This document summarizes research on the properties and uses of pineapple fibre. It discusses the chemical composition of the fibre, which is mostly cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. It describes how the fibre is extracted from pineapple leaves through retting and degumming processes to remove non-fibrous materials. The fibre has potential for use as a textile or composite material due to its physical properties. However, its spinnability and weavability could be improved by adjusting the length-to-width ratio and treating it with acids.

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“Pineapple Fibre: Properties and Uses”
Authors: Vignesh Dhanabalan, Swapan Laga and Joshi Rashmi M.
Email: vigneshdhanabalan@hotmail.com
Abstract:
The choice of natural material over the synthetic fibres has come to light for making
the world an eco-friendly planet. The intense competition from synthetic fibres has affected
the production of natural fibres all over the world. The natural fibre contributes about 54%.
Among them 90% of the natural fibres utilized are of vegetable origin, and among the
vegetable fibres, cotton constitutes nearly 80% and long vegetable fibres like jute, flax, hemp,
sisal, ramie, coir, abaca, henequen, pineapple, etc together account for the remaining 20%.
Due to environmental concern, it is imperative to preferably use various natural fibres. Thus,
the market demand is increasing day-by-day, but due to the unawareness of the existing
material the viable replacement has been in bad shape. In this paper, we have made attempt to
furnish a good deal of information about the structure, the chemical composition of the fibre
along with the methodology of producing yarn, fabric and its related value added products.
Physical and chemical properties of the fibre have been emphasized so as to explore the
possibilities of utilization of this fibre in various perspective areas.
Keywords: Annas, Hemicellulose, Lignin, PALF, Pectin, Pina.
1. Introduction
Leaf fibres are lengthwise fibres that run through the leaves of most Monocotyledonous
plants such as sisal, pineapple leaf fibre, henequem, abaca and esparto. These fibres are also
referred as hard fibers. This is due to the fact that they occur in bundles in aggregates of
individual cells with the ends overlapping, to produce continuous filaments throughout the
length of the leaf. These fibres are concentrated in large quantities near to the lower surface
of the leaf. The leaves are generally thick and fleshy often with hard surface. These fibres are

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held in position by the cellular tissue of the leaf by virtue of gummy and waxy substances.
These substances are the most commonly employed as reinforcing agents.
According to research studies on the chemical composition of fibre, it contains
majorly 79.4 - 81.6% cellulose, 13.1% hemi cellulose, 4.2 - 12.7% lignin, 1.1% ash, 2.1%
alcohol benzene and 3.5% water soluble compounds [1].
Cellulose:
Cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth (C6H10O5)n, it is a
polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1,4)
linked D-glucose units. The degree of polymerization varies from 200 to 10000 but generally
lies between 3000. The degree of polymerization depends on method of isolation and
purification. Cellulose is an important structural component of the primary cell wall of green
plants. The end units of the cellulose macrostructure chain differ somewhat in composition
from the middle glucose unit, C6H10O5. One of the end unit C6H10O5 has an aldehyde group.
The other end unit C6H10O5 contains four hydroxyl units.
As the cellulose macromolecule structure is very long and contains 30000- 45,000
functional alcohol groups. The appearance of two new functional groups does not influence
the chemical properties of cellulose, which are mainly dependant of the functional group in
the middle portion of the molecule.
In the chain of primary valancies there are 10,000-15,000 glucose residues (the
polymerization factor).In many reactions (mainly esterifcation) the primary hydroxyl group
have a great reactivity. In carboxy-methylation, the reactivity of the primary OH group is as
twice as great as the secondary group.
However, it is possible that in other reaction, primary hydroxyls may have a lower
reactivity than secondary hydroxyls (for instance, in methylation and saponification of
esters).
In general, the reactivity of the hydroxyl varies in different reactions. For instance, the
reactivity of the -OH group in the α-position relative to the glucosidic linkage is greater
towards alkalies and oxidising agents. The two secondary hydroxyls, at the second and third
carbon atoms, differ somewhat in their activity. The primary hydroxyls of cellulose
elementary units are responsible for the storability and dyeability of cellulose materials, and
also their capacity association in solution.

