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BASIC FIRE SAFETY




                    1
Fire Training objective
    Life Saving- Guest, Staff, Comfort and Safety.
•   Protect Property Equipment and Asset.
    EVACUATION
TRAINING CONTENTS
    CHEMISTRY OF FIRE
    CLASSES OF FIRE
    STAGES OF FIRE
    FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
    FIRE RISKS AT HOME & OFFICES
    IN CASE OF FIRE
    USE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
FIRE
•     FIRE IS AN EXOTHERMIC
    COMBUSTION REACTION WHICH
    LIBERATES LARGE AMOUNTS OF
    HEAT, SMOKE & LIGHT AS MAIN
    PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
What is FIRE?

-Fire is a chemical reaction of 3 elements.

                                              Need all three components to start
                                               a fire.


                                              Fire extinguishers remove one or
                                               more of the components.




                                                                             5
What is FIRE? (Contd….)

 The “Fire Triangle” identifies the three components of any Fire:


     –Fuel paper, wood, flammable gas, energized electrical equipment,
     etc...
     –Energy (heat), sufficient to support combustion. Often referred to
     as the ignition source.
     –Oxidizer (air)


     IF ANY ONE OF THESE IS MISSING, A FIRE CANNOT
     CONTINUE.




                                                                           6
The Combustion Process


               THE FIRE TETRAHEDRON
                  (NEW CONCEPT)




                             FUEL




                         TEMPERATURE




                                       7
Types of

      Fire Class      Fire Type            Materials involved
                                   Wood, paper, cloth, trash etc…
  A                General


                   Flammable       Flammable solvents, liquids, Oils,
  B
                   Liquids         Greases, Paints etc…

                   1. Electrical
                                   Energized electrical equipment
  C                2. Flammable
                                   and All flammable gases
                      Gases


               D                   Water reactive Chemicals,
  D                Metals
                                   Combustible metals etc…

                                                                        8
Class A - Wood, paper, cloth, carpets, trash, plastics
   Solid combustible materials that are not metals. (Class A fires generally leave an Ash.)

Class B - Flammable liquids: gasoline, oil, petrol, diesel, grease, acetone
   Any non-metal in a liquid state, on fire. This classification also includes flammable gases. (Class
   B fires generally involve materials that Boil or Bubble.)

Class C – Flammable Gases: Methane, Propane
   or your Domestic LPG Gas cylinders, it would be considered a class C fire.

Class D - Metals: potassium, sodium, aluminum, magnesium
   Unless you work in a laboratory or in an industry that uses these materials, it is unlikely you'll have
   to deal with a Class D fire. It takes special extinguishing agents (Metal-X, foam) to fight such a fire

Class E – Electrical Started Fire
Stages of Fire




      Initial Stage                                 Blaze Stage
(0 Seconds to 10 Minutes)                         (Over 10 Minutes)



                                        TIME FACTOR

                            Incipient Stage               Blaze Stage
    Class A                  0 -10 Minutes              Over 10 Minutes


    Class B                  0 -1 Minutes                Over 1 Minute


   Class C                  0 - 30 Seconds             Over 30 Seconds
    Class E                   Leads To a Fire in Another Class of Fire
FIRE FIGHTING METHODS


    STARVATION                         Elimination of
                                FUEL
    SMOTHERING                        Limitation of
                                      OXYGEN
    COOLING                     Removal of
                                TEMPERATURE
    CHEMICAL CHAIN INHIBITION         Cutting of
                                      continuous
                                FREE RADICAL
                                      FORMATION
FIRE FIGHTING MEDIA
 WATER
     COOLING      - One gallon absorbs 9000BTU
                    of Heat


     SMOTHERING


     DILUTION


     EMULSIFICATION
Common Causes of Fire
• Carelessness:
* Disposal of cigarette butts in a trash bag.
• Smoking in bed at night.
• Leaving cigarettes burning in ash trays.
• Gas Stoves, Electric heaters left switched on and unattended.
• Hazardous storage of flammable materials.
• Cables and wires under carpets.
• Broken wiring, Leakage in electric wire
• Faulty electric switch
• Electrical appliances left switched on
Ignorance: Inadequate fire prevention Knowledge
Accident : Electrical Short circuits etc.
Sabotage:
Possible Fire Risk in Office
                      Premises
   Electrical fire risk due to short circuit or overload

   Mal function of appliances leading to electrical fire

   Carelessly discarded cigarette butts

   Overheating of electrical appliances – Electric Stove, Oven

   Malfunction of AC Plant

   LPG leakage

   Photocopier toner


   UPS and EPABX battery
Possible Fire Risk in Residences
   Electrical fire risk due to short circuit or overload

   Mal function of appliances leading to fire

   Carelessly discarded cigarette butts, aggarbatti

   Overheating of electrical appliances

   Malfunction of Air conditioners

   LPG leakage, overheating of geysers

   Storage of inflammable / combustible goods

   Small mishaps in kitchens due to cooking OIL overheated
How to act in the event of Fire
    Person Discovering Fire please remain calm and do the following:
•   Call your emergency number IMMEDIATELY. state your name and give the
    exact location of the fire. If a phone is not available, press and activate the
    nearest fire alarm.
* If it is safe to do so, remain at the fire spot to direct the floor and use available
    means to extinguish or contain the fire.
* DO NOT ENTER A SMOKE FILLED AREA ALONE, or without protection.
* NEVER LET A FIRE GET BETWEEN YOU AND THE WAY OUT/ EXIT.
* If you are notified of a fire, check with your immediate supervisor.
* Always remain calm, Do not shout Fire… Fire….
• If it is necessary to leave the building, follow the exit signs, DO NOT use
    elevator.
• If fire is out of control then call fire brigade number.
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
EARLY WARNING SYSTEM

Fire Alarm & Smoke Detection system
Heat / Gas Leak Detector




                 Fire Extinguishers – Portable type
Fire Protection System:

•   Smoke / Heat Detectors
•   Break Glass Stations (Raising Alarm)
•   Fire Hose Reels
•   Portable Fire Extinguishers
•   Fire Exit Doors
•   Fire panel board (in Control Room)
•   Drencher System.
•   Sprinkler System.
FIRE PREVENTION
Prevention is always better than Control. To pre prevent
 the Fire accidents we have to eliminate the common Fire
 Hazards of the work are
Heat generating appliances.
Static Electricity and Short circuits.
Non-Flame proof equipments.
Storage and handling of flammables/combustibles.
Open flames and Hot surfaces.
Exothermic reactions leads to explosions.
Vehicles and equipment and other unsafe acts & conditions.



