical amplifiers, lasers, switches, routers, and other related technologies. Free-space optical communication use lasers to transmit signals in space, while terrestrial forms are naturally limited by geography and weather. This article provides a basic introduction to different forms of optical communication.
Visual forms
Visual techniques such as smoke signals, beacon fires, hydraulic telegraphs, ship flags and semaphore lines were the earliest forms of optical communication.[1][2][3][4] Hydraulic telegraph semaphores date back to the 4th century BCE Greece. Distress flares are still used by mariners in emergencies, while lighthouses and navigation lights are used to communicate navigation hazards.
The heliograph uses a mirror to reflect sunlight to a distant observer.[5] When a signaler tilts the mirror to reflect sunlight, the distant observer sees flashes of light that can be used to transmit a prearranged signaling code. Naval ships often use signal lamps and Morse code in a similar way.
Aircraft pilots often use visual approach slope indicator (VASI) projected light systems to land safely, especially at night. Military aircraft landing on an aircraft carrier use a similar system to land correctly on a carrier deck. The coloured light system communicates the aircraft's height relative to a standard landing glideslope. As well, airport control towers still use Aldis lamps to transmit instructions to aircraft whose radios have failed.
This paper deals with different loss mechanisms within the single mode fiber (SMF) in optical fiber communication. A number of mechanisms are responsible for the signal attenuation within optical fibers. As the optical signal propagates over long stretch of fiber, it becomes attenuated because of absorption,
scattering, fiber bends by material impurities, and other effects. The transmission using high bandwidth
can handle vast amounts of information, which can be further improved by reduction in fiber losses,
increase in data rates and distances, and using appropriate operating wavelength in optical fiber communication. The recent development in the area of fiber optic communication as well as the advances in different fiber types and their properties such as attenuation or loss and bandwidth are also discussed in this paper. The performance improvement of the proposed different loss, such as Rayleigh scattering, Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS), Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and bending loss within the various loss mechanisms in fiber optic communication is shown through simulations.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
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Abstract Fiber Optics
1. Index
Abstract..............................................................................................................01
I. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................01
II. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION...........02
III. EVOLUTION OF FIBER OPTICS COMMUNICATION....................03
IV. FUTURE TRENDSIN FIBER OPTICS COMMUNICATION............04
A. All Optical Communication Networks.......................................................05
B. Multi – Terabit Optical Networks..............................................................05
C. Intelligent Optical TransmissionNetwork................................................05
D. Ultra – Long Haul Optical Transmission..................................................05
E. Improvements in LaserTechnology...........................................................06
F. LaserNeural Network Nodes......................................................................06
G. Polymer Optic Fibers..................................................................................06
H. High – Altitude Platforms...........................................................................06
I. Improvements in Optical Transmitter/ReceiverTechnology...................07
J. Improvement in OpticalAmplification Technology..................................07
K. Advancement in Network Configurationof Optical Submarine Systems.
L. Improvement in WDM Technology............................................................08
M. Improvements in Glass Fiber Designand Component Miniaturization.9
V. CONCLUSION............................................................................................09
REFERENCES..................................................................................................09
2. Fiber Optics
Abstract
Fiber optic systems are important telecommunication infrastructure for world-wide
broadband networks. Wide bandwidth signal transmission with low delay is a key
requirement in present day applications. Optical fibers provide enormous and unsurpassed
transmission bandwidth with negligible latency, and are now the ransmission medium of
choice for long distance and high data rate transmission in telecommunication networks. This
paper gives an overview of fiber optic communication systems including their key
technologies, and also discusses their technological trend towards the next generation.
I. INTRODUCTION
The major driving force behind the widespread use of fiber optics
communication is the high and rapidly increasing consumer and commercial demand for
more telecommunication capacity and internet services, with fiber optic technology capable
of providing the required information capacity (larger than both wireless connections and
copper cable). Advances in technology have enabled more data to be conveyed through a
single optical fiber over long distances. The transmission capacity in optical communication
networks are significantly improved using wavelength division multiplexing [1].
A desirable feature for future optical networks is the ability to process
information entirely in the optical domain for the purpose of amplification, multiplexing, de-
multiplexing, switching, filtering, and correlation, since optical signal processing is more
efficient than electrical signal processing.