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Hemicellulose
Hemi-cellulose is also known as Polyose (molecules contain chains of
monosaccharide molecules), which is a matrix polysaccharide having a random amorphous
structure with lesser strength. It is can be easily hydrolyzed by dilute acids or bases.
Hemicellulose is the generic term of polysaccharides that is in vegetable fibre other than
cellulose. The degree of polymerization of hemicellulose ranges around 100. Hemicellulose
consists of shorter chains ranging from 500–3,000. Sugar units comprise of 7,000–15,000
glucose molecules per polymer seen in cellulose. Hemicellulose is a branched polymer, while
celluloses are unbranched polymers.
Lignin:
Most bast plants contain lignin in their fibre structure .The chemical composition of
lignin has not been precisely established. It is only known that it pertains to aromatic
compounds and is characterized by the presence of hydroxyl, methoxyl and possibly carbonyl
group. Most investigators assume that the structural units in lignin molecule are derivatives of
4-hydroxy-3-methoxyl phenyl-propane. This is shown in fig 1.
Fig 1: Structural units in a lignin molecule
These derivatives apparently contain two atoms of oxygen in the side chain. In plant
tissue lignin is tightly bonded to other substances accompanying cellulose. It is extracted by
strong reagents and therefore cannot be sure that the extended lignins preparations are
chemically identical to the natural substance. The presence of hydroxyl group in the lignin
molecule is confirmed by its capacity for acetylation and methoxylation. The possibility of
the existence of phenol hydroxyl is confirmed by the fact that on boiling with an alkali
solution, lignin is partially dissolved.The woody tissue of trees contains around 20 to 30 per
cent lignin.

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The chemical formula of lignin proposed by N.N.Shorygin is shown in fig 2.
Fig 2: Structure of a natural lignin molecule
Lignin is not uniformly distributed throughout the full height of the flux stem. Lignin
is eliminated from vegetable tissue with the aid of bisulphate of alkali metals or by
chlorination or oxidation reactions. The resulting derivatives are readily soluble in alkalies.
At the thick end of the stem, the content of lignin is higher and at the top it is smaller and at
the middle part the amount of lignin is average.
There are many colour reactions for determining the content of lignin in material.
Microscopic determinations of lignin are made using phloroglucinol and hydrochloric acid
(reddish-violet colouring). The qualitative reactions of lignin are as follows:
1. Black colouring obtained on the treatment of a separated lignin preparation with
concentrated sulphuric acid.
2. Yellow colouring with chlorine which results from the formation of chlorolignin which
dissolve in alkalies, ammonia and sodium sulphate, and giving reddish-brown solution.
3. Blue colouring with ferric chloride and potassium ferricyanide. This reaction is explained
by the presence of aldehyde groups in lignin molecules: under their action, ferric chloride is
reduced to ferrous chloride which with potassium ferricyanide forms Turnbull’s blue [2].

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The quantitative determination of lignin is based on the fact that cellulose, in contrast
to lignin, dissolved in concentrated 72% sulphuric acid. A certain amount of pyridine is
added to the sulphuric acid to accelerate the dissolution of cellulose. Lignin is not uniformly
throughout the full height of the stem. At the thick end (near the root) the content of the
lignin is higher and lower at the top and is medium at the middle region. Lignin is a complex
chemical compound most derived from wood and is an integral part of the secondary cell
walls of plants (C9H10O2, C10H12O3, C11H14O4). Lignin plays a crucial part in conducting
water in plant stems. The polysaccharide components of plant cellwalls are highly
hydrophilic and are permeable to water, whereas lignin is more hydrophobic. The
crosslinking of polysaccharides by lignin creates an obstacle for water absorption to the cell
wall [3].
Pectins
Pectins are found in large quantity in the vegetable fibrous material, obtaining form a
peculiar group of carbohydrates of very complex composition. Their main characteristic
component is calcium-magnesium pectate. Pectic acid belongs to polyuronides and is a
polygalacturonic acid, in which part of the carboxyl groups is esterified by methyl alcohol.
Thus, the main structural element of polygalacturonic acid is galalcturonic acid.
Fig 3: Galacturonic acid
Polygalacturonic acid has a chain structure similar to that of the other higher carbohydrate.
The structure of the pectic acid macromolecule is shown below