                                                              19
FIRE PREVENTION (contd…)

       Fire can be prevented by considering the
       following issues

       Flame proof equipment
       Good housekeeping
       Proper Ventilation
       Anti Static measures
       Personnel awareness
       Work procedures
       Safe work practices
       Right tools




                                                  20
Remember the Following



1.    Portable fire extinguishers are suitable for small fires. i.e. The fires are in the
      incipient stage.
2.    Portable fire extinguishers can be handled by any work place personnel, who
      had aware in its handling.
3.    If the Fire is large leave it to ERT members (Firefighting), they can control the
      fire by using Fire hydrant / Other appropriate measures.
4.    All new entrants should be instructed in Fire safety awareness and emergency
      evacuation plans.




                                                                                      21
Different Type of
 Fire Extinguishers
Sr.no        Type of fire    Used for class of    In HDFC
            Extinguishers           Fire            SLI.
              Available
  1     ABC (Powder based)          All             X
                             Classes(Versatile)
  2     DCP(Powder based)      B , C Classes        X

  3     CO2 (Gas based)       B , C Classes &       
                               Electrical Fire

  4     WCO2 (Water based)     A Class Only         
  5     AFFF(Foam based)       B Class Only         X
FIRE FIGHTING MEDIA

   SAND
       Absorbs Fuel
       Smothers
   BLANKETING
       Jackets
       Asbestos Blankets
   BEATING OUT
       Fire Beaters
FIRE FIGHTING MEDIA
  DRY CHEMICAL POWDER
        Decomposing and releasing CO2
        Smothering
        Cutting chain reaction
        Heat absorption by powder
Example      :       Sodium bicarbonate, Potassium
  bicarbonate, Urea based potassium bicarbonate, Mono
  Ammonium phosphate..
Different Kinds of Extinguishers


The 4 most common fire extinguishers:
   –   All Purpose Water
   –   Carbon Dioxide
   –   Multi-Purpose Dry Chemical
   –   Dry Powder


Each kind of extinguisher has a specific use
All Purpose Water

               • Use on CLASS A fires

               • Pressurized water

               • Pressure gauge
                 present
Carbon Dioxide

             • Use on CLASS B and
               CLASS C fires
             • Hard, plastic nozzle
             • No pressure gauge
Multi-Purpose Dry Chemical

                   • Use on CLASS A,
                     CLASS B, and CLASS C
                     fires
                   • Fine powder under
                     pressure
                   • Pressure gauge
                     present
Fire Extinguishers - Foam


• Cream body (Old type) or Red Body
  with Cream label
• Suitable for Class A and B Fires.
• Not suitable for use on fires
  involving electricity
• Extinguishes by cooling and sealing
  the surface of a burning liquid
Fire Extinguishers - Powder


• Blue body (Old type) or Red
  body with blue label.
• Best on Class B fires but safe to
  use on any type of fire.
• Works by chemically interfering
  with the combustion reaction
Fire Extinguishers -Carbon Dioxide

• Black body (Old type) or red body with
  black label (New type)
• Best on Class B and C fires but safe to
  use on any type of fire
• Safe to use on fires involving electricity
• Extinguishes by reducing oxygen levels
  and cooling
Fire Extinguishers - Blanket

• Any colour body or label but they
  are usually red or white
• For use on any type of fire but best
  on small contained class B fires and
  people on fire.
• Extinguishes by asphyxiating
Different Type of Fire Extinguishers
Sr.no        Type of fire    Used for class of    In HDFC
            Extinguishers           Fire            SLI.
              Available
  1     ABC (Powder based)          All             X
                             Classes(Versatile)
  2     DCP(Powder based)      B , C Classes        X

  3     CO2 (Gas based)       B , C Classes &       
                               Electrical Fire

  4     WCO2 (Water based)     A Class Only         
  5     AFFF(Foam based)       B Class Only         X
• Types of fire Extinguisher:
1) Water type
2) CO2 type
3) Dry chemical Powder type
4) water with foam type
Fire Extinguisher Anatomy

                                PRESSURE GAUGE
                                 (not found on CO2
  DISCHARGE LEVER                  extinguishers)



DISCHARGE LOCKING PIN                CARRYING
      AND SEAL                        HANDLE


   DISCHARGE HOSE




                                    DATA PLATE




  DISCHARGE NOZZLE                     BODY



  DISCHARGE ORIFICE
                                                 35
Parts of a Fire Extinguisher




Extinguisher- Dry chemical powder
Parts of a Fire Extinguisher
Parts of a Fire Extinguisher




CO2 Fire Extinguisher
Different Kinds of Fire Extinguishers

The 4 most common fire
 extinguishers:
     Water Type
     Mechanical Foam
     Dry Chemical Powder
     Carbon Dioxide


Each kind of extinguisher has a
 specific use




                                        39
Applications of Fire Extinguishers

                            Suitability of Extinguishers
Fire Class

                Water        M/F        ABC          DCP      CO2   Sand

Class A                                       -           -    -

Class B                                                        -

Class C                                                        -

Class D                                           (Spl.        
                                                     Grade)

Note: X- means can be used on Small surface fires.

                                                                         40
Fire Extinguisher Summary


 EXTINGUISHER       WORKS AS     EFFECTIVE AGAINST

PRESSURIZED WATER    COOLING


MECHANICAL FOAM     BLANKETING

  DRY CHEMICAL
                    SMOTHERING
    POWDER

 CARBON DIOXIDE     SMOTHERING


    DRY SAND        BLANKETING                       D




                                                         41
P.A.S.S. Method


                     Pull the pin

                   This will allow you to
                  squeeze the handle in
                  order to discharge the
                       extinguisher
P.A.S.S. Method
                  Aim at the base
                       of the fire

                  Aiming at the middle
                     will do no good.
                   The agent will pass
                       through the
                          flames.
P.A.S.S. Method

                   Squeeze the
                        handle

                  This will release the
                       pressurized
                   extinguishing agent
P.A.S.S. Method
                  Sweep side to side

                  Cover the entire area that
                      is on fire. Continue
                            until fire is
                    extinguished. Keep an
                      eye on the area for
                          re-lighting.
How to use a Fire Extinguisher

 Remember this easy acronym when using an extinguisher - P.A.S.S.



  Pull the pin.
  Aim the nozzle.
  Squeeze the handle.
  Sweep side to side at the base of the fire.


                                                                    47
Major Fires

Fire Hydrant System
 - Pressure in the System: 7.0 Kg/Cm2
 - Water Reservoir Capacity: 2 times than pump capacity
 - Main Pump: 273 m3/Hr
 - Diesel Engine Pump (Stand by): 273 m3/Hr
 - Jokey Pump: 10 m3/Hr
        # Single Hydrants,
             # Water monitors,
             # Water Sprinklers,
             # Mobile Foam Monitors
             # Different nozzles




                                                          48
Major Fires (Contd.)


Fire Suppression System


- FM 200 (or) Carbon dioxide
- DCP flooding system
- Water Sprinklers
- Foam spray system etc...




                               49
Major Fires (Contd.)


Mutual aid/ External Help


 - Fire Tenders
 - External Agencies
 - External Experts
 - Regulatory Authorities etc...




