Climate change is caused by human emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane. This document discusses the impacts of climate change on animal health and livestock production. As temperatures rise due to climate change, animals experience heat stress, which decreases their growth, milk production, and reproductive performance. Climate change also alters the spread of diseases by affecting vectors like mosquitoes and ticks that transmit diseases to animals. Changes in climate patterns can decrease food security and water availability for animals. Combating climate change will require global cooperation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as well as local efforts to help animals adapt through improved management practices.

1. DR . V.K. GUPTA

2. Contents
 Climate change
 Causes
 Impacts
 Combative Measures
 Conclusion

3. Climate Change:
“ Change of climate which is attributed directly or
indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of
the global atmosphere which is in addition to natural climate
variability observed over comparable time periods.”
(UNFCCC,)
Climate:
“Climate is defined as the "average weather" or statistical
description in terms of the mean and variability of temperature,
precipitation, humidity and wind. Climate in a wider sense is the
state, including a statistical description, of the climate system”.
(IPCC,)

4. Causes:GHG(CO2,CH4,NO2)

5. Gases which absorb IR radiation are termed collectively as
"greenhouse gases".
 Infrared radiation from greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere is emitted in all directions, including back
to the earth's surface.It is this re-emission to the earth's
surface that maintains a higher temperature on our
planet than what would be possible without the
atmosphere.

6. Mechanism:

7. Earths Energy Budget

8. Greenhouse Effect

9. Causes:
Change in CO2 Conc.:

10. N2O from agriculture
& others
Global atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases have
increased markedly as a result of human activities, with an
increase of 70% in 1970-2004
CO2 from fossil fuel
& other sources
CH4 from agriculture,
waste & energy
CO2 from deforestation, decay
& peat
F-gases
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2004
GtCO2-eq/yr
Global Anthropogenic GHG Emission

11. Observed changesObserved changes
Global average
sea level
Northern hemisphere
snow cover
Global average
temperature

13. Impact
Melting of Glaciers
Vegetation
Temperature
storms / sea level rise
Humans
Volcanic eruption / earth quakes
Decrease in food & freshwater
(IPCC., 2007)
Animals
Climate change

15. Projected changes

16. Impact on animal health
Direct impact:
1.Impact on physiological and adaptation machenisms
2. Disease extention Emergence and Reemergence
Indirect impact:
Feed Security
Changes in climate affects the quality and quantity of
forage produced (Topp and Doyle, 1996)
As a consequence, productivity of dairy animals could be
altered (Baker et al., 1993)

17. Heat stress
Thermo neutral zone varies from 15-25o
C for crossbred
cattle and buffaloes and 15-28o
C for Sahiwal cattle
Heat stress is simply defined as the point where the animals
cannot dissipate an adequate quantity of heat to maintain body
thermal balance
(Singh and Upadhyay., 2008, 2009)

18. Increased maintenance energy requirement
Animals will activate mechanisms to dissipate the excess
heat and maintain body temperature (maintenance energy
increase by 20-30%)
Dry matter intake (DMI)
Decreases in animals subjected to heat stress (10 to 20%)
(Singh et al.,2008)
Feed nutrient utilization
Loss of sodium and potassium , associated with heat stress
due to increased sweating rate
Reproductive performance
Heat stress has also been reported to decrease reproductive
performance in dairy animals.

19. Animal growth
Growth gradients and growth constants indicate that climate
change/global warming will negatively impact animal’s growth
 Puberty will be prolonged due to rise in temperature
 Time to attain puberty was observed to prolong from 5 to
17 days due to decline in growth rate at high temperatures
(Upadhyay et al., 2008).
Milk production
Decrease in milk production in cattle/buffaloes under heat
stress (range from 10 to >25% )
(Upadhyay etal.,2009).

20. Temperature:
Climate change is expected to increase average temperatures
as well as the number and intensity of heat waves
Acclimation
Less feed intake Decrease of calorigenic harmones
(catecholamines, GH etc)
Negative energy balance
Alteration in glucose & lipid metabolism & liver function
Less lactose
Reduced milk yield
Less NEFA/EFA
Oxidative stress
Less Immunoglobulins
Metabolic diseases
Infection, mastits,
calf mortality
(Nardone et al., 2010)

21. Feed security
Climate change have serious implication on feed security resulting
in Malnutrition
Excess or Scarcity of Water resulting from draught, floods, heavy
rains can affect production
A new range of pests and diseases will affect most crop
and forage species with effects on the quantity and quality of
livestock feeds
 Rising sea levels
Coastal flooding of agricultural land due to sea levels rise leading
to decreased yield of crops

22.  New and emerging challenges in the field of livestock diseases
Disease Distribution to new regions (e.g Bluetongue)
Prevalent Disease e.g. parasitic gastroenteritis may become more
widespread
Impact on Diseases
over 30 diseases have appeared that are new to medicine, since1975
Of equal concern is the resurgence of old diseases,such as malaria
and cholera
( WHO, 2005)

23. Impact on infectious diseases:
Epidemiological Triad

24. Examples of Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious
Disease: past 10 years

26. Climate change affect the incidence of VBDs through its effect on
geographic distribution, population density, prevalence of infection
by pathogens and the pathogen load in individual hosts and vectors
Vector-borne Disease
Climate change :
Increase range or abundance of animal reservoirs and/or
arthropod vectors
(e.g., Lyme, Schistosomiasis)
Enhance transmission
(e.g., West Nile virus and other arboviruses)
Increase importation of vectors or pathogens
(e.g., Dengue, Chikungunya, West Nile virus)
Increase animal disease risk and potential human risk
(e.g., African trypanosomiasis)

