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FMEA
         Failure Mode and
     Effects Analysis (FMEA)                                         • Defined: FMEA is a systematic tool for:
                                                                        – Identifying effects or consequences of a potential product or
                                                                          process failure.
                                                                        – Ranking or prioritizing failures
                                                                        – Developing methods to eliminate or reduce the chance of a
                                                                          failure occurring.
                           Ali A. Yassine                            • FMEA generates a living document that can be used
       Department of Industrial & Enterprise Systems Engineering       to anticipate and prevent failures from occurring.
              University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
                          yassine@uiuc.edu                             (note: documents should be updated regularly.)
                                                                     • Some History of FMEA - formal applications began
                                                                       in Aerospace industry (mid 1960s) now widely used
                                                                       in Automotive Industry.




    Proactive FMEA - When to Use                                               Two Types of FMEA
• FMEA is most effective when it occurs                              • Design FMEA - examines the functions of a
                                                                       component, subsystem or main system.
  before a design is released rather than                               – Potential Failures: incorrect material choice, inappropriate
                                                                          specifications.
  “after the fact”.                                                     – Example: Air Bag (excessive air bag inflator force).
    – focus should be on failure prevention not                      • Process FMEA - examines the processes used to
      detection.                                                       make a component, subsystem, or main system.
                                                                        – Potential Failures: operator assembling part incorrectly, excess
• As such, FMEA is often a standard                                       variation in process resulting in out-spec products.
                                                                        – Example: Air Bag Assembly Process (operator may not install
  process used in the development of new                                  air bag properly on assembly line such that it may not engage
  products.                                                               during impact).




                                                                                  FMEA Terminology
                   FMEA Team                                           (Car Door Example of a Design FMEA)
                                                                   • Failure Mode (FM)- physical description of a
•   FMEA is a team-based project                                     failure.
•   Best size is usually 4-6 people                                   – noise enters at door-to-roof interface
                                                                   • Failure Effects - impact of failure on people,
•   Team leader                                                      equipment
                                                                      – driver dissatisfaction.
•   Process/product experts
                                                                   • Failure Cause - refers to cause of the failure.
                                                                      – insufficient door seal.


                                                                                 Causes        Failures Modes         Effects




                                                                                                                                             1
FMEA Variables                                              FMEA Roadmap
  • Severity is a rating corresponding to the seriousness
    of an effect of a potential failure mode.

  • Occurrence is a rating corresponding to the rate at
    which a first level cause and its resultant failure mode
    will occur over the design life of the system, over the
    design life of the product, or before any additional
    process controls are applied.

  • Detection is a rating corresponding to the likelihood
    that the detection methods or current controls will
    detect the potential failure mode before the product is
    released for production for design, or for process
    before it leaves the production facility.




                                                                            FMEA Worksheet
                     FMEA Steps
      1. Review the product / process & define scope
      2. Brainstorm potential FMs
      3. List potential effects
      4. Assign a severity rating for each effect
      5. Assign an occurrence rating for each FM
      6. Assign a detection rating for each FM or effect
      7. Calculate Risk Priority Number (RPN) for each effect
      8. Prioritize the FMs for action
      9. Take action to eliminate or reduce FMs with high RPN
      10. Calculate the resulting RPN




1. Review Product & Define Scope                                  2. Brainstorm Potential FMs
  • Our team will conduct an FMEA on the                        • A series of sessions focusing on different
    new RS-100 coffeemaker and the glass                          elements of the product
    carafe for that coffeemaker. The FMEA                       • Group FMs:
    will not include any parts of this                            – By type of failure: electrical, mechanical, user created
    coffeemaker that are common to other                          – Where on the product the failure occurred
                                                                  – Or the seriousness of the failure
    coffeemakers in our product line such as
    the electronic clock, the electrical cord                   • Prior to conducting brainstorming, it is often
    and wiring into the coffeemaker, and the                      useful to inspect/construct a functional
    gold cone coffee filter.                                      diagram of the product
                                                                  – failure modes are typically just the inability to perform a
                                                                    function.