                                   50
FLASH POINT


  Lowest temperature at which
a liquid produce enough
vapour to give a momentary
flash by an ignition source.
  Flash point temperature vary
with each flammable or
combustible liquid.
FIRE POINT


Lowest temperature at which vapour are fast enough
to support afire
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

  Explosive limits are those concentrations
  of a flammable vapour or gas in air below
  or above which combustion or flame
  propagation does not occur on contact
  with a source of ignition.

      LEL – Low Explosive Limit

      UEL – Upper Explosive Limit
AUTO IGNITION TEMPERATURE


Lowest temperature at which a solid, liquid or gas will cause self
sustained combustion without an external source of ignition.
CLASSIFICATION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ACCORDING TO FLASH
                                         POINT


CLASS – A :-      Include those with flash
      point less than 23oC
CLASS – B :-      Include those with flash
      point between 23oC and
      65oC
CLASS – C :-      Include those with flash
      point between 65oC and
      93oC
EXCLUDED          Includes those with flash point
PETROLEUM :-       above 93oC
PRODUCTS
FLAMMABLE LIQUID
   Flash point below 38oC
COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
   Flash point above 38oC
PROPERTISE OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

Sl.   PRODUCT NAME     AUTO     FLASH      EXPLOSIVE LIMIT
No                   IGNITION   POINT        VOL% IN AIR
                      TEMP 0C              LEL             LEL
1         LPG         ------     -60        1.9             9.0
2      NAPHTHA        287.7      -35       1.10             6.0
3      GASOLENE        257       -43        1.3             6.0
4       BENZENE        580      -11.1       1.3             7.1
5       TOLUNE         508       4.4       1.27             7.0
6      KEROSENE        254        35        0.7             5.0
7          ATF        ------      38       ------          ------
8          JP5         246        60        0.6             4.6
9        DIESEL       256.6       32        0.7             5.0
10        LSHS        ------     100       ------          ------
11         FO          407        66       ------          ------
12      ASPHALT        485       150    Not pertinent   Not pertinent
13     CRUDE OIL      ------     <19       ------          ------
Response at Fire situation




      Indoor Fire            Outdoor Fire

                      AIR                      AIR
    FUEL
                      X      X
                             FUEL

             X
           IGNITION
                                       X
                                    IGNITION




                                                     58
Fire Emergency Response

  Remember to RACE during a fire




   R        Rescue – rescue clients in immediate danger.


            Alert – Shout Fire! Fire! (or) Pull fire alarm (or) Dial emergency
   A        phone number.

            Contain – Close all doors and windows.

   C
            Extinguish/ Evacuate – Extinguish small fires, evacuate clients, if
            appropriate.
   E
                                                                             59
IN CASE OF FIRE
                                                        Do’s
                                                   RAISE AN ALARM
(Normally by operating a break glass call point)

Use a Portable Fire Extinguisher to put of FIRE

Leave the room, closing door behind you, using the nearest FIRE EXIT

Use the STAIRS an move towards the ground Floor

Report to the Fire warden at the pre destined Assembly Point at least 15 feet away from the building
 Inform the Fire Brigade
IN CASE OF FIRE
                                                          Don’ts

                                                 DO NOT PANIC

Don’t try to use an Extinguisher if you do not know !!!

Do not use any Electrical / Electronic Equipments

Do not congest towards ONE EXIT only, use alternate EXIT

Do Not use LIFTS / Escalators etc…

Do not Re-enter the building
Firefighting Decision Criteria

Know department emergency procedures and evacuation routes.
Know locations of extinguishers in your area and how to use them.
Always sound the alarm regardless of fire size.
Avoid smoky conditions.
Ensure area is evacuated.
Don’t attempt to fight unless:
   Alarm is sounded.
   Fire is small and contained.
   You have safe egress route (can be reached without exposure to fire).
   Available extinguishers are rated for size and type of fire.
Evacuate! If in doubt.




                                                                            62
Most Fire Deaths are NOT BurnVictims!


Causes of Death in Fires - SMOKE
    Hydrogen cyanide
    Hydro cyanic acid
    Carbon monoxide
    Other toxic vapors

    Trauma (non-burn)




                                          63
Most Important

Only fight a fire in the incipient stage


NEVER fight a fire if any of the following apply:
  - Don’t have the proper extinguisher or equipment.
  - Fire has spread beyond its point of origin.
  - Your instincts tell you GET OUT

When NOT to Fight FIRE?
   - Remember to keep an exit to your back.




                                                       64
Classes of Fire - BS EN 2

   •   A - Free burning materials, paper, wood, plastics etc.
   •   B - Flammable liquids, petrol, meths, solvents etc.
   •   C - Flammable gases, methane, hydrogen etc.
   •   D - Metals, potassium, sodium, magnesium etc.
   •   F - Cooking fats
   •   Electricity can be involved in any class of fire
Fire Prevention

• Be mindful of Fire Safety
• Don’t block fire exits, call
  points or extinguishers
• No smoking policy
• Take care when cooking
• Observe good security
• Don’t wedge Fire Doors open
Fire Procedure - Fire Alarm
• Leave the building
  immediately
• Use the nearest exit
• Walk quickly but don’t run
  closing doors behind you
• Do not delay your exit to
  collect your belongings
• Attend the Fire Assembly
  Point and report to the Fire
  Warden
Fighting a Fire -
Do not fight the fire if : -

• It is bigger than a waste
  paper bin
• One extinguisher is not
  enough
• Smoke is affecting your
  breathing
• You cannot see the way
  out
• Fire Eats Oxygen
      – Oxygen makes up about 21% of the air we
        breathe
      – We need that 21% to survive
      – Anything less can harm our bodies
      – The more a fire grows, the more oxygen it
        takes and the less we have
25
                               21% Normal
                               Conditions


                          20                17% Some muscle
                                            impairment-
Oxygen in Air (percent)




                                            increased breathing



                          15
                                                                  12% Dizziness,
                                                                  headache, fatigue



                                                                                      9% Unconsciousness
                          10



                          5                                                                        6% Death within a
                                                                                                   few minutes




                          0
• Why do people die in fires?