Francis Idachaba is a senior lecturer in the Department of Electrical and
Information Engineering, Covenant University, Nigeria (e-mail:
francis.idachaba@covenantuniversity.edu.ng).
Dike U. Ike is a post-graduate student in the Department of Electrical and
Information Engineering, Covenant University, Nigeria (e-mail:
engineerdikeike@yahoo.com).
Orovwode Hope is a Lecturer in the Department of Electrical and Information
Engineering, Covenant University, Nigeria (e-mail:
orovwode.hope@covenantuniversity.edu.ng). Several new classes of optical communication
networks are presently emerging [2]. For example, Code Division Multiple Access networks
using optical signal processing techniques have recently being introduced [3].
Despite the associated benefits of utilizing optical fiber for communication
(such as its high reliability over long distances, low attenuation, low interference, high
3. security, very high information capacity, longer life span and ease of maintenance), research
is still ongoing to further improve on the present fiber optics communication system, and also
to solve some of the challenges facing it. Future optical communication systems are
envisioned to be more robust than the present system. This paper is organized as follows.
Section II describes the basic principles of fiber optics communication. Section III looks at
the history and evolution of fiber optics communication while section IV presents some
envisioned future trends in fiber optics communication. In section V, we draw the conclusion
for the paper.
II. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION
Fiber optic communication is a communication technology that uses
light pulses to transfer information from one point to another through an optical fiber. The
information transmitted is essentially digital information generated by telephone systems,
cable television companies, and computer systems. An optical fiber is a dielectric cylindrical
waveguide made from low-loss materials, usually silicon dioxide. The core of the waveguide
has a refractive index a little higher than that of the outer medium (cladding), so that light
pulses is guided along the axis of the fiber by total internal reflection [4]. Fiber optic
communication systems consists of an optical transmitter to convert an electrical signal to an
optical signal for transmission through the optical fiber, a cable containing several bundles of
optical fibers, optical amplifiers to boost the power of the optical signal, and an optical
receiver to reconvert the received optical signal back to the original transmitted electrical
signal. Figure 1 gives a simplified description of a basic fiber optic communication system.
4. Optical fibers fall into two major categories, namely: step index optical
fiber, which include single mode optical fiber and multimode optical fiber, and graded index
optical fiber. Single mode step index optical fiber has a core diameter less than 10
micrometers and only allows one light path. Multimode step index optical fiber has a core
diameter greater than or equal to 50 micrometers and allows several light paths, this leads to
modal dispersion. Graded index optical fibers have their core refractive index gradually
decrease farther from the centre of the core, this increased refraction at the core centre slows
the speed of some light rays, thereby allowing all the light rays to reach the receiver at almost
the same time, thereby reducing dispersion. Figure 2 gives a description of the various optical
fiber modes.
III. EVOLUTION OF FIBER OPTICS COMMUNICATION
Optical fiber was first developed in 1970 by Corning Glass Works. At the same time, GaAs
semiconductor lasers were
also developed for transmitting light through the fiber optic cables. The first generation fiber
optic system was developed in 1975, it used GaAs semiconductor lasers, operated at a
wavelength of 0.8 μm, and bit rate of 45Megabits/second with 10Km repeater spacing.
5. In the early 1980’s, the second generation of fiber optic communication was developed, it
used InGaAsP semi
conductor lasers and operated at a wavelength of 1.3 μm. By 1987, these fiber optic systems
were operating at bit rates of up to 1.7 Gigabits/second on single mode fiber with 50Km
repeater spacing.
The third generation of fiber optic communication operating at a wavelength of 1.55 μm was
developed in 1990. These systems were operating at a bit rate of up to 2.5 Gigabits/second on
a single longitudinal mode fiber with
100Km repeater spacing.
The fourth generation of fiber optic systems made use of optical amplifiers as a replacement
for repeaters, and utilized
wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) to increase data rates. By 1996, transmission of
over 11,300Km at a data rate of 5Gigabits/second had been demonstrated using submarine
cables [7].
