Comparison Direct & indirect

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH
CHARACTERISTICS:
 It is original quotation of a talk
 It is always placed between two quotation marks
 It is always preceded by Capital letter

Colon (:), Comma (,) are placed before direct
speech when the introductory verb position is in
the front

Comma (,) are placed after direct speech when the
introductory verb position is placed after or between
the direct speech

The use of punctuation like
exclamation mark (!), question mark
(?) that point type of sentence of direct
speech do not change
Eg.
- ‘Where do you live?’ she asked
- My mother says to my sister: ‘Wash your hands!’
- She yelled at me: ‘Don’t have the door open!’

INDIRECT SPEECH
 It is a kind of report sentence
(reported speech)
 It retells one’s talk or idea
 It undergoes certain modification

It has three types of indirect speech
1. Imperative (Command/request)
2. Declarative (Statement)
3. Interrogative (question

1. Imperative (Command/request)
 The reported is a command
 Because of a command so that it
does not know subject
 The verb in direct imperative does
not change

- Imperative has contain verb 1
like go, sleep, open etc so in the
indirect speech is preceded by
to infinitive) namely to go, to
sleep, to open

It also has non verb, so the
reported command is preceded by
‘Be + adjective/adverb!’ like: be
quiet, be happy, be here so in the
Indirect Speech it becomes to be
quiet, to be happy, to be here

POSITIVE IMPERATIVE:
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
She told me to go away
She said, “Go away!” She ordered her to go away

“Come here!” she She asked him to come there
said. She commended them to come there

I begged us to be quite
I said, “Be quite!” I suggested the children to be quite
‘Be quiet!’ she yelled at
She ordered the children to
the children be quiet
She begged, “Be She warned to be happy
happy!”
‘Please help me!’ she She asked him to help
told him her
ooooooooooooooooooo

NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE:
She said, “Don’t go She told me not to go away
away!” She ordered her not to go away
She asked him not to come there
“Don’t Come here!” she She commended them not to come there
said
I begged us not to be noisy
I said, “Don’t Be I suggested the children not to be noisy

noisy!”
She begged, “Don’t be She warned us not to be lazy
lazy!”
‘Don’t be lazy!’ she said She advised Laila not to
to Laila be lazy
‘Don’t worry about it!’ She told him not to
She said to him worry about it

Declarative (Statement)
A. Pronoun and Possessive adjective

I He/She
You me/he/she/them/I/him/her
My his/her
Our their/our
Your My/his/her

B. Adverb of time and Place
 now then
 today that day
 tomorrow the next day
the day after
the following day
a day later

 next the … after
 the following …

B. Adverb of time and Place
 last … the … before
the previous …
the preceding …
 … ago … before
 … earlier
 yesterday the day before
the previous day
the preceeding day
 the day before yesterday two days before
 here there
 this that
 these those

C. Tenses
Present Simple Past Simple
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

C. Tenses
Future Simple Past Future
Future Continuous Past Future Continuous
Future Perfect Past Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous Past Future Perfect
Continuous

C. Tenses

Past Simple Past Perfect
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Past Perfect

Let’s see the following changes
Verb 1 Verb 2
Verb 2 Had + Verb 3
Is was
Am was
Are were
Have had
Has had
Do did
Does did
Was/were had been
Did had + verb 3

Can could
May might
Must had to
Shall should
Will would

Ought to + verb 1 ought to + have + verb 3 / been
Could + verb 1 could + have + verb 3 / been
Might + verb 1 might + have + verb 3 / been
Should + verb 1 should + have + verb3 / been
Would + verb 1 would + have + verb 3 / been

Examples:

Andi: ‘I will go now.’ Andi said that he would
go then
Rani: ‘They love me.’ Rani told me they loved
her
‘I’ve been writing’, Dina Dina answered that she
answered had been writing

Mother: ‘I was sick yesterday.’ Mother told that
she had been sick
the day before

3. Interrogative (question)
a. Preceded by Auxiliary
 When the question is preceded by auxiliary that
needs yes/No answer it will be used the
conjunction if or whether in the indirect
speech
 The steps how to make indirect speech:
 The question sentence of the indirect speech is firstly
changed to be statement
 It then follows the rules before

Example
Doctor: ‘Do you usually take a nap?’
It is firstly changed to be:
You usually take a nap Doctor asks
if/whether I
usually take a
nap

Example
DIRECT SPEECH
Mary: ‘Are you a student?’
You are a student
INDIRECT SPEECH
Ratu asked if/whether I was a
student

Example
DIRECT SPEECH
John: ‘May I borrow your car?’
 Preceded by Question Word (QW)
I may borrow your car

INDIRECT SPEECH
 John asked if he might borrow my
 John asked whether he might borrow my

a. Preceded by Question Words
In the question using Question
Word (QW)
To form indirect speech the question
is firstly changed to be statement
QW: what, when, where, which,
why, who, whom, etc. are used as
conjunction

Example
DIRECT SPEECH
Andi: ‘How do you spell your name?’
- It is firstly changed to be:
You spell your name

INDIRECT SPEECH
Andi asked how I spelt my name

Example
DIRECT SPEECH
Sophia: Where can you keep your money safely?’

It is firstly changed to be:
You can keep your money safely

INDIRECT SPEECH
- Sophia asked me where I could keep my
money safely.

Comparison Direct & indirect

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Comparison Direct & indirect