       – Most deaths and injuries are not caused by the
         flames
           • excessive heat
               – temperatures can reach 500 degrees in
                 less than three minutes
           • inhaling the smoke
           • lack of oxygen (suffocation)
Temperatures




                                                                     0
                                                                    50
                                                                   100
                                                                   150
                                                                   200
                                                                   250
                                                                   300
                                                                   350
                                                                   400
                                                                   450
                                                                   500


                                po s s
                                       .   h e at
                                                    s t ro k
                                                               e
                               49 m
                                    i n . to
                                             le       ra n c
                                                               e
                                ra pi d
                                            ski n
                                                     bu rn
                                                           s
                               2 0 -m
                                        i n . to
                                                   l e ra n
                                                              ce
                        di ff.
                               bre a
                                     th      ing -
                                                   n os e
                      di ff.
                             bre a
                                   th      ing -
                                                 m ou
                                                      th
                       te m p


Effects of Heat
                             . lim
                                         i t fo r
                                                    e s ca
                                                              pe
                  ra pi d
                            u n be
                                     a ra b
                                           l e sk
                                                  i n ...
                       LT 4
                            minu
                                 te to
                                       l e ra n
                                                              ce
                      re s p
                            . s ys
                                      te m
                                             t h re
                                                      s h ol
                                                               d
• Most people who die in fires don’t die
  from the flames
       • They die from lack of oxygen (suffocation)
           – fire eats all of the oxygen
           – the bigger the fire - the more oxygen it takes from us
       • They die from the heat
           – fire gets very hot, very quickly
           – the more fuel a fire has, the hotter it gets
       • They die from breathing the smoke
           – things that burn cause toxic (poison) smoke
               » furniture
               » carpeting
               » wallpaper
               » curtains
• there are three degrees of burns that tell us
– First Degree our burn is:
   how serious
  • causes redness of the skin and is the least serious

– Second Degree
  • causes red, blistered skin

– Third Degree
  • worst burn and causes white or charred skin
• It is important to treat your burn correctly,
  no matter what degree it is
     Cool the burned area with cool water for at
      least 10 minutes
        Seek medical treatment, if
         necessary




     Never put butter or ice on your burn
       – the doctor will give you something if
         needed
• there are 6 different types of burns

       – scald - caused by hot water, steam or food
         or liquids




      – flame - caused when clothing ignites from
        heat or open flame sources
• there are 6 different types of burns

– Electrical - caused by frayed electrical cords, electrical
  outlets or high tension wires
• there are 6 different types of burns



– Contact - caused by touching hot surfaces
         – Chemical - caused by bleach, drain   cleaner or other
           household cleaning      products
• Stop where you
  are
                   • NEVER RUN!
• Drop to the ground, cover your face
  with your hands, and




• Roll back and forth until the flames are
  out.
• If the fire is on your sleeves, put your arms at your
  sides and roll over and over until the fire is out
• If you are with someone who catches on fire, tell
  them not to run, and help them put the fire out
  by rolling them on the ground or using blankets or
  water to put out the fire.
• When our smoke alarm sounds, we should
  GET OUT and STAY OUT. If there is smoke,
  we should crawl low under the smoke until
  we are outside.
• Every house should have at least one
  smoke alarm on their ceiling. It can tell us
  if there is smoke in our house, even before
  we can smell it.
• Before opening any doors, we should feel
  them with the back of our hand. If it feels
  hot, we should use our second exit.
• we leave our house, we should remember
  to close the doors behind us to help slow
  the spread of smoke and give us more time
  to escape.
• Sometimes the exit signs might not be red -
  but it means the same thing.
• Look for exit signs in our school, and public
  buildings like restaurants, theaters, malls
  and hotels.
• And sometimes the exit sign may have an
  arrow on it - leading us to another exit to
  the outside.
• we should never pull a fire alarm unless
  there really is a fire.
Exit Route
• A continuous and
  unobstructed path of exit
  travel from any point
  within a workplace to a
  place of safety (including
  refuge areas)
• Consists of three parts:
  – Exit access
  – Exit
  – Exit discharge                90
Exit Routes
         Basic Requirements
• Exit routes must be
  permanent and there must
  be enough exits in the
  proper arrangement for
  quick escape
• Exits must be separated by
  fire-resistant materials
• Openings into an exit must
  be limited to those
  necessary to allow access to   91
Exit Discharge
• Each exit discharge must lead
  directly outside or to a street,
  walkway, refuge area, public
  way, or open space with access
  to the outside that is large
  enough to accommodate all
  building occupants likely to use
  the exit route
• Exit stairs that continue beyond
  the level on which the exit
  discharge is located must be       92
Exit Doors Must Be Unlocked
• Must be able to open from the
  inside at all times without
  keys, tools, or special
  knowledge
• Device such as a panic bar that
  locks only from the outside is
  permitted
• Must be free of any device or     Locked and
  alarm that could restrict         blocked exit

  emergency use if the device or               93
Side-Hinged Exit Door
• Must be used to connect any
  room to an exit route
• A door that connects any
  room to an exit route must
  swing out in the direction of
  exit travel if the room is
  designed to be occupied by
  more than 50 people or
  contains high hazard
  contents                        94
Exit Route Capacity
   and Dimensions
• Must support the maximum permitted
  occupant load for each floor served
• Capacity must not decrease in the direction
  of exit route travel to the exit discharge
• Ceiling must be at least 7-½ ft. high with no
  projection reaching a point less than 6 ft.-8
  in. from floor
• An exit access must be at least 28 in. wide at
  all points                                 95
Minimize Danger to Employees
• Exit routes must be free and
  unobstructed
• Keep exit routes free of
  explosive or highly
  flammable materials
• Arrange exit routes so that
  employees will not have to
  travel toward a high hazard      Obstructed exit route

  area, unless it is effectively
  shielded
• Emergency safeguards (e.g.,                         96
Exit Marking

• Each exit must be clearly
  visible and marked with
  an “Exit” sign
• Each exit route door must
  be free of decorations or
  signs that obscure the
  visibility of the door

                              97
Exit Marking (cont’d)

• If the direction of travel
  to the exit or exit
  discharge is not
  immediately apparent,
  signs must be posted
  along the exit access
  indicating direction to
  the nearest exit
• The line-of-sight to an      98
Exit Marking (cont’d)
Each doorway or passage
along an exit access that
could be mistaken for an exit
must be marked “Not an
Exit” or similar designation,
or be identified by a sign
indicating its actual use
(e.g., closet).




                                99
Emergency Action Plan
• Describes actions that
  must be taken to ensure
  employee safety in
  emergencies
• Includes floor plans or
  maps which show
  emergency escape
  routes
• Tells employees what
  actions to take in
  emergency situations        100
Fire Prevention Plan
The plan must include:
• A list of the major fire hazards and handling,
  storage, and control procedures
• Names or job titles of persons responsible
  for maintenance of equipment and systems
  to prevent or control ignitions or fires
• Names or job titles of persons responsible
  for control of fuel source hazards
• Training for all employees who have
  responsibilities in the plan             101
Portable Fire Extinguishers
If portable fire
extinguishers are provided
for employee use, the
employer must mount,
locate and identify them
so workers can access
them without subjecting
themselves to possible
injury.
                             Blocked extinguisher


                                               102
Maintaining Portable Fire Extinguishers

• Must maintain in a fully
  charged and operable condition
• Must keep in their designated
  places at all times except
  during use
• Must conduct an annual
  maintenance check
• Must record the annual
  maintenance date and retain
                                              103
  this record for one year after
Portable Fire Extinguisher
                             Training and Education
•   Where portable fire extinguishers have been
    provided for employee use in the workplace,
    employees must be provided with an
    educational program on the:
     – General principles of fire extinguisher
       use
     – Hazards of incipient (beginning) stage
       fire fighting
•   Employees designated to use extinguishers
    must receive instruction and hands-on
    practice in the operation of equipment




                                                         104
Common mistake in any Household


    This could be a common mistake in any household. This is shocking accident
  happened on 13th May 2012 in Pune. A housewife died due to burns sustained in
 the kitchen. Her husband too was hospitalized for injuries due to burns while trying
   to rescue his wife. How it happened?-The gas stove was on and cooking under
  process. The lady observed some cockroaches near the sink and grabbed a can of
insect killer and sprayed it near the gas stove, which was on. There was an explosion
  and in no time the poor woman was covered in flames, sustaining 65% burns. Her
  husband rushed in, tried to douse the flames and his clothes too caught fire. The
     husband is still in hospital, in the burns ward, still unaware that his wife was
                                 declared dead on arrival.