The fifth generation fiber optic communication systems use the Dense Wave Division
Multiplexing (DWDM) to further increase data rates. Also, the concept of optical solitons,
which are pulses that can preserve their shape by counteracting the negative effects of
dispersion, is also being explored. Figure 3 shows the evolution of fiber optic communication
IV. FUTURE TRENDS IN FIBER OPTICS COMMUNICATION
Fiber optics communication is definitely the future of data communication. The evolution of
fiber optic communication has been driven by advancement in technology and increased
6. demand for fiber optic communication. It is expected to continue into the future, with the
development of new and more advanced communication technology. Below are some of the
envisioned future trends in fiber optic communication.
A. All Optical Communication Networks
An all fiber optic communication is envisioned which will be completely in the optical
domain, giving rise to an all optical communication network. In such networks, all signals
will be processed in the optical domain, without any form of electrical manipulation.
Presently, processing and switching of signals take place in the electrical domain, optical
signals must first be converted to electrical signal before they can be processed, and routed to
their destination. After the processing and routing, the signals are then re-converted to optical
signals, which are transmitted over long distances to their destination. This optical to
electrical conversion, and vice versa, results in added latency on the network and thus is a
limitation to achieving very high data rates. Another benefit of all optical networks is that
there will not be any need to replace the electronics when data rate increases, since all signal
processing and routing occurs in the optical domain [9]. However, before this can become a
reality, difficulties in optical routing, and wavelength switching has to be solved. Research is
currently ongoing to find an effective solution to these difficulties.
B. Multi – Terabit Optical Networks
Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) paves the way for multi-terabit transmission.
The world-wide need for increased bandwidth availability has led to the interest in
developing multi-terabit optical networks. Presently, four terabit networks using 40Gb/s data
rate combined with 100 DWDM channels exists. Researchers are looking at achieving even
higher bandwidth with 100Gb/s. With the continuous reduction in the cost of fiber optic
components, the availability of much greater bandwidth in the future is possible.
C. Intelligent Optical TransmissionNetwork
Presently, traditional optical networks are not able to adapt to the rapid growth of online data
services due to the unpredictability of dynamic allocation of bandwidth, traditional optical
networks rely mainly on manual configuration of network connectivity, which is time.
Consuming, and unable to fully adapt to the demands of the modern network. Intelligent
optical network is a future trend in optical network development [2], and will have the
following applications: traffic engineering, dynamic resource route allocation, special control
protocols for network management, scalable signaling capabilities, bandwidth on demand,
wavelength rental, wavelength wholesale, differentiated services for a variety of Quality of
Service levels, and so on. It will take some time before the intelligent
optical network can be applied to all levels of the network, it will first be applied in long-haul
networks, and gradually be applied to the network edge [10].
D. Ultra – Long Haul Optical Transmission
In the area of ultra-long haul optical transmission, the limitations imposed due to
imperfections in the transmission medium are subject for research. Cancellation of dispersion
7. effect has prompted researchers to study the potential benefits of solution propagation. More
understanding of the interactions between the electromagnetic light wave and the
transmission medium is necessary to proceed towards an infrastructure with the most
favorable conditions for a light pulse to propagate [11].
E. Improvements in LaserTechnology
Another future trend will be the extension of present semiconductor lasers to a wider variety
of lasing wavelengths [12]. Shorter wavelength lasers with very high output powers are of
interest in some high density optical applications. Presently, laser sources which are
spectrally shaped through chirp managing to compensate for chromatic dispersion are
available. Chirp managing means that the laser is controlled such that it undergoes a sudden
change in its wavelength when firing a pulse, such that the chromatic dispersion experienced
by the pulse is reduced. There is need to develop instruments to be used to characterize such
lasers. Also, single mode tunable lasers are of great importance for future coherent optical
systems. These tunable lasers lase in a single longitudinal mode that can be tuned to a range
of different frequencies
.
F. LaserNeural Network Nodes
The laser neural network is an effective option for the realization of optical network nodes.
A dedicated hardware
configuration working in the optical domain and the use of ultra-fast photonic sections is
expected to further improve the capacity and speed of telecommunication networks [12]. As
optical networks become more complex in the future, the use of optical laser neural nodes can
be an effective solution.
G. Polymer Optic Fibers
Polymer optical fibers offer many benefits when compared to other data communication
solutions such as copper cables, wireless communication systems, and glass fiber. In
comparison with glass optical fibers, polymer optical fibers provide an easy and less
expensive processing of optical signals, and are more flexible for plug interconnections [13].