                                                                                                                                  2
3. List Potential Effects                         3a. FMEA Cause-and-Effect Diagram
 • If the failure occurs, then what are the
   consequences

 • Cause & effect diagrams may be helpful




                                                                        Causes                  Effects




3b. FMEA Cause-and-Effect Diagram                           4. Assign a Severity Rating
  (Air Bag Example: Basic Function: Restrain Passenger)
                                                             Table 2: Severity Rating Scale*




                Causes                   Effects




   5. Assign an Occurrence Rating                           6. Assign a Detection Rating
     Table 3: Occurrence Rating Scale*                       Table 4: Detection Rating Scale*




                                                                                                          3
7. Risk Priority Number (RPN)                                  8. Prioritize the Failure Modes

• The RPN identifies the greatest areas of
                                                                  Pareto Diagram of Ratings
  concern. It comprises the assessment of the:
(1) Severity rating,
(2) Occurrence rating, and
(3) Detection rating for a potential failure mode.

RPN = Severity Rating x Occurrence Rating x Detection Rating




                                                                           Example: Air Bag
    9. Take Corrective actions if:
• The severity is 9 or 10 (potentially hazardous
  failures), OR.

• Severity rating x Occurrence rating is high, OR.

• High RPN (severity x occurrence x detection).

• No absolutes rules for what is a high RPN number.
  Rather, FMEA often are viewed on relative scale (i.e.,
  highest RPN addressed first).




         Classification of Critical
                                                                       Scenario-Based FMEA
             Characteristics
• Companies often identify special product                     • A failure scenario is an undesired
  characteristics with an appropriate symbol on                  cause-and-effect chain of events. Each
  the FMEA worksheet.                                            scenario can happen with some
                                                                 probability and results in negative
• These special critical characteristics are                     consequences.
  typically items which affect regulatory
  compliance, such as items which should be
  given warning to consumers or special
  process controls.




                                                                                                          4
Scenario Map for Brake Failures         Oil Leak Failure Scenarios
                                     • Oil leak, warning light goes on, signal is detected
                                       and operation is ceased (consequence1,
                                       probability1).
                                     • Oil leak, warning light goes on, signal goes
                                       undetected, operation continues and equipment
                                       is damaged (consequence2, probability2).
                                     • Oil leak, no warning light, operation continues
                                       and equipment is damaged (consequence2,
                                       probability3)