 Let us understand:- All insect killer sprays such as "Hit", "Mortein" etc. have highly
    volatile and inflammable solvents. The atomized Nano spray particles spread
   extremely rapidly and one spark is enough to ignite this explosive mixture with
oxygen present in air. Did the poor lady realize the hazard involved? Apparently not!
  Please educate your family about this and spread the word around.... who knows
                           you may save more than a life....


 all pressurized containers like body spray, insect or mosquito killer and all such like containers
     are highly inflammable. please read instructions and warnings carefully before using any
  product . Whether it is anything ...read the given label nd information on the product packet

   This is being used in all spray like insect sprays, Deodorants, perfumes, air fresheners Etc.
these thing cause fire like LPG must be used with caution and away from any source of ignitions
                             like electrical switches, or any naked fire.
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Fire & safety training

  • 2. Fire Training objective Life Saving- Guest, Staff, Comfort and Safety. • Protect Property Equipment and Asset. EVACUATION
  • 3. TRAINING CONTENTS  CHEMISTRY OF FIRE  CLASSES OF FIRE  STAGES OF FIRE  FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS  FIRE RISKS AT HOME & OFFICES  IN CASE OF FIRE  USE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
  • 4. FIRE • FIRE IS AN EXOTHERMIC COMBUSTION REACTION WHICH LIBERATES LARGE AMOUNTS OF HEAT, SMOKE & LIGHT AS MAIN PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
  • 5. What is FIRE? -Fire is a chemical reaction of 3 elements. Need all three components to start a fire. Fire extinguishers remove one or more of the components. 5
  • 6. What is FIRE? (Contd….) The “Fire Triangle” identifies the three components of any Fire: –Fuel paper, wood, flammable gas, energized electrical equipment, etc... –Energy (heat), sufficient to support combustion. Often referred to as the ignition source. –Oxidizer (air) IF ANY ONE OF THESE IS MISSING, A FIRE CANNOT CONTINUE. 6
  • 7. The Combustion Process THE FIRE TETRAHEDRON (NEW CONCEPT) FUEL TEMPERATURE 7
  • 8. Types of Fire Class Fire Type Materials involved Wood, paper, cloth, trash etc… A General Flammable Flammable solvents, liquids, Oils, B Liquids Greases, Paints etc… 1. Electrical Energized electrical equipment C 2. Flammable and All flammable gases Gases D Water reactive Chemicals, D Metals Combustible metals etc… 8
  • 9. Class A - Wood, paper, cloth, carpets, trash, plastics Solid combustible materials that are not metals. (Class A fires generally leave an Ash.) Class B - Flammable liquids: gasoline, oil, petrol, diesel, grease, acetone Any non-metal in a liquid state, on fire. This classification also includes flammable gases. (Class B fires generally involve materials that Boil or Bubble.) Class C – Flammable Gases: Methane, Propane or your Domestic LPG Gas cylinders, it would be considered a class C fire. Class D - Metals: potassium, sodium, aluminum, magnesium Unless you work in a laboratory or in an industry that uses these materials, it is unlikely you'll have to deal with a Class D fire. It takes special extinguishing agents (Metal-X, foam) to fight such a fire Class E – Electrical Started Fire
  • 10. Stages of Fire Initial Stage Blaze Stage (0 Seconds to 10 Minutes) (Over 10 Minutes) TIME FACTOR Incipient Stage Blaze Stage Class A 0 -10 Minutes Over 10 Minutes Class B 0 -1 Minutes Over 1 Minute Class C 0 - 30 Seconds Over 30 Seconds Class E Leads To a Fire in Another Class of Fire
  • 11. FIRE FIGHTING METHODS STARVATION Elimination of FUEL SMOTHERING Limitation of OXYGEN COOLING Removal of TEMPERATURE CHEMICAL CHAIN INHIBITION Cutting of continuous FREE RADICAL FORMATION
  • 12. FIRE FIGHTING MEDIA WATER COOLING - One gallon absorbs 9000BTU of Heat SMOTHERING DILUTION EMULSIFICATION
  • 13. Common Causes of Fire • Carelessness: * Disposal of cigarette butts in a trash bag. • Smoking in bed at night. • Leaving cigarettes burning in ash trays. • Gas Stoves, Electric heaters left switched on and unattended. • Hazardous storage of flammable materials. • Cables and wires under carpets. • Broken wiring, Leakage in electric wire • Faulty electric switch • Electrical appliances left switched on Ignorance: Inadequate fire prevention Knowledge Accident : Electrical Short circuits etc. Sabotage:
  • 14. Possible Fire Risk in Office Premises  Electrical fire risk due to short circuit or overload  Mal function of appliances leading to electrical fire  Carelessly discarded cigarette butts  Overheating of electrical appliances – Electric Stove, Oven  Malfunction of AC Plant  LPG leakage  Photocopier toner  UPS and EPABX battery
  • 15. Possible Fire Risk in Residences  Electrical fire risk due to short circuit or overload  Mal function of appliances leading to fire  Carelessly discarded cigarette butts, aggarbatti  Overheating of electrical appliances  Malfunction of Air conditioners  LPG leakage, overheating of geysers  Storage of inflammable / combustible goods  Small mishaps in kitchens due to cooking OIL overheated
  • 16. How to act in the event of Fire Person Discovering Fire please remain calm and do the following: • Call your emergency number IMMEDIATELY. state your name and give the exact location of the fire. If a phone is not available, press and activate the nearest fire alarm. * If it is safe to do so, remain at the fire spot to direct the floor and use available means to extinguish or contain the fire. * DO NOT ENTER A SMOKE FILLED AREA ALONE, or without protection. * NEVER LET A FIRE GET BETWEEN YOU AND THE WAY OUT/ EXIT. * If you are notified of a fire, check with your immediate supervisor. * Always remain calm, Do not shout Fire… Fire…. • If it is necessary to leave the building, follow the exit signs, DO NOT use elevator. • If fire is out of control then call fire brigade number.
  • 17. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS EARLY WARNING SYSTEM Fire Alarm & Smoke Detection system Heat / Gas Leak Detector Fire Extinguishers – Portable type
  • 18. Fire Protection System: • Smoke / Heat Detectors • Break Glass Stations (Raising Alarm) • Fire Hose Reels • Portable Fire Extinguishers • Fire Exit Doors • Fire panel board (in Control Room) • Drencher System. • Sprinkler System.
  • 19. FIRE PREVENTION Prevention is always better than Control. To pre prevent the Fire accidents we have to eliminate the common Fire Hazards of the work are Heat generating appliances. Static Electricity and Short circuits. Non-Flame proof equipments. Storage and handling of flammables/combustibles. Open flames and Hot surfaces. Exothermic reactions leads to explosions. Vehicles and equipment and other unsafe acts & conditions. 19
