Barangay Council for the Protection of Children (BCPC) Orientation.pptx
Pest of saf, sesa, must
1. Insect pests of Safflower
Safflower is one of the most important rainfed and draught tolerant
oil seed crops of India.
Safflower is mainly grown for its edible oil in the semi arid tropics of
India.
Karnataka is the second largest safflower growing state.
Safflower is attacked by 36 species of insect pests in India
2. Safflower caterpillar : Prospalta capensis
(Noctuidae : Lepidoptera )
Adult is a medium sized dark brown coloured moth and measures about
2.5cm in length
Fore wings are dark brown with pale coloured wavy markings
Hind wings are light brown in colour
It is a serious pest and distributed throughout India
3. Eggs : are laid singly or in small clusters on under surface
of leaf and stem I.P – 3-4 days
Larva : stout, green and smooth, anal segment is humped and the
body has some purple markings
L.P – 14-15 days
Pupa – Pupation takes place in soil
P.P – 8-9 days
Nature of damage
The larva feeds on the leaves and defoliate plants as a result of
this plant loose their vigour and stunted
It also feeds on bracts, flowers, capsules
Enormous yield losses of 62.6 to 100% have been encountered
due to excessive foliage feeding by a large number of larvae.
4. Larva defoliate the plant as a result of this plant loose
their vigour and stunted
Management practices
To encourage natural enemies – the larvae parasitized by
Apanteles flavipes
Chelonus blackburni
Rogas percurrens
Intercropping with non-host crop like wheat.
Excessive application of nitrogen should be avoided.
Spraying of methyl parathion @ 0.05 % or monocrtophos @ 0.05%
or fenvalerate 20 EC @ 250 ml/ha.
5. Safflower aphid : Dactynotus carthami
(Aphididae : Hemiptera )
Adults are small shining black coloured soft bodied insects with cornicles
on the abdomen
They attack the crops about one month old and on wards
The aphids are active from December to April
6. Nature of damage
Nymphs and adults are found in larger number and suck the sap from
leaves, shoots, flowers and capsules and affected plants remain stunted.
Honey dew excretion develops sooty mould so affect the
photosynthetic activity of the plant.
About 40-50% yield losses are observed due to this insect.
Infestation may occur 30-45 days old crop.
Seed production is seriously afected
Aphid affected plant
7. Management practices
Avoid late sowing
If the attack is observed in the border rows take
control measures
Avoid excess use of nitrogen.
Maintain 2 or 3 rows of Maize and Sorghum around the fields.
Release of Chrysoperla eggs/grubs @ 1-2/plant.
Spray the crop with dimethoate or monocrotophos or
oxydemeton methyl @ 1 ml / lit. of water
8. Safflower bud fly: Acanthiophilus helianthi
( Tephritidae : Diptera )
Adult flies are ash coloured with light brown coloured legs.
The adults are active from March - May
Eggs : the female lay eggs in clusters of 6-24 with in the
flower buds or the flowers
I.P – 1-2 days in April
Maggot : is dirty white in colour and start feeding on the florets and
thalamus
L.P – 1 week
Pupa – Pupation takes place in side the buds
P.P – 6-7 days
Nature of damage
Newly hatched larvae feed on the soft parts of the capsules
Affected buds show small bored holes
The infested buds rotten with a foul smelling ooze coming out
of the buds and giving a soaked appearance of the buds
9. Management practices
The early removal and destruction of infested buds is helpful in
checking the spread of the pest
Application of dimethoate 30 EC @ 600-650 ml/ha
or
malathion 50 EC @ 1.00 lit. /ha
or
phosphomidon 100 EC@ 150-200 ml/ha.
About 600 to 650 lit. of water is needed for spraying in about
one hectare area.
10. Helicoverpa armigera Spodoptera litura
Adult moth
Adult moth
Larva
Larva
Caterpillar feed on leaves and
also feed flower florets, bracts
and bores in to the capsules
and feed on the seed. Caterpillar feed on the leaves
and thus defoliate the plant.
11. Management practices
Intercropping with non host crop like wheat or barley.
Avoid chickpea as an intercrop.
Excessive application of nitrogen should be avoided.
Spray the crop with Ha NPV @ 250-300 larval equivalents/ha.
Conserve Campoletis chloridae, Enicospilus sp, etc.
Spray monochrotophos 750 ml/ha in 600-800 lit. of water
per hectare.