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Fig 4: Structure of pectic acid macromolecule
Pectic acid is soluble in a weak solution of caustic soda and aluminium hydroxide. Its
lead and calcium salts are insoluble in water and the method of quantitative determination of
pectic acid is based on the formation of the insoluble calcium salt. In natural pectin, pectic
acid found together with other higher carbohydrates, such as arabans and galactans [2].
2. Characterization of pineapple fibre
2.1 Optical Microscopy
PALF is a multicellular fibre. Optical microscopic examinations have confirmed that
the cell structure in the fibre has an average diameter of about 10 micrometers and a mean
length of 4.5 mm with a length/dia ratio of 450. The thickness of the cell wall of PALF is
found to be 8.3µm.
2.2 Electron Microscopy
The structural features and fracture morphology of raw and chemically treated PALF
have been studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). PALF has a scaly, cellular
structure with vegetable matter intact. The tie marks on the fibre surface of each bundle
consist of several fibrils. The transverse section of PALF confirms it to be a multi-cellular
structure.
Fig 5: Morphology of PALF

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The hollow structure suggests that PALF may have high insulation power and high
absorbency. Treating the fibres with either alkali or acid clearly reveals the ultimate structure
of the fibre.
2.3 TEM imaging:
The various wall layers, primary and secondary wall clearly appear as an ultra thin
transverse section of the fibre. The primary walls are a solid boundary to the cell. The dark
staining in the middle lamella shows that they are strongly lignified. The layer S1 can be
easily distinguished from layer S2 which appears brighter than S1. Thickness of layer s1
ranges from 0.10 to 0.84µm. The layer S2 reinforced micro fibrils lie at 5 to 30 degrees to the
axis and is 40 times the thickness compared to other layers which occupies around 43-78% of
the whole wall structure.
[ML-middle Lamella, P-Primary Wall, S1, S2, S3- Secondary cell wall sub layer]
Fig 6: Transverse section of multi-layered structure of pine apple leaf (PALF) at
17000X magnification
3. Pineapple Fibre Extractions
Pineapple Fibres are extracted from pineapple leaves by manual means hand (in fig 8)
as well as by decorticator (in fig 7). The common method in the practice is a combination of
water retting and scraping. The fibres are thoroughly washed and dried. The total yield of the
fibre is 2.5 to 3.3% of the weight of green leaves. Pineapple leaves steeped in water for 18
days yield good spinnable fibres.

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Fig 7: Decorticator Fig 8: Manual hand process
Fibres are extracted by means of machine/manual (hand) processing. The extracted
fibres will be in the form of long strands with slightly dull yellowish in colour. These fibres
are then washed and dried followed by gentle combing in the wet condition with the fine pins
moving slowly to separate the ultimate coarser bundles and give fine fibres of considerable
length.
The process of extracting long vegetable fibres is of great importance since the quality
as well as the quantity of extracted fibres is strongly influenced by the method of extraction
employed. The decorticating machine consists of a rotating drum mounted on a shaft. On the
circumference of the drum, blades are mounted which create beating action as the drum
rotates by means of an electric drive. As the drive rotates, the leaf is feed in between the drum
and a backing plate. Owing to the crushing, beating and pulling action, the pulpy material is
removed. When it is half way through, the leaf is slowly pulled back and the other half is feed
in the same manner as before. The fibre is then washed by dipping the fibres in a tank of
water or by using large centrifugal washing machines. Drying of fibres is done under sun
shades or by spin-dry centrifuges or by steam heated chambers [4].
4. Degumming of PALF
Retting is done by means of water or microbial activity, PALF contains about 25 to
35% non-fibrous materials visually indicated by its greenish-beige colour. The water retting
is done for a period of 5 days reducing the non fibrous content in PALF by about 25% and
the resultant fibre is found to have a linear density of 2.26 tex and an average linear density
of about 3.8 tex after microbiological retting. The fineness depends an variety of pineapple
and prosperity of the leave. The retted fibres, being aggregates of elongated cells are still