  • 20. FIRE PREVENTION (contd…) Fire can be prevented by considering the following issues Flame proof equipment Good housekeeping Proper Ventilation Anti Static measures Personnel awareness Work procedures Safe work practices Right tools 20
  • 21. Remember the Following 1. Portable fire extinguishers are suitable for small fires. i.e. The fires are in the incipient stage. 2. Portable fire extinguishers can be handled by any work place personnel, who had aware in its handling. 3. If the Fire is large leave it to ERT members (Firefighting), they can control the fire by using Fire hydrant / Other appropriate measures. 4. All new entrants should be instructed in Fire safety awareness and emergency evacuation plans. 21
  • 22. Different Type of Fire Extinguishers Sr.no Type of fire Used for class of In HDFC Extinguishers Fire SLI. Available 1 ABC (Powder based) All X Classes(Versatile) 2 DCP(Powder based) B , C Classes X 3 CO2 (Gas based) B , C Classes &  Electrical Fire 4 WCO2 (Water based) A Class Only  5 AFFF(Foam based) B Class Only X
  • 23. FIRE FIGHTING MEDIA SAND Absorbs Fuel Smothers BLANKETING Jackets Asbestos Blankets BEATING OUT Fire Beaters
  • 24. FIRE FIGHTING MEDIA DRY CHEMICAL POWDER Decomposing and releasing CO2 Smothering Cutting chain reaction Heat absorption by powder Example : Sodium bicarbonate, Potassium bicarbonate, Urea based potassium bicarbonate, Mono Ammonium phosphate..
  • 25. Different Kinds of Extinguishers The 4 most common fire extinguishers: – All Purpose Water – Carbon Dioxide – Multi-Purpose Dry Chemical – Dry Powder Each kind of extinguisher has a specific use
  • 26. All Purpose Water • Use on CLASS A fires • Pressurized water • Pressure gauge present
  • 27. Carbon Dioxide • Use on CLASS B and CLASS C fires • Hard, plastic nozzle • No pressure gauge
  • 28. Multi-Purpose Dry Chemical • Use on CLASS A, CLASS B, and CLASS C fires • Fine powder under pressure • Pressure gauge present
  • 29. Fire Extinguishers - Foam • Cream body (Old type) or Red Body with Cream label • Suitable for Class A and B Fires. • Not suitable for use on fires involving electricity • Extinguishes by cooling and sealing the surface of a burning liquid
  • 30. Fire Extinguishers - Powder • Blue body (Old type) or Red body with blue label. • Best on Class B fires but safe to use on any type of fire. • Works by chemically interfering with the combustion reaction
  • 31. Fire Extinguishers -Carbon Dioxide • Black body (Old type) or red body with black label (New type) • Best on Class B and C fires but safe to use on any type of fire • Safe to use on fires involving electricity • Extinguishes by reducing oxygen levels and cooling
  • 32. Fire Extinguishers - Blanket • Any colour body or label but they are usually red or white • For use on any type of fire but best on small contained class B fires and people on fire. • Extinguishes by asphyxiating
  • 33. Different Type of Fire Extinguishers Sr.no Type of fire Used for class of In HDFC Extinguishers Fire SLI. Available 1 ABC (Powder based) All X Classes(Versatile) 2 DCP(Powder based) B , C Classes X 3 CO2 (Gas based) B , C Classes &  Electrical Fire 4 WCO2 (Water based) A Class Only  5 AFFF(Foam based) B Class Only X
  • 34. • Types of fire Extinguisher: 1) Water type 2) CO2 type 3) Dry chemical Powder type 4) water with foam type
  • 35. Fire Extinguisher Anatomy PRESSURE GAUGE (not found on CO2 DISCHARGE LEVER extinguishers) DISCHARGE LOCKING PIN CARRYING AND SEAL HANDLE DISCHARGE HOSE DATA PLATE DISCHARGE NOZZLE BODY DISCHARGE ORIFICE 35
  • 36. Parts of a Fire Extinguisher Extinguisher- Dry chemical powder
  • 37. Parts of a Fire Extinguisher
  • 38. Parts of a Fire Extinguisher CO2 Fire Extinguisher
  • 39. Different Kinds of Fire Extinguishers The 4 most common fire extinguishers:  Water Type  Mechanical Foam  Dry Chemical Powder  Carbon Dioxide Each kind of extinguisher has a specific use 39
  • 40. Applications of Fire Extinguishers Suitability of Extinguishers Fire Class Water M/F ABC DCP CO2 Sand Class A    - - - Class B      - Class C      - Class D    (Spl.   Grade) Note: X- means can be used on Small surface fires. 40
  • 41. Fire Extinguisher Summary EXTINGUISHER WORKS AS EFFECTIVE AGAINST PRESSURIZED WATER COOLING MECHANICAL FOAM BLANKETING DRY CHEMICAL SMOTHERING POWDER CARBON DIOXIDE SMOTHERING DRY SAND BLANKETING D 41
  • 42.
  • 43. P.A.S.S. Method Pull the pin This will allow you to squeeze the handle in order to discharge the extinguisher
  • 44. P.A.S.S. Method Aim at the base of the fire Aiming at the middle will do no good. The agent will pass through the flames.
  • 45. P.A.S.S. Method Squeeze the handle This will release the pressurized extinguishing agent
  • 46. P.A.S.S. Method Sweep side to side Cover the entire area that is on fire. Continue until fire is extinguished. Keep an eye on the area for re-lighting.
  • 47. How to use a Fire Extinguisher Remember this easy acronym when using an extinguisher - P.A.S.S. Pull the pin. Aim the nozzle. Squeeze the handle. Sweep side to side at the base of the fire. 47
  • 48. Major Fires Fire Hydrant System - Pressure in the System: 7.0 Kg/Cm2 - Water Reservoir Capacity: 2 times than pump capacity - Main Pump: 273 m3/Hr - Diesel Engine Pump (Stand by): 273 m3/Hr - Jokey Pump: 10 m3/Hr # Single Hydrants, # Water monitors, # Water Sprinklers, # Mobile Foam Monitors # Different nozzles 48
  • 49. Major Fires (Contd.) Fire Suppression System - FM 200 (or) Carbon dioxide - DCP flooding system - Water Sprinklers - Foam spray system etc... 49
  • 50. Major Fires (Contd.) Mutual aid/ External Help - Fire Tenders - External Agencies - External Experts - Regulatory Authorities etc... 50
  • 51. FLASH POINT Lowest temperature at which a liquid produce enough vapour to give a momentary flash by an ignition source. Flash point temperature vary with each flammable or combustible liquid.
  • 52. FIRE POINT Lowest temperature at which vapour are fast enough to support afire
  • 53. EXPLOSIVE LIMITS Explosive limits are those concentrations of a flammable vapour or gas in air below or above which combustion or flame propagation does not occur on contact with a source of ignition. LEL – Low Explosive Limit UEL – Upper Explosive Limit
  • 54. AUTO IGNITION TEMPERATURE Lowest temperature at which a solid, liquid or gas will cause self sustained combustion without an external source of ignition.
  • 55. CLASSIFICATION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ACCORDING TO FLASH POINT CLASS – A :- Include those with flash point less than 23oC CLASS – B :- Include those with flash point between 23oC and 65oC CLASS – C :- Include those with flash point between 65oC and 93oC EXCLUDED Includes those with flash point PETROLEUM :- above 93oC PRODUCTS
  • 56. FLAMMABLE LIQUID Flash point below 38oC COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS Flash point above 38oC