Other minor pests of safflower are
1. Leaf hopper – Empoasca spp.
2. Green peach aphid – Myzus persicae
3. Plant bug – Dolycoris indicus
12. Insect pests of Sesamum
Sesamum (Sesamum indicumL.)is an important oilseed crop in tropics and
subtropics. However, 99% of its production area is located in developing countries
Sesame is attacked by numerous pests and diseases that reduce its yield and
lower the quality of the seed. About 38 insect pest species have been found
to infest sesame, Of which important ones are
13. Leaf webber : Antigastra catalaunalis
(Pyralidae : Lepidoptera )
Adults are small pale brownish coloured moth with yellowish brown elongate wings
and dark brown markings on the wing tips
The sesamum leaf webber is a serious and regular pest of Sesamum and is also
distributed throughout India.
This species has been reported from Europe, Africa and Indonesia
The infestation starts from March and persists up to December
14. Life cycle of the pest
Eggs : A female moth lays, on an average of 86 eggs and each female
moth lays 100-120 eggs and laid on tender leaves or flowers.
I.P – 4-5 days
Larva : Grown up larva is greenish white with black warts and fine
hairs all over the body and black coloured head.
L.P – 11-16 days
Hibernates as caterpillar within the pods
Pupa : Pupates in silken cocoon under fallen leaves or soil crevices
P.P – 4-7 days
15. Nature of damage
The young larvae web together a few top leaves and feed on them.
In the early stage of infestation, the plant dies without producing
any branch or shoot.
In later stage of attack, infested shoots stop growing.
At flowering, larvae feed inside the flowers and on capsule formation, larvae
bore into capsule and feed on developing seeds
Infested capsule
16. Management practices
Early sown (first week of July) kharif crop is less infested than
late sown crop.
Intercrop with mungbean, pearl millet and groundnut.
Two sprayings of quinalphos 0.05% at 30 and 45 days after sowing.
or
Two rounds of dusting with phosalone 4% or malathion 5% dust @
25 kg/ha at 30 and 45 days after sowing.
17. Gingelly gall fly: Asphondylia sesami
( Cecidomyiidae : Diptera )
It is a common pest of sesamum in South India and is also distributed in Indonesia,
Srilanka, The Philippines and Myanmar
In India, it has been recorded in TN, AP, Kerala, MP, Gujarat, Maharashtra and
Rajsthan
Adult : is a small mosquito like fly with bright coloured wings and long legs and
moniliform antennae
Eggs : are insert in to ovaries of flower buds, flowers and capsules
I.P – 2-4 days
Larva : A small white maggots, found inside the flowers and bores into the ovaries
of flower buds and feed on ovary as a result of this flowers turned malformed
galls, shrivel and fall off. L.P – 2-5 days
Infested flower buds
18. Nature of damage
Maggots feed inside the floral parts and causes malformation
of buds
Leading to formation of gall like structure which do not develop
in to flower/capsules.
The affected buds wither and drop.
When infestation is severe the crop may be a total failure
Pupa : Pupation occurs inside the galls
P.P – 2-3 weeks
Total life cycle – 23-37 days
19. Management practices
Intercrop with mungbean, pearl millet and groundnut.
Clip the galls, pick and burn the shedded buds.
Conserve larval parasitoids of gall fly like Eurytoma dentipectus,
Bracon hebetor etc.,
Spray crop at bud initiation stage dimethoate 0.03%.
20. Sesamum leaf eating caterpillar : Acherontia styx
(Sphingidae : Lepidoptera)
Adult is a giant dark- yellowish hawk moth with skull like marking
on the thorax with violet and yellow band on the abdomen
This is a pest of Sesamum, common in India and also distributed in Indonesia,
Srilanka and Philippines
Besides Sesamum, it has been reported on Potato, Brinjal, Lab-lab and ornamental
plants such as Balsam
21. Eggs : are laid singly on leaves
I.P -2-5 days
Caterpillar : stout green yellowish oblique stripes with prominent
cured horn on the abdomen
L.P – 2 months
Pupa : Pupation takes place in earthen cocoon
in the soil
P.P – 2-3 weeks
22. The Larvae feed voraciously on the leaves and defoliate the plant
Adult moth visit bee hives during night suck the honey from the
comb
Management practices
Deep ploughing exposes the pupae for predation to insectivorous
birds.
Hand picking of the larvae in the initial stage of attack and
destroy them
Two rounds of dusting with phosalone 4% or malathion 5%, first
at 30 DAS and second at 45 DAS.