The use of polymer optical fibers as the transmission media for aircrafts is presently under
research by different Research and Development groups due to its benefits. The German
Aerospace Center have concluded that “the use of Polymer Optical Fibers multimedia fibers
appears to be possible for future aircraft applications [14]. Also, in the future, polymer optical
fibers will likely displace copper cables for the last mile connection from the
telecommunication company’s last distribution box and the served end consumer [15]. The
future Gigabit Polymer Optical Fiber standard will be based on Tomlinson-
HarashimaPrecoding,Multilevel PAM Modulation, and Multilevel Coset Coding Modulation.
H. High – Altitude Platforms
Presently, optical inter satellite links and orbit-to-ground links exists [16], the latter suffering
from unfavorable weather conditions [17]. Current research explores optical communication
to and from high altitude platforms. High altitude platforms are airships situated above the
clouds at heights of 16 to 25Km, where the unfavorable atmospheric impact on a laser beam
8. is less severe than directly above the ground [18]. As shown in figure 4, optical links between
high altitude platforms, satellites and ground stations are expected to serve as broadband
back-haul communication channels, if a high-altitude platform functions as a data relay
station.
I. Improvements in Optical Transmitter/ReceiverTechnology
In fiber optics communication, it is important to achieve high quality transmission even for
optical signals with distorted waveform and low signal to noise ratio during transmission.
Research is ongoing to develop optical transceivers adopting new and advanced modulation
technology, with excellent chromatic dispersion and Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR)
tolerance, which will be suitable for ultra-long haul communication systems. Also, better
error correction codes, which are more efficient than the present BCH concatenated codes are
envisioned to be available in the nearest future.
J. Improvement in OpticalAmplification Technology
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) is one of the critical technologies used in optical
fiber communication systems. In the future, better technologies to enhance EDFA
performance will be developed. In order to increase the gain bandwidth of EDFA, better gain
equalization technology for high accuracy optical amplification will be developed. Also, in
order to achieve a higher output power, and a lower noise figure, high power pumping lasers
that possess excellent optical amplification characteristics with outputs of more than
+20dBm, and very low noise figure are envisioned to exist in the nearest future.
9. K. Advancement in Network Configurationof Optical Submarine Systems
In order to improve the flexibility of network configuration in optical submarine
communication systems, it is expected that the development of a technology for configuring
the mesh network will be a step in the right direction. As shown in figure 5, while a ring
network joins stations along a single ring, a mesh network connects stations directly.
Presently, most large scale optical submarine systems adopt the ring configuration. By
adopting the optical add/drop multiplexing technology that branches signals in the
wavelength domain, it is possible to realize mesh network configuration that directly inter-
connects the stations. Research is ongoing, and in the future such network configuration will
be common.
L. Improvement in WDM Technology
Research is ongoing on how to extend the wavelength range over which wave division
multiplexing systems can operate. Presently, the wavelength window (C band) ranges from
10. 1.53- 1.57μm. Dry fiber which has a low loss window promises an extension of the range to
1.30 – 1.65 μm. Also, developments in optical filtering technology for wave division
multiplexing are envisioned in the future.
M. Improvements in Glass Fiber Designand Component Miniaturization
Presently, various impurities are added or removed from the glass fiber to change its light
transmitting characteristics. The result is that the speed with which light passes along a glass
fiber can be controlled, thus allowing for the production of customized glass fibers to meet
the specific traffic engineering requirement of a given route. This trend is anticipated to
continue in the future, in order to produce more reliable and effective glass fibers. Also, the
miniaturization of optical fiber communication components is another trend that is most
likely to continue in the future.
V. CONCLUSION
The fiber optics communications industry is an ever evolving one, the growth experienced by
the industry has been enormous this past decade. There is still much work to be done to
support the need for faster data rates, advanced switching techniques and more intelligent
network architectures that can automatically change dynamically in
response to traffic patterns and at the same time be cost efficient. The trend is expected to
continue in the future as breakthroughs already attained in the laboratory will be extended to
practical deployment thereby leading to a new generation in fiber optics communications.
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Polymeric Fibers”, In Tech, available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books, 2011.
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Optical Fiber in Commercial Aircraft, Proceedings of the 19th POF Conference, 2010.
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