  • 57. PROPERTISE OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS Sl. PRODUCT NAME AUTO FLASH EXPLOSIVE LIMIT No IGNITION POINT VOL% IN AIR TEMP 0C LEL LEL 1 LPG ------ -60 1.9 9.0 2 NAPHTHA 287.7 -35 1.10 6.0 3 GASOLENE 257 -43 1.3 6.0 4 BENZENE 580 -11.1 1.3 7.1 5 TOLUNE 508 4.4 1.27 7.0 6 KEROSENE 254 35 0.7 5.0 7 ATF ------ 38 ------ ------ 8 JP5 246 60 0.6 4.6 9 DIESEL 256.6 32 0.7 5.0 10 LSHS ------ 100 ------ ------ 11 FO 407 66 ------ ------ 12 ASPHALT 485 150 Not pertinent Not pertinent 13 CRUDE OIL ------ <19 ------ ------
  • 58. Response at Fire situation Indoor Fire Outdoor Fire AIR AIR FUEL X X FUEL X IGNITION X IGNITION 58
  • 59. Fire Emergency Response Remember to RACE during a fire R Rescue – rescue clients in immediate danger. Alert – Shout Fire! Fire! (or) Pull fire alarm (or) Dial emergency A phone number. Contain – Close all doors and windows. C Extinguish/ Evacuate – Extinguish small fires, evacuate clients, if appropriate. E 59
  • 60. IN CASE OF FIRE Do’s RAISE AN ALARM (Normally by operating a break glass call point) Use a Portable Fire Extinguisher to put of FIRE Leave the room, closing door behind you, using the nearest FIRE EXIT Use the STAIRS an move towards the ground Floor Report to the Fire warden at the pre destined Assembly Point at least 15 feet away from the building Inform the Fire Brigade
  • 61. IN CASE OF FIRE Don’ts DO NOT PANIC Don’t try to use an Extinguisher if you do not know !!! Do not use any Electrical / Electronic Equipments Do not congest towards ONE EXIT only, use alternate EXIT Do Not use LIFTS / Escalators etc… Do not Re-enter the building
  • 62. Firefighting Decision Criteria Know department emergency procedures and evacuation routes. Know locations of extinguishers in your area and how to use them. Always sound the alarm regardless of fire size. Avoid smoky conditions. Ensure area is evacuated. Don’t attempt to fight unless:  Alarm is sounded.  Fire is small and contained.  You have safe egress route (can be reached without exposure to fire).  Available extinguishers are rated for size and type of fire. Evacuate! If in doubt. 62
  • 63. Most Fire Deaths are NOT BurnVictims! Causes of Death in Fires - SMOKE  Hydrogen cyanide  Hydro cyanic acid  Carbon monoxide  Other toxic vapors  Trauma (non-burn) 63
  • 64. Most Important Only fight a fire in the incipient stage NEVER fight a fire if any of the following apply: - Don’t have the proper extinguisher or equipment. - Fire has spread beyond its point of origin. - Your instincts tell you GET OUT When NOT to Fight FIRE? - Remember to keep an exit to your back. 64
  • 65. Classes of Fire - BS EN 2 • A - Free burning materials, paper, wood, plastics etc. • B - Flammable liquids, petrol, meths, solvents etc. • C - Flammable gases, methane, hydrogen etc. • D - Metals, potassium, sodium, magnesium etc. • F - Cooking fats • Electricity can be involved in any class of fire
  • 66. Fire Prevention • Be mindful of Fire Safety • Don’t block fire exits, call points or extinguishers • No smoking policy • Take care when cooking • Observe good security • Don’t wedge Fire Doors open
  • 67. Fire Procedure - Fire Alarm • Leave the building immediately • Use the nearest exit • Walk quickly but don’t run closing doors behind you • Do not delay your exit to collect your belongings • Attend the Fire Assembly Point and report to the Fire Warden
  • 68. Fighting a Fire - Do not fight the fire if : - • It is bigger than a waste paper bin • One extinguisher is not enough • Smoke is affecting your breathing • You cannot see the way out
  • 69. • Fire Eats Oxygen – Oxygen makes up about 21% of the air we breathe – We need that 21% to survive – Anything less can harm our bodies – The more a fire grows, the more oxygen it takes and the less we have
  • 70. 25 21% Normal Conditions 20 17% Some muscle impairment- Oxygen in Air (percent) increased breathing 15 12% Dizziness, headache, fatigue 9% Unconsciousness 10 5 6% Death within a few minutes 0
  • 71. • Why do people die in fires? – Most deaths and injuries are not caused by the flames • excessive heat – temperatures can reach 500 degrees in less than three minutes • inhaling the smoke • lack of oxygen (suffocation)
  • 72. Temperatures 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 po s s . h e at s t ro k e 49 m i n . to le ra n c e ra pi d ski n bu rn s 2 0 -m i n . to l e ra n ce di ff. bre a th ing - n os e di ff. bre a th ing - m ou th te m p Effects of Heat . lim i t fo r e s ca pe ra pi d u n be a ra b l e sk i n ... LT 4 minu te to l e ra n ce re s p . s ys te m t h re s h ol d
  • 73. • Most people who die in fires don’t die from the flames • They die from lack of oxygen (suffocation) – fire eats all of the oxygen – the bigger the fire - the more oxygen it takes from us • They die from the heat – fire gets very hot, very quickly – the more fuel a fire has, the hotter it gets • They die from breathing the smoke – things that burn cause toxic (poison) smoke » furniture » carpeting » wallpaper » curtains
  • 74. • there are three degrees of burns that tell us – First Degree our burn is: how serious • causes redness of the skin and is the least serious – Second Degree • causes red, blistered skin – Third Degree • worst burn and causes white or charred skin
  • 75. • It is important to treat your burn correctly, no matter what degree it is  Cool the burned area with cool water for at least 10 minutes  Seek medical treatment, if necessary  Never put butter or ice on your burn – the doctor will give you something if needed
  • 76. • there are 6 different types of burns – scald - caused by hot water, steam or food or liquids – flame - caused when clothing ignites from heat or open flame sources
  • 77. • there are 6 different types of burns – Electrical - caused by frayed electrical cords, electrical outlets or high tension wires
  • 78. • there are 6 different types of burns – Contact - caused by touching hot surfaces – Chemical - caused by bleach, drain cleaner or other household cleaning products
  • 79. • Stop where you are • NEVER RUN!
  • 80. • Drop to the ground, cover your face with your hands, and • Roll back and forth until the flames are out.
  • 81. • If the fire is on your sleeves, put your arms at your sides and roll over and over until the fire is out • If you are with someone who catches on fire, tell them not to run, and help them put the fire out by rolling them on the ground or using blankets or water to put out the fire.
  • 82. • When our smoke alarm sounds, we should GET OUT and STAY OUT. If there is smoke, we should crawl low under the smoke until we are outside.
  • 83. • Every house should have at least one smoke alarm on their ceiling. It can tell us if there is smoke in our house, even before we can smell it.