27. Recent emerging infectious diseases transmitted via insect vectors

28. Mosquitoes Borne Diseases
Trypanosomiasis, Malaria, Dengue, Chikungunia, Yellow
fever, Filaria are some of most climate sensitive diseases in
which there is a direct correlation with temperature and
rainfall
Pest Borne Diseases
Lyme ,Plague, Mediterranean spotted fever and west Nile fever
Rodent-borne diseases
Leptospirosis, are commonly reported in the after-math of
flooding

29. Lyme disease is an emerging infectious disease caused by at
least three species of bacteria belonging to the genus Borrelia
spread by blacklegged tick bites. The number of reported cases
of Lyme disease has doubled during 1992-2006
Lyme disease
West Nile virus
Climate change may lengthen survival periods of WNV-competent
Anopheles mosquitoes and possibly allow infected hosts (birds)
to change their geographic range.

30. Leishmaniasis
The current environment is conducive to Phlebotomus sandfly
survival for several months. The risk of contracting leishmaniasis
may become high.
Mediterranean spotted fever
Abundant and widespread distribution of the tick as well as
the high prevalence of dogs infected with Rickettsia conorii.
Disease transmission is highest during warmer months
Schistosomiasis
Schistosoma transmission, the competent snail population may be
infected, and the risk of transmission is high

31. Temperature change from 1960s
to 1990s
0.6-1.2o
C
1.2-1.8o
C
Temperature Changes:
1960s to 1990s
0.6-1.2o
C
1.2-1.8o
C

33. Climate change and water borne disease
 Disasters. Lack of sanitation. More flooding and run-off.Disasters. Lack of sanitation. More flooding and run-off.
Higher water temperature improving survival. Increase waterHigher water temperature improving survival. Increase water
bodiesbodies
Heavy rainfall, even without flooding, may increase rates of
diarrheal disease as sewage systems overflow
Increases in soil run-off may contaminate water sources
, Haemonchosis, cryptosporidiosis andHaemonchosis, cryptosporidiosis and
Giaradiasis…Giaradiasis…
eg. Salmonella , cholera

34. Effect of climate change on air quality
Climate Change also change patterns of air movement and
pollution, causing expanded or changed patterns of exposure and
resulting health effects
Higher RH allows survival, Increased air movement , Dust andHigher RH allows survival, Increased air movement , Dust and
pollution exacerbating respiratory diseasepollution exacerbating respiratory disease
Climate change therefore influence pollutant concentrations,
which in turn may affect health especially cardiorespiratory

35.  IPCC expects all parts of the planet to experience more heat
exposure in the future
(IPCC , 2007)
 Dehydration increases the concentration of calcium and other
compounds in the urine, which facilitates the formation of kidney
stones
Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke
Cardiovascular disease appear to be modified by weather and
climate. Ozone is also associated with acute myocardial infarction
(Cramer and Forrest , 2006)

36. Combate the change?
Global and National Intiatives
 Global, regional or national efforts
 Sustainable Development andGreen Techology
 Reduce GHG emissions
 Follow guidelines- IPCC, UNEP, OIE, WHO
 Kyoto Protocol
 Carbon Trading and Clean Development Machenism

37. Efforts From Our Sector
 Development of disease and draught resistant breeds by genetic
approach
 Change in management practices of animal production to reduce
GHG emission
 Improved nutritional management schemes
 Thorough review of livestock production system in India
 A national policy on mitigation of climate change should give more
emphasis on livestock sector
 Proper risk management mechanisms and preparedness for CC

38. Conclusion Livestock animals are potential victims and causes of CC
 It contributes 18% of total anthropogenic GHG emissions
 Climate change will badly affect the animal health and production
directly or indirectly if not checked
 Climate change affects host ,vector and pathogens to change disease
dynamics of VBD
 Management practices should be changed to adapt with changing
climate

39. References
1. Mass-Coma et al, Climate change effects on trematodiasis, with emphasis on zoonotic fascioliasis and
schistosomiasis. Veterinary Parasitology 163(2009) 264-280.
2. Nardone et al, Effects of climate change on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems.
Livestock science 130(2010) 57-69
3. Thornton et al,The impacts of climate change on livestock and livestock systems in developing
countries: A review of what we know and what we need to know. Agricultural systems 101(2009) 113-
127
4. Gubler et al, Resurgent vector-borne diseases as a global health problem. Emerging infectious
disease4(1998) 442-450
5. Githeko et al, Climate change vector borne diseases: a regional analysis. Bull.WHO 78(2000)1136-1147
6. Patz et al. Effect of environmental change on emerging parasitic diseases. International journal of
parasitology 30(2000)1395-1405
7. IPCC (Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change:AR4).2007.The Inter governmental Panel on
Climate Change 4th
assesment report. www.ipcc.ch/
8. Baylis et al, The effects of climate change on infectious diseases of animals. Report for the Foresight
Project on Detection of Infectious disease.2006 UK 35pp
9. Sutherst, Implications of global change and climate variability for vector!borne diseases] generic
approaches to impact assessments. International Journal for Parasitology 28(1998) 935-945
10. De La Rocque et al, 2008. Climate change: effects on animal disease systems and implications for
surveillance and control. In: De La Rocque, S., Hendrickx, G., Morand, S. (Eds.), Climate Change:
Impact on the Epidemiology and Control of Animal Diseases. World Organization for Animal Health
(OIE), Paris. Sci. Tech. Rev. 27 (2), 309–317

40. Nature has greater understanding of itself than
we ...let the nature behave in its own way…..
Thank
you