2. INTRODUCTION
ď˘ Monitoring is important to prevent anaethesia
complication
ď˘ Sophisticated monitor available,
⍠only to aid
⍠not to fully dependent on them
ď˘ Anaesthetist vigilance is the best
11. 1.ECG
Mandatory monitor to detect :
ď˘ Arrhythmia â lead II
ď˘ Ischemia â lead V5
ď˘ cardiac arrest.
12. 2. NIBP
ď˘ Measure blood pressure at set intervals
automatically by automated oscillometery.
ď˘ Cuff size should cover 2/3 of arm
âŤSmall cuff for children
âŤToo large (underestimate)
âŤToo small (over estimate)
16. 1. IBP
ď˘ Required in patient mandates for beat to beat
monitoring
ď˘ Gold standard
ď˘ Accuracy
⍠measure the difference in IBP & NIBP not more than 5-
8mmHg
ď˘ Radial Artery
ď˘ Brachial Artery
ď˘ Femoral Artery
ď˘ Dorsalis Pedis Artery
17. ď˘ Allenâs Test
⍠Normal - <7s
⍠Borderline â 7-14s
⍠>15s â contraindicated
20. > INDICATION
ď˘ Major surgeries where large fluctuations in haemodynamics
are expected.
ď˘ Open heart surgeries.
ď˘ Fluid management in shock.
ď˘ As a venous access.
ď˘ Parenteral nutrition.
ď˘ Aspiration of air embolus.
ď˘ Cardiac pacing.
⍠Normal CVP is 3 to 10 cm of H20 (or 2-8 mmHg).
⍠In children CVP is 3 to 6 cm of H20.
ď˘ CVP more than 20 cm of H2O indicates right heart failure.
21. >TECHNIQUE OF CVP CATHETERIZATION (THROUGH
INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN)
Seldinger technique
1. Patient lies in Trendelenburg position â to decrease
chance air embolism
2. The cannula with stylet is inserted at the tip of
triangle formed by two heads of sternomastoid and
clavicle. The direction of needle should be slightly
lateral and towards the ipsilateral nipple.
3. Once the internal jugular vein is punctured. Stylet is
removed and a J wire is passed through cannula
4. Now the CVP catheter is railroad over the J wire
5. The tip of catheter should be at the junction of superior
vena cava with right atrium â 15 cm from entry point
22.
23. > CVP IS INCREASED IN :
ď˘ Fluid overloading
ď˘ Congestive cardiac failure.
ď˘ Pulmonary embolism
ď˘ Cardiac tamponade
ď˘ Intermittent positive pressure ventilation with PEEP
ď˘ Constrictive pericarditis
ď˘ Pleural effusion
ď˘ Hemothorax
ď˘ Coughing and straining
24. > CVP IS DECREASED IN :
ď˘ Hypovolemia and shock
ď˘ Venodilator
ď˘ Spinal / epidural anaesthesia
ď˘ General anesthesia â by causing vasodilatation
Low CVP + low BP = Hypovolemia
High CVP + low BP = pump failure
25. ď˘ X ray chest is performed to check the position of
catheter and to exclude pneumothorax
Complication
ď˘ Air embolism
ď˘ Thromboembolism
ď˘ Cardiac arrhymias
ď˘ Pneumothorax/haemothorax/chylothorax
ď˘ Cardiac perforation/cardiac tamponade
ď˘ Sepsis â late complication
ď˘ Trauma to brachial plexus, carotid A,phrenic N,airway
26. 3. PULMONARY ARTERY CATHETERIZATION
ď˘ It is reserved only for very major cases in severely
compromised patients because cost, technical
feasibility, complications
ď˘ Swan Ganz catheter - It is balloon tipped and flow
directed by pressure recording,pressure tracing and
catheter tip
ď˘ Indicated by sudden rise in diastolic pressure
34. 1. PULSE OXIMETRY
ď˘ Oxygen saturation â SpO2
ď˘ Normal SpO2 - 97 â 98 %
ď˘ Probe is applied at :
⍠finger
⍠nail bed,
⍠toe nail bed ,
⍠ear lobule,
⍠tip of nose
ď˘ Uses : detection of hypoxia intra/post operative
39. 2. CAPNOGRAPHY
ď˘ It is the continuous measurement of end tidal
(expired) carbon dioxide (ETCO2) and its
waveform.