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cemented together by non-cellulosic materials, composed mostly of hemicelluloses, lignin
and other constituents, not of pectin nature (majority of the pectins are removed during the
retting processes). Further, removal of these non-cellulosic materials by chemical degumming
could be expected to yield more opened fibres of much lower density and increased fibre
tenacity.
Chemical degumming is usually accompanied by subjecting the fibres to solutions of
acid, alkali or enzymes at varying levels of temperature and duration of treatment in the
absence of air. Alkali, particularly NaOH, readily reacts with hemicelluloses in the presence
of air, Oxidation of the cellulose to oxycellulose rapidly occurs resulting in greatly weakened
fibre. Alkali concentration and antioxidants are factors to be considered while conducting
degumming experiments. Micro biologically retted PALF shows that there was continuous
reduction in non-fibrous content and linear density of PALF when the concentration of alkali
in the degumming liquor and the time of treatment were increased. But the tensile strength
data showed an indefinite pattern. This was probably due to the large inherent variability of
the material and the sampling method used. According to this study, it was possible to reduce
the linear density of PALF form 3.8 Tex to about 1.2 Tex by treating the retting fibres with
5% NaOH for 12 hours at boiling condition. There was no marked tendering or weakening of
fibres during the alkaline treatment. Treatment with 5% NaOH yielded the finest fibre [1].
5. Spinnability of the fibre
An acid treatment of fibre with sodium sulphate gives moderate improvement in fibre
fineness. However, treating PALF with H2SO4 and sodium sulphate together can render the
fibres very weak making them unsuitable for spinning. The other problem in the Spinnability
is the ratio between length and width of the fibre, the ratio being less makes the fibre less
easy to spin compared to other cellulosic fibres.
6. Weavabity of fibre
The fibre has better tensile property, good elongation at break and comparatively
good flexural rigidity compared to cotton. So no intermediate process like sizing and desizing
of material is required to make it weavable. The coefficient of friction also helps the yarn to
hold together and minimizes fabric slippage.

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7. Bleaching and Dyeing of PALF
Bleaching on PALF with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) improves its fineness by 5 to 6%
but reduces the tensile strength by 40 to 45%. Bleached PALF when spun produced a more
uniform, more extensible, but weaker yarn than raw PALF yarn. Raw PALF yarn on
bleaching showed high extension, low strength and more irregularity than the raw yarn but
still the strength of the bleached yarn was found to be sufficient enough to develop an apparel
fabric.
The dye absorption tendency of PALF is as high as that of cotton. This could be due
to relatively high moisture content of PALF and the low reflectance value of undyed PALF.
The fastness rating varied with the type of colour. For yellow shades considerable
improvements were noticed in washing, acid staining and light fastness of PALF. However
wet rubbing fastness was low for PALF in the yellow shade. In case of blue, fastness with
regard to light, wet rubbing and washing was all inferior for PALF [4].
7. Properties of PALF
 Mechanical Properties:
X-ray studies showed PALF have high degree of Crystallinity with a spiral angle of
about 15 degree. In the crystalline region the molecules are packed tightly. The acid and
alkali treated fibres showed greater amorphous regions than untreated fibre. The elastic
modulus and tensile strength values are in the range of 15–53 GPa and from 210 to 695 MPa
respectively. The final volatile loss temperatures for the different varieties are in the range
between 175ºC and 195°C and the onset temperatures in the range of 240–260 °C. The high
degree of cellulose crystallinity index influences the mechanical properties. PALF is as fine
as jute and is about 2.5 times as extensible as jute. The L/B ratio is superior to jute and the
flexural and torsional rigidity of PALF is higher than cotton. The level of dyeing, moisture
absorption and feel are based on Porosity and Swelling of PALF. Degree of polymerisation of
PALF cellulose is comparatively lower by 40 % when compared to cotton [1]. Upto six
months of storage of PALF does not weaken them, however storage for periods longer than 6
months produces considerable strength loss. PALF loses strength rapidly when buried in the
ground. The retention of tensile strength after soil burial for 3 days is just 31.7% in the case
of PALF, as against 75.9% in the case if sisal and about 80% in case of jute. When buried
underground the growth of micro-organisms plays a predominant role in the degradation of

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fibre cellulose. PALF also lose strength and elongation in wet condition. The loss of strength
in these conditions is due to the penetration of water molecule in the multicellular lingo-
cellulosic fibres. Swelling up to some extent, loosening of the binding in the ultimate cells
results in cell slippage when load is applied. On wetting, extension of untreated and
degummed fibres is reduced by 7% and 12% respectively.
 Thermal Properties:
Thermo-gravimetric analysis carried out by SITRA to analyse the heat stability of both
treated and untreated PALF. The degradation of untreated fibre begins at 306.7°C with
constant weight loss and is completed at 372.2°C. In the case of H2SO4 treated fibre, the
deterioration started at 313.6°C and ended at 377.5°C. There is no significant difference in
weight loss pattern upon temperature between untreated and acid treated fibres. But the
degradation of alkali-treated fibre is slightly lower than that of acid treated fibre. Thermal
conductivity of PALF is found to be low at 0.0273 watts/m2
/°K which suggests that these
fibres could be used as good thermal insulators.
 Chemical Properties:
Treatment with 18% of NaOH imparted crimp and enhanced the breaking elongation of
PALF. Caustic treatment also resulted in longitudinal shrinkage. Maximum shrinkage was
found to occur within 20 minutes of the alkali treatment, after which there was only very little
shrinkage. The length shrinkage has been found to be proportional to the weight loss. The
losses are mainly due to the removal by caustic treatment of the hemicelluloses component
and other encrusting substances by caustic treatment. With alkali treatment PALF also
experienced a drop in dynamic modulus. This drop revealed some structural changes caused
by the alkali treatment. The diameter of yarn form PALF increased on caustic treatment by 20
to 100%, resulting in an improvement in yarn bulk. The bulk improvement due to alkali
treatment in blended yarn was much better as compared to that in pure PALF yarn.