23. Other minor pests
1. Nezara viridula
2. Dolycoris indicus
Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from tender leaves and pods
24. 3. Leaf hopper : Orosius albicinctus
(Cicadellidae : Hemiptera )
Adults are light brown coloured hopper
25. Sesamum phyllody disease
Damage
The curling of leaf edges and leaves
turn red or brown.
The leaves eventually dry up and shed.
Also vector of “Sesamum phyllody”
26. Management practices
Remove and destroy infected plants.
Seed treatment with imidacloprid or carbosulfan or spraying of
monocrotophos protects the crop from all sucking pests including
jassids for about a month.
Spray Monocrotophos 36WSC or dimethoate 30 EC@ 500 ml/ha combined
with Intercropping of sesame + redgram
27. 4. Hairy caterpillars or Arctiids : Spilarctia obliqua
Amsacta albistriga
Pericallia ricini
5. Noctuids : Spodoptera litura
Helicoverpa armigera
Plusia signata
Caterpillars of these pests feeds on the leaves and defoliate the plants
29. Mustard (Brassica juncea), is the major edible oilseed brassica crop in India, and is
extensively grown traditionally as a pure crop as well as intercrop (or mixed crop)
in marginal and sub - marginal soils in the Eastern, Northern and North Western
states of India.
Cool moist climate of winter months is the major factor for the luxuriant growth
and productivity of mustard in these states
The several insect pests are reported on Mustard crop. Some important ones are
Sawfly (Athalia lugens proxima)
Mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) is the key pest and
three others pests viz,
Painted bug (Bagrada hilaris),
Cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae) and
Bihar hairy caterpillar (Spilarctia obliqua) are assumed to be of regional and
sporadic importance
30. Mustard sawfly : Athalia lugens proxima
(Tenthredinidae : Hymenoptera)
Adult fly measures 8-11 mm in length and orange yellow coloured insect with
black markings on the body especially femora and thorax
Female with saw like ovipositor and abdomen is orange colour
Wings are translucent, Smokey with black coloured veins
It is a cold weather pest of mustard
31. Host plants : Mostly attack Crucifers especially radish is the most preferred host
Eggs : Eggs are insert singly, in slits made with saw like ovipositor along the under sides
of the leaf margins
Each female lays 60 eggs
I.P 4-5 days
Larva : Cylindrical , greenish black in colour with wrinkled body and has 7-8 pairs
of prolegs.
A full grown larva measures 16-18mm in length, on touch the larva suddenly falls to
ground and like a feign death. L.P – 13-18 days
Pupa : Pupation in earthen cocoon in soil
P.P – 10-15 days
32. Larvae feeds on leaves i.e early instar it nibbles the leaves as a result there is slight
curling
Later instar they feed from margin inside to wards midrib and it falls to the
ground and feigns death on slightest touch
They devour the epidermis of the shoot, resulting in drying up of seedlings and failure to
bear seeds in older plants
Nature of damage
33. Management practices
Summer ploughing to destroy the pupae
To maintain clean cultivation
Early sowing should be done
Apply irrigation in seedling stage is very crucial for saw fly management, because
most of the larva die due to drowning effect ( sink in water)
Severe cold also reduces the pest load
Collection and destruction of larvae of saw fly in morning and evening hours
Use of bitter gourd seed oil emulsion as an antifeedant
Spray the crop with malathion 50EC @ 1 lit. or quinalphos 25EC @ 625ml in
500-600 lit. of water / ha once in October and again in March - April
34. Mustard aphid : Lipaphis erysimi
( Aphididae : Hemiptera)
Aphids are small, soft bodied, pear shaped pale greenish insects,
abundant from December- March
Favourable conditions for pest build up
The aphid attack generally during 2nd and 3rd week of December and
continues till march
The most favourable temp. – 8 to 240 C i.e Cloudy and cold weather
RH – 70-80%
Rainy and humid weather helps in accelerating the growth of insects
35. Nature of damage
Both nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from leaves, stems,
buds and pods
Curling may occur in infested leaves and get advanced stage plants
may wither and die
Vitality of plants is greatly reduced and remain stunted
The flowers fail to form pods and developing pods do not
produce healthy seeds
Honey dew excreted as result development of sooty mould and come
in the way of photosynthetic activity of the plant
The infected plants looks sickly and blighted in appearance
36. Management practices
The crop sown before 20th of October escape from the damage
Use mustard aphid tolerant varieties like JM-1 and RK-9501
Set up yellow sticky trap to monitor the aphid population
To conserve the following natural enemies
Lady bird beetles – Coccinella septumpunctata
Menochilus sexmaculata
Hippodamia variegata
Cheilomenes vicina
Are the most efficient predators of the mustard aphid
Adult beetle may feed on average of 10-15 adults per day.