ď˘ Normal: 32 to 42 mmHg (3 to 4 mmHg less than
arterial pCO2 which is 35 to 45 mmHg).
ď˘ Principle : infrared light absorbed by carbon
dioxide
ď˘ Important and sensitive monitoring
40.
41. 3. BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS
Precaution
ď˘ Glass syringe is preferred for sampling
ď˘ Syringes should be heparinized
ď˘ Samples should be stored in ice
ď˘ Sample from radial or femoral
ď˘ Important in
⍠Thoracic surgery
⍠Hypothermia
⍠Hypotensive anaesthesia
42. NORMAL VALUES ON ROOM AIR
pH - 7.38 to 7.42
Partial pressure of oxygen
(p02)
- 96 to 98 mmHg
Partial pressure of carbon
dioxide (pCO2)
- 35 to 45 mmHg
Bicarbonate (HCO3) - 24 to 28 mEq/L
Oxygen saturation (SpO2) - 95 to 98%
Base deficit -3 to + 3
43. CONT
ď˘ Mixed venous oxygen in the best indicator of
cardiac output i.e., tissue oxygenation
ď˘ Arterial oxygen is the better indicator of
pulmonary function.
pO2 -40 mmhg
pCO2 -46 mmhg
Oxygen saturation -75%
44. > OTHERS
ď˘ LUNG VOLUMES â spirometer
ď˘ OXYGEN ANALYSERS
⍠Monitor actual value oxygen delivered
⍠Fitted in inspiratory in limb of breathing circuit
⍠Useful in closed circuit (use low flow oxygen)
ď˘ AIRWAY PRESSURE MONITORING
⍠It should less than 20 â 25cm H2O
⍠Low pressure â disconnection
⍠High pressure â obstruction in tube or circuit and
bronchospasm
45. 4. APNEA MONITORING (MONITORING OF
RESPIRATION)
ď˘ Apnea is cessation of respiration for more than 10s.
Intubated patients
ď˘ Capnography - Most sensitive and cost effective to detect apnea
ď˘ Airway pressure monitor
Non intubated patients
ď˘ Monitoring the airflow at nostrils (acoustic probe)
ď˘ Detection of chest movements
ďź Impedence plethysmography â chest is encircled by a coil
ďź Transthoracic impedence pulmonometery
For intubated and non intubated patient
ď˘ Pulse oximeter
47. > INDICATION
ď˘ High incidence of intra-operative hypothermia
ď˘ Usually in
⍠Cardiac surgery
⍠Infant
⍠Children
⍠Adult with burns
⍠Febrile patient
⍠Malignant hyperthermia patient
48. > TEMPERATURE MONITORING
Core temperature monitoring sites :
ď˘ Esophagus
ď˘ Pulmonary artery
ď˘ Nasopharynx
ď˘ Tympanic membrane â most accurate for brain
temperature
49. 1. HYPOTHERMIA
ď˘ Hypothermia may be defined as core temperature less
than 35 â.
⍠Mild : 28 â 35 â
⍠Moderate : 21 â 27 â
⍠Severe : <20 â
ď˘ Most common thermal perturbation seen in anaesthesia
because :
ďź Most anaesthetics are vasodilators, causing heat loss and
hypothermia
ďź Cool room temperature
ďź Cold intravenous fluids.
ďź Evaporation
50. > SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF HYPOTHERMIA
CVS
Bradycardia
Hypotension
Ventricular arrhythmias if temperature is less than 28°C
Respiratory system
Respiratory arrest below 23°C
O2 dissociation curve is shifted to left
Blood
Increased blood viscosity and platelet count
51. Acid base balance
ď˘ Increased solubility of blood gases
ď˘ Acidosis â increased lactic acid production d/t blood
stasis
Kidney
ď˘ Decresed GFR
ď˘No urine output at 20°C
Endocrine system
ď˘ Decreased adrenaline and nor-adrenaline
ď˘ Hyperglycemia
52. > TREATMENT OF LNTRAOPERATIVE
HYPOTHERMIA
ď˘ Warm intravenous fluids
ď˘ Increase room temperature: The ideal operation
theatre temperature for adults is 21°C and for
the children 28°C
ď˘ Cover the patient with blankets
ď˘ Forced warm air by a special instrument ( Bair
Hugger airflow device)
53.