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Pineapple Fibre Properties [4, 5]
Physical Properties of PALF and Cotton are listed in Table No1.
Table No1: Properties of PALF and Cotton
Physical Properties Pineapple Leaf Fibre Cotton
Length (mm) 3 to 9 15 to 60
Breadth (10-3
mm) 4 to 8 15 to 20
L/B Ratio 450 1300
Tenacity (gm/tex) 50 20 to 45
Young’s modulus 60-82 -
Extension at break (%) 2 to 6 6.5 to 7.5
Flextural Rigidity ( dyne/cm2
) 3.8 0.30 to 1.0
Transverse swelling in water
(%)
18 to 20 20-22
Density (Gm/cc) 1.48 1.55
Moisture regain at 65%
Relative humidity
11.8 24
Gravimetric Fineness (tex) 1.54 0.10-0.30
Diameter (µm) 20 to 80 11.5 to 17
Chemical Composition
Cellulose 80 to 81 82-96
Hemicellulose 16 to 19 2 to 6
Lignin 4.6 to 12 0.5 to 1
Pectin 2 to 3 5 to 7

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8. Products from Pineapple Fibre
The mechanical properties of the fibre like tenacity, flexural rigidity, bending
modulus and other properties are comparatively better to other cellulosic fibre but the length
to width ratio, moisture retentively feature has retarded the growth of the fibre into the
apparel sector but not the technical textile field. The use of PALF to produce yarns fine
enough to be woven into fabrics is a concept of comparatively recent origin, as their uses
have been mainly restricted to package materials and to the cordage industry with lesser
importance [7].
(a) Paper
Paper made from decorticated leaf fibres of pineapple are pulled chemically or
enzymatic-ally. In chemical pulping, the fibres are cooked in a NaOH aqueous solution in an
autoclave. The enzymatic pulps are achieved by the use of isolated macerating enzyme or
cellulose preparations. The alkaline cooking produces good pulp sheets with sufficient
strength but, on the other hand, discharges more contaminated waste liquor. In the enzymatic
pumping the fibre are found to be satisfactorily pulped in a 0.1 concentration for 5 hours at
37°C. In the enzymatic pulp sheets, the macerating enzyme preparations produced paper with
great strength but causes poorer formation in comparison with the cellulose preparations. The
waste liquors formed in the enzymatic pumping were found to contain lignin.
(b) Reinforced Plastics
The reinforced plastic made from PALF non-woven fabrics is by march-die moulding
and hand layup techniques. It was found that with the increase of web wet, the impact
strength, breaking load and tenacity of each kind of reinforced plastic increases. With similar
fibre contents, PALF reinforced had comparable tensile properties with jute-reinforced
plastics, but sisal reinforced plastics had the distinction of having the highest impact strength,
breaking load and tenacity.
(c) Reinforced Roofing
The structural behaviour of PALF-reinforced corrugated roofing sheet has yielded
some interesting findings that the transverse strength of the composite was found to increase
with fibre content up to 0.75% and then started decreasing. The initial increase could be due
to the development of bond resistance between the fibres and matrix and also due to tensile