Several species of Syrphids- Eristallis spp.
Metasyrphus spp.
Xanthogramma spp.
Syrphus spp.
are predating on aphids
37. The green lace wing , Chrysoperla zastrowii predaceous on mustard
aphid colony
The braconid parasitoid, Diaretiella rapae are very active biocontrol
agent cause the mummification of aphids
A number of entomophagus fungi :
Cephalosporium aphidicola
Entomophthora coronata infesting the aphids
Verticillium lecanii
Spray the crop with any one of the following Insecticides at
flowering stage
Oxydemeton methyl 25 EC
or
dimethoate 30EC
or
Malathion 50EC @ 625-1000 ml / ha
38. Painted bug : Bagrada hilaris (B. cruciferarum )
( Pentatomidae : Hemiptera )
Adult is a black coloured bug with yellow and orange markings on the body
The adult first appears in the field in October months and activity slows
down by march to become active and again in the kharif
39. Nature of damage
The adults and the nymphs suck the sap from the plants as a
result young plants wilt and wither as a result of attack
Both quality and quantity of yield is affected when grown up
plants are severely affected
In certain years they appear in epidemic forms
The nymphs and adults also excrete a sort of resinous material
which spoils the pods
40. Management practices
Deep ploughing so that the eggs of painted bugs are destroy
Early sowing is needed to avoid pest attack
Irrigate the crop during four weeks after sowing to reduce pest attack
Quick threshing of the harvested crop should be done
Burn the remains of mustard crop so that the stages of insect do not
reach the next year crop
The bugs usually congregate on the leaves and stem which can be
jerked to dislodged them and killed in kerosinized water
Spray the crop with malathion 50EC@ 1 lit. or dimethoate 30 EC @
625ml in 600-700 lit. of water
41. Green peach aphid : Myzus pesicae
Aphididae : Hemiptera
The aphids are minute, delicate, pear shaped , yellowish green
winged or wingless insects
Nature of damage
Both nymphs and adults damage the plants by actively sucking
the sap after the appearance of inflorescence
The aphid congregate on terminal buds and feeds there. As a result,
there is flower shedding, poor pod formation and shriveling of grains
The pest also transmits viral diseases
The honey dew attracts sooty mould
Management practices
Sow the crop in first week of October
Spray the crop with dimethoate 30EC @ 500ml or oxydemeton methyl
25EC @ 625ml in 750 lit. of water / ha when aphids start congregating
on top of flowering buds
42. Cabbage butter fly : Pieris brassicae
( Pieridae : Lepidoptera )
Adult moths have pale white coloured wings with a black patch on the
apical angle of each fore wing and a black spot on the costal margin
of each hind wing
43. Nature of damage
The caterpillar alone feeds on leaves, young shoots and green pods
When caterpillars are young – they feed gregariously but the grown
up caterpillars migrate from one field to another
First instar caterpillars just scrape the leaf surface where as the
subsequent instars feeds on leaves from the margins in wards
leaving intact the main veins, often entire plants eaten up
44. Management practices
When larva is in gregarious stage, can be easily controlled by
picking and destroying the infected leaves
The grown up caterpillars should be controlled with malathion 5 % D
@ 37.5 kg / ha
or
By Spraying dichlorvos 76 SC @ 500ml in 600 – 900 lit. of water / ha
To conserve larval parasitoid – Apanteles glomeratus ( Braconidae) in
the natural populations
45. Defoliators
1. Plutella xylostella
2. Hellula undalis
3. Crocidolomia binotalis
4. Spiloarctia obliqua
Diamond back moth – Plutella xylostella ( Plutellidae : Lepidoptera)
Young larvae scraping the epidermal leaf tissues , causes white patches
on the leaves as a result leaves are withered appearance
In later stages – larvae feed on the leaves as a result bored holes
on the leaves
It also bores in to the pods and feeds on developing seeds
Management practices
Installing pheromone trap @ 5 traps / acre to monitor the moth activity
Collection and destruction of the larvae at gregarious stage at least twice a week
Conserve Cotesia plutellae, as it is an important parasitoid for DBM
Diadegma insulare is also most important parasitoid for DBM
For control grown up larvae apply 5 % malathion @ 37.5 Kg / ha