54. > USES OF INDUCED HYPOTHERMIA
ď˘ Brain protection in cardiac arrest or neurovascular
surgeries. Brain can be protected for 10 minutes at
30°C
ď˘ For tissue protection against ischemia in cardiac
surgeries done on heart lung machine
56. 1. NEUROMUSCULAR MONITORING
ď˘ Adductor pollicis (ulnar nerve)
ď˘ Others : Orbicularis oculi, Median nerve, Posterior tibial
nerve , Peroneal nerve
Required for :
ď˘ Myasthenia gravis
ď˘ Duchenneâs muscular dystrophy
ďź Train of four (TO4) is the most useful method for clinical
monitoring.
ďź In this 4 stimuli, each of 2 Hz for 2 sec are given and
recordings are taken.
ďźNormal : amplitude height of fourth and first response will
be the same. T4/T1 = 1
57.
58.
59. ď˘ Usage of depolarizing muscle relaxant â all 4 amplitude
will be decrease
ď˘ Non depolarizing muscle relaxant â first there will be
decrease in T4/T1 ratio followed by fading which means
T4 response will disappear first then T3 and so on.
ď˘ Assess reversal
⍠Ratio 0.7 indicate adequate reversal
⍠Recovery guaranteed at ratio 0.9
ď˘ Usefull in dx phase II block
(patient on Sch show fading its pathgonominic of phase II
block)
60. >OTHER STIMULI USED FOR
NEUROMUSCULAR MONITORING
ď˘ Single twitch
ď˘ Tetanic stimulation
ď˘ Post tetanic facilitation
ď˘ Double burst stimulation (DBS 3,3 )
63. MONITORING DEPTH OFANAESTHESIA
Clinically :
Signs and symptoms of light anaesthesia are:
ď˘ Tachycardia.
ď˘ Hypertension.
ď˘ Lacrimation.
ď˘ Perspiration.
ď˘ Movement response to painful stimuli.
ď˘ Tachypnea, breath holding, coughing, laryngospasm,
bronchospasm.
ď˘ Eye movements.
ď˘ Preserved reflexes
64. ď˘ EEG
ď˘ Patient evoked response
ď˘ Bispectral index
ď˘ Entropy â detection of abnormalities in EEG at
higher concentration of anaesthetic agents
65. EVOKED RESPONSE
Assessing the integrity of neuronal tissues during
surgeries
1. Somatosensory evoked pontential ( SSEP)
⍠Any surgeries that can compromise vascular supply of
sensory tract
⍠Spine surgeries, repair of thoracic and abdominal aorta
aneurysm, brachial plexus exploration and surgery of brain
area
2. Auditory evoked potential (AEP)
⍠For procedures involving auditory pathways
⍠Resection of acoustic neuroma and posterior fossa surgeries
3. Visual evoked potentials (VEP)
⍠For procedures involving visual tracts
⍠Optic glioma, pituitary tumours
66. ELECTROCEPHALOGRAM (EEG)
ď˘ Other than measure depth of anesthesia , EEG also
can asses cerebral ischemia during neurovascular
surgeries â carotid endarterectomy
Effect of anesthetic agents and modalities on EEG
ď˘ All inhalational and intravenous anesthetic agents
produces biphasic pattern on EEG
ď˘ Lower dose â causing excitation( high frequency
and low amplitude waves).
ď˘ High dose - causing depression (high amplitude
and low frequency waves)
67. 6. MONITORING BLOOD LOSS
ď˘ Estimation of blood loss is done by weighing blood
soaked swabs, sponges (Gravimetric method) and
estimation of blood loss in suction bottle (Volumetric
method).
ď˘ Most accurate method is colorimetric method.
On an average (a rough guide):
ď˘ Fully soaked swab means 20 ml of loss.
ď˘ Fully soaked sponge means 100 to 120 ml of loss.
ď˘ A fist of clots means 200 to 300 ml of loss.
68.
69. 7. EXPIRED GAS ANALYSIS
ď˘ There is multigas analyzer which measures
concentration of anaesthetic vapors like nitrous
oxide and inhalational agents like halothane,
isoflurane etc.
ď˘ These are mass spectrometers and Raman gas
analyzers.