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resistance of fibres. But at a high proportion of PALF in the composite the workability of the
mix seems to have been affected, as non-uniform distribution of fibres in the mix resulted.
The compression strength of PALF reinforced composite decreased with the fibre content due
to buckling of fibres under axial compression and also due to baling of fibres under high fibre
content [1,4].
(d) Decorative purpose
Each strand of Pina fibre is hand scrapped and knotted to form a long thread to be
woven into cloth. Sometimes they are combined with silk to give aesthetic effect. This
vintage clutch purse has been purse shape covered in a plain fabric which has been covered
with thin Pina cloth and embroidered on the front, the back and the flip.
Fig 9 : Pina covered purse
(e) Upholstery:Tommy Bahama Pineapple Paradise Oblong Toss Pillow
This richly colour and textured oblong toss pillow features a dip dye ombre pattern with
stitching details that adds an eye-catching splash of colour and texture to the Pineapple
Paradise quilt. Cover is machine washable.
Fig 10: Tommy Bahama pillow cover

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9. Utilization of fibre waste
Considering that the yield of PALF is only 2.5 to 3.25% of the weight of green leaves.
Pilot experiments in this direction were conducted at SITRA, to produce paper boards and
fuel briquettes using pineapple leaf waste. Fuel briquettes were also made using pineapple-
leaf waste and were found to possess acceptable levels of calorific value.
Material Fuel Briquettes using 100% leaf waste
Volatile matter (%) by weight 66.46
Ash by weight (%) 15.84
Fixed carbon by weight (%) 8.95
Calorific value (Kcal/Kg) 3311
Table No 2: Properties of Fuel Briquettes Made Out of Pineapple-leaf Waste
The low ash content in briquettes made from PALF waste suggests higher heat value
for these briquettes [4].
10. Advantages
 Biodegradable in nature and processed residual material bought into effective use makes it
environment friendly and toxic free.
 Has high tensile and flexural strength helps in making products sufficient strength.
 Best substitute to synthetic material in tensile, density, fineness and cohesive nature of fibre
makes it better suitable for composite manufacturing.
 Raw material availability is in abundance.
 Hydrophilicity nature makes it convenient for dye take-up and retentivity.
 Transmits low thermal value thereby making it a good thermal insulator.
11. Limitations
 Undergoes quick bio-degradation.
 Continuous itching of outer layer even after chemical modification is complete.
 Tensile strength reduces drastically with ageing.
 Time consuming process for extraction of fibre material.
 Not stable to chemical agencies.
 With higher mix ratio in composite the water absorbency increases making it unfit for civil
construction works.

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12. Conclusion
Pineapple plant is widely cultivated for the fruit in the tropical and sub tropical
regions of the world. At present, India has nearly 87,200 hectares of pineapple plantation and
pineapple cultivation is mainly for its fruit. The leaves of the pineapple plant contain
approximately 3% of a strong, white, silky fibre. These fibres could be extracted from the
leaves either by mechanical means or by retting. Approximately 6 lack metric tonnes of
pineapple fibre per year may be available in India, from pineapple leaves goes as agricultural
waste due to lack of technology, it has left this fibre in the background without proper
utilization of their special properties. The special properties of these fibres like their high
strength, low elongation and good lustre can be combinely beneficial to produce novelty
fabrics which will exhibit unparallel properties. Long fiber lengths and high fibre weights
make it difficult to be blended with cotton or man-made fibres. Proper use of the waste that
occurs during extraction of PALF should receive due attention. If the process of PALF
production is to be made a commercially viable proposition, research work can be carried out
to overcome these short comings.

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13. Bibliography
1. V. Natarajan, K. Thangamani and G. Thilagavathi, Unconventional Natural Fibres
and Their Textile Applications, AICTE-ISTE Summer School, 1997.
2. F. Sadov, M.Korchagin, A. Matetsky, Chemical Technology of Fibrous Materials,
MIR Publishers, Moscow, 1973, P 49-55.
3. Characterization and comparative evaluation of thermal, structural, chemical,
mechanical, morphological properties of six pineapple leaf fibre varieties for use in
the composite, Industrial crops and products, Volume 43, May 2013, P 529-537.
4. Indra Doraiswamy, P.Chellamani, Pineapple-leaf Fibres,Textile Progress, Volume 24,
Number 1, 1993.
5. Mwaikambo, L. Y, Review of the history, properties and application of plant fibres,
African Journal of Science and Technology (AJST) Science and Engineering Series
Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 120 – 133
6. Dr. S. K. Dey & Dr. K. K. Satapathy, A Combined Technology Package For
Extraction of Pineapple Leaf Fibre- An Agrowaste, Utilization of biomass and for
application in Textiles, National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre
Technology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 12 Regent Park, Kolkata-700
040,India
7. Abdhul Kahil, Cell wall of tropical resource, 2006, P 220-232.