  • 84. • Before opening any doors, we should feel them with the back of our hand. If it feels hot, we should use our second exit.
  • 85. • we leave our house, we should remember to close the doors behind us to help slow the spread of smoke and give us more time to escape.
  • 86. • Sometimes the exit signs might not be red - but it means the same thing.
  • 87. • Look for exit signs in our school, and public buildings like restaurants, theaters, malls and hotels.
  • 88. • And sometimes the exit sign may have an arrow on it - leading us to another exit to the outside.
  • 89. • we should never pull a fire alarm unless there really is a fire.
  • 90. Exit Route • A continuous and unobstructed path of exit travel from any point within a workplace to a place of safety (including refuge areas) • Consists of three parts: – Exit access – Exit – Exit discharge 90
  • 91. Exit Routes Basic Requirements • Exit routes must be permanent and there must be enough exits in the proper arrangement for quick escape • Exits must be separated by fire-resistant materials • Openings into an exit must be limited to those necessary to allow access to 91
  • 92. Exit Discharge • Each exit discharge must lead directly outside or to a street, walkway, refuge area, public way, or open space with access to the outside that is large enough to accommodate all building occupants likely to use the exit route • Exit stairs that continue beyond the level on which the exit discharge is located must be 92
  • 93. Exit Doors Must Be Unlocked • Must be able to open from the inside at all times without keys, tools, or special knowledge • Device such as a panic bar that locks only from the outside is permitted • Must be free of any device or Locked and alarm that could restrict blocked exit emergency use if the device or 93
  • 94. Side-Hinged Exit Door • Must be used to connect any room to an exit route • A door that connects any room to an exit route must swing out in the direction of exit travel if the room is designed to be occupied by more than 50 people or contains high hazard contents 94
  • 95. Exit Route Capacity and Dimensions • Must support the maximum permitted occupant load for each floor served • Capacity must not decrease in the direction of exit route travel to the exit discharge • Ceiling must be at least 7-½ ft. high with no projection reaching a point less than 6 ft.-8 in. from floor • An exit access must be at least 28 in. wide at all points 95
  • 96. Minimize Danger to Employees • Exit routes must be free and unobstructed • Keep exit routes free of explosive or highly flammable materials • Arrange exit routes so that employees will not have to travel toward a high hazard Obstructed exit route area, unless it is effectively shielded • Emergency safeguards (e.g., 96
  • 97. Exit Marking • Each exit must be clearly visible and marked with an “Exit” sign • Each exit route door must be free of decorations or signs that obscure the visibility of the door 97
  • 98. Exit Marking (cont’d) • If the direction of travel to the exit or exit discharge is not immediately apparent, signs must be posted along the exit access indicating direction to the nearest exit • The line-of-sight to an 98
  • 99. Exit Marking (cont’d) Each doorway or passage along an exit access that could be mistaken for an exit must be marked “Not an Exit” or similar designation, or be identified by a sign indicating its actual use (e.g., closet). 99
  • 100. Emergency Action Plan • Describes actions that must be taken to ensure employee safety in emergencies • Includes floor plans or maps which show emergency escape routes • Tells employees what actions to take in emergency situations 100
  • 101. Fire Prevention Plan The plan must include: • A list of the major fire hazards and handling, storage, and control procedures • Names or job titles of persons responsible for maintenance of equipment and systems to prevent or control ignitions or fires • Names or job titles of persons responsible for control of fuel source hazards • Training for all employees who have responsibilities in the plan 101
  • 102. Portable Fire Extinguishers If portable fire extinguishers are provided for employee use, the employer must mount, locate and identify them so workers can access them without subjecting themselves to possible injury. Blocked extinguisher 102
  • 103. Maintaining Portable Fire Extinguishers • Must maintain in a fully charged and operable condition • Must keep in their designated places at all times except during use • Must conduct an annual maintenance check • Must record the annual maintenance date and retain 103 this record for one year after
  • 104. Portable Fire Extinguisher Training and Education • Where portable fire extinguishers have been provided for employee use in the workplace, employees must be provided with an educational program on the: – General principles of fire extinguisher use – Hazards of incipient (beginning) stage fire fighting • Employees designated to use extinguishers must receive instruction and hands-on practice in the operation of equipment 104
  • 105. Common mistake in any Household This could be a common mistake in any household. This is shocking accident happened on 13th May 2012 in Pune. A housewife died due to burns sustained in the kitchen. Her husband too was hospitalized for injuries due to burns while trying to rescue his wife. How it happened?-The gas stove was on and cooking under process. The lady observed some cockroaches near the sink and grabbed a can of insect killer and sprayed it near the gas stove, which was on. There was an explosion and in no time the poor woman was covered in flames, sustaining 65% burns. Her husband rushed in, tried to douse the flames and his clothes too caught fire. The husband is still in hospital, in the burns ward, still unaware that his wife was declared dead on arrival. Let us understand:- All insect killer sprays such as "Hit", "Mortein" etc. have highly volatile and inflammable solvents. The atomized Nano spray particles spread extremely rapidly and one spark is enough to ignite this explosive mixture with oxygen present in air. Did the poor lady realize the hazard involved? Apparently not! Please educate your family about this and spread the word around.... who knows you may save more than a life.... all pressurized containers like body spray, insect or mosquito killer and all such like containers are highly inflammable. please read instructions and warnings carefully before using any product . Whether it is anything ...read the given label nd information on the product packet This is being used in all spray like insect sprays, Deodorants, perfumes, air fresheners Etc. these thing cause fire like LPG must be used with caution and away from any source of ignitions like electrical switches, or any naked fire.