    Life Cycle Failure Scenarios       Composition of Expected Cost




Scenario-Based FMEA for Hair Dryer          Expected Cost vs. RPN




                                                                                             5

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FMEA

  • 1. FMEA Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) • Defined: FMEA is a systematic tool for: – Identifying effects or consequences of a potential product or process failure. – Ranking or prioritizing failures – Developing methods to eliminate or reduce the chance of a failure occurring. Ali A. Yassine • FMEA generates a living document that can be used Department of Industrial & Enterprise Systems Engineering to anticipate and prevent failures from occurring. University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign yassine@uiuc.edu (note: documents should be updated regularly.) • Some History of FMEA - formal applications began in Aerospace industry (mid 1960s) now widely used in Automotive Industry. Proactive FMEA - When to Use Two Types of FMEA • FMEA is most effective when it occurs • Design FMEA - examines the functions of a component, subsystem or main system. before a design is released rather than – Potential Failures: incorrect material choice, inappropriate specifications. “after the fact”. – Example: Air Bag (excessive air bag inflator force). – focus should be on failure prevention not • Process FMEA - examines the processes used to detection. make a component, subsystem, or main system. – Potential Failures: operator assembling part incorrectly, excess • As such, FMEA is often a standard variation in process resulting in out-spec products. – Example: Air Bag Assembly Process (operator may not install process used in the development of new air bag properly on assembly line such that it may not engage products. during impact). FMEA Terminology FMEA Team (Car Door Example of a Design FMEA) • Failure Mode (FM)- physical description of a • FMEA is a team-based project failure. • Best size is usually 4-6 people – noise enters at door-to-roof interface • Failure Effects - impact of failure on people, • Team leader equipment – driver dissatisfaction. • Process/product experts • Failure Cause - refers to cause of the failure. – insufficient door seal. Causes Failures Modes Effects 1
  • 2. FMEA Variables FMEA Roadmap • Severity is a rating corresponding to the seriousness of an effect of a potential failure mode. • Occurrence is a rating corresponding to the rate at which a first level cause and its resultant failure mode will occur over the design life of the system, over the design life of the product, or before any additional process controls are applied. • Detection is a rating corresponding to the likelihood that the detection methods or current controls will detect the potential failure mode before the product is released for production for design, or for process before it leaves the production facility. FMEA Worksheet FMEA Steps 1. Review the product / process & define scope 2. Brainstorm potential FMs 3. List potential effects 4. Assign a severity rating for each effect 5. Assign an occurrence rating for each FM 6. Assign a detection rating for each FM or effect 7. Calculate Risk Priority Number (RPN) for each effect 8. Prioritize the FMs for action 9. Take action to eliminate or reduce FMs with high RPN 10. Calculate the resulting RPN 1. Review Product & Define Scope 2. Brainstorm Potential FMs • Our team will conduct an FMEA on the • A series of sessions focusing on different new RS-100 coffeemaker and the glass elements of the product carafe for that coffeemaker. The FMEA • Group FMs: will not include any parts of this – By type of failure: electrical, mechanical, user created coffeemaker that are common to other – Where on the product the failure occurred – Or the seriousness of the failure coffeemakers in our product line such as the electronic clock, the electrical cord • Prior to conducting brainstorming, it is often and wiring into the coffeemaker, and the useful to inspect/construct a functional gold cone coffee filter. diagram of the product – failure modes are typically just the inability to perform a function. 2
  • 3. 3. List Potential Effects 3a. FMEA Cause-and-Effect Diagram • If the failure occurs, then what are the consequences • Cause & effect diagrams may be helpful Causes Effects 3b. FMEA Cause-and-Effect Diagram 4. Assign a Severity Rating (Air Bag Example: Basic Function: Restrain Passenger) Table 2: Severity Rating Scale* Causes Effects 5. Assign an Occurrence Rating 6. Assign a Detection Rating Table 3: Occurrence Rating Scale* Table 4: Detection Rating Scale* 3
  • 4. 7. Risk Priority Number (RPN) 8. Prioritize the Failure Modes • The RPN identifies the greatest areas of Pareto Diagram of Ratings concern. It comprises the assessment of the: (1) Severity rating, (2) Occurrence rating, and (3) Detection rating for a potential failure mode. RPN = Severity Rating x Occurrence Rating x Detection Rating Example: Air Bag 9. Take Corrective actions if: • The severity is 9 or 10 (potentially hazardous failures), OR. • Severity rating x Occurrence rating is high, OR. • High RPN (severity x occurrence x detection). • No absolutes rules for what is a high RPN number. Rather, FMEA often are viewed on relative scale (i.e., highest RPN addressed first). Classification of Critical Scenario-Based FMEA Characteristics • Companies often identify special product • A failure scenario is an undesired characteristics with an appropriate symbol on cause-and-effect chain of events. Each the FMEA worksheet. scenario can happen with some probability and results in negative • These special critical characteristics are consequences. typically items which affect regulatory compliance, such as items which should be given warning to consumers or special process controls. 4
  • 5. Scenario Map for Brake Failures Oil Leak Failure Scenarios • Oil leak, warning light goes on, signal is detected and operation is ceased (consequence1, probability1). • Oil leak, warning light goes on, signal goes undetected, operation continues and equipment is damaged (consequence2, probability2). • Oil leak, no warning light, operation continues and equipment is damaged (consequence2, probability3) Life Cycle Failure Scenarios Composition of Expected Cost Scenario-Based FMEA for Hair Dryer Expected Cost vs. RPN 5