1. Laws of thermodynamics

2. The four laws of thermodynamics define
fundamental physical quantities
(temperature, energy, and entropy) that
characterize thermodynamic
systems at thermal equilibrium.The laws
describe how these quantities behave
under various circumstances, and forbid
certain phenomena (such as perpetual
motion).
INTRODUCTION

26. Circa 1797, Count Rumford (born Benjamin
Thompson) showed that endless mechanical action can
generate indefinitely large amounts of heat from a
fixed amount of working substance thus challenging
the caloric theory of heat, which held that there would
be a finite amount of caloric heat/energy in a fixed
amount of working substance.The first established
thermodynamic principle, which eventually became
the second law of thermodynamics, was formulated
by Sadi Carnot in 1824.
History