2. Types of Programs to Learn From Integrated Rural Development (late 60s-70s) Integrated Conservation and Development (mid-1980s – today) Landscape projects (mid-1990s-today) Variations on the theme –Congo Basin, Madagascar, Senegal, Cross-sectoral Approaches Payment for (non-environmental) Services
6. IRD Recommendations (1) Complex projects need careful phasing Consider a planning year Start with indigenous capacity building, careful data collection, identification and resolution of policy constraints. Begin with “only the simplest interventions to remove the most critical constraints”
7. IRD Recommendations (2) Train field and administrative staff Develop indigenous human, institutional and financial capability Strengthen regional administration Establish admin. systems that incorporate clear definitions of objectives and target ways of implementing and evaluating these targets
8. Integrated Conservation and Development: What is it? Created to “move beyond fines and fences” & work with people inside and around the PAs (buffer zones) 50+ by 1995; estimated 300 ICDPs today “BD conservation projects with rural development components”. Activities: Social Development (educ., health, roads, water), Alternative Livelihoods, participatory planning, multiple use zones, benefit sharing.
9. ICDP Lessons Learned: Brandon and Wells; and Worah Tenuous linkage between development and conservation Difficult to measure conservation impact ICDPs too limited in size to resolve many “external” threats; PAs too small to effect national/sub-national conservation needs Few visible achievements (NGO inexperience)
10. ICDP Lessons Learned- Madagascar SAVEM evaluation (1997) Conservation NGOs unable to respond effectively to multiple community priorities (bee-keeping, school construction, water systems, improved seeds, etc). Limited NGO management capacity Limited Community management capacity Hard to avoid elite capture/internal conflict
11. ICDP Recommendations Longer project cycle needed to change behavior Prioritize on implementing a few activities, ideally with local participation and leadership Start small, learn and scale-up gradually as capacity improves Approach conservation and development within the broader context of regional planning Address wider policy/legal/market constraints
12. Landscapes – What is it? A geographic unit composed of one or more (micro) basins and/or land mosaics that are interconnected and interdependent ecologically, sociologically and / or administratively, thus providing connectivity for species, communities and ecological processes The landscape approach is all about ensuring that land is optimally used for various purposes—from protected areas to agriculture, including restoration
13. Landscapes – Central Africa Regional Program for the Environment (CARPE) Lessons Learned (1) Need sufficient resources and time Deal with root causes as well as symptoms simultaneously Use both macrozone and microzone land use planning Establish adequate overarching legal and policy framework Figure out stakeholder relationships Establish the incentive system as close to the deforestation problem as possible (address slash and burn and fuel harvesting behaviors)
14. CARPE – Lessons Learned (2) Establish systems to share information for decision making See http://carpe.umd.edu/ for CARPE mapper. CARPE Data Explorer and CARPE Information Management See Lessons Learned from CARPE for a treasure trove of case studies at http://www.iucn.org/fr/propos/union/secretariat/bureaux/paco/programmes/paco_forest/carpe_paco/lessons_learned_from_the_carpe/
15. Senegal: WulaNaffa – Lessons Learned Nature-Wealth-Power approach. Early identification of markets for local products helped communities see the nexus between enhanced conservation and more income Best if local governments (rural councils) decide the content of tools (Local Conventions and Forest Management Plans) that set the management structures and control the use of their “commons”. Community-based facilitators can successfully provide support to clusters of targeted villages and to new producer groups and producer networks. http://www.rmportal.net/library/content/frame/evaluation-of-usaid-agriculture-and-natural-resources-management-program-wula-nafaa
16. Madagascar National Environment Action Plan -What is it? Nation-wide, phased multi-donor program Landscape Development Initiative in 3 eco-regions Transform traditional farming systems to improve livelihoods and indirectly conserve remaining forest corridors. Use integrated sustainable development approach to gain support and ownership of broader objectives
17. Madagascar Landscape Development Initiative: Lessons Learned Lead with sustainable development, not BD conservation. Direct economic benefits are key Get quick, visible results in order to build trust with communities Must work at multiple scales: spatial, temporal and institutional Ensure linkages and coordination between these scales Eco-regional conservation and development in Madagascar. Thomas Erdmann. Development in Practice Vol. 20 #3, May 2010.
18. Landscapes – Lessons Learned Local participation is a key ingredient, perhaps THE key ingredient, in long-term success. Sovereignty and jurisdictional issues must be addressed in planning. Local capacity is very weak and it’s strengthening requires early attention. Keep management systems as simple as possible (especially donor requirements) Implementing NGOs can work in more than one sector (e.g. conservation, basic health services, micro-credit) with “value added”;
19. Landscapes – Recommendations Work at multiple scales (regional, county/community/commune) Holistic vision and accompanying land-use plans essential Can focus on specific zones within the landscape (e.g. PAs, Concessions, Communally managed/Indigenous Lands) Employ high-tech (GIS, cellphone data gathering, etc) and very low-tech tools (basic community mobilization techniques such as Appreciative Inquiry, Champion Community)
20. Cross-sectoral Approaches within Landscapes An integrated approach appeals strongly to clients, who do not compartmentalize their lives in single sectors; to local political leaders; and to implementing nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) Health- and environment-based NGOs can adapt to successfully implement two-sector (P-E or H-E) or three-sector (add micro-credit) community initiatives. In programmatic terms, PE projects are typically both cost-efficient and cost-effective Pielemeier, John. August 2005a, “Review of Population-Health-Environment Programs Supported by the Packard Foundation and USAID.” www.prb.org/.../LessonsFromtheFirstGenerationofIntegratedPopulationHealth
21. Payment for (non-environmental) Services or Conditional Cash Transfer Initially in Brazil (BolsaEscola and BolsaFamilia) and Mexico (Promesas and Oportunidades); now more than 12 countries These programs provide money to poor families, conditional on certain behavior, usually investments in human capital-such as sending children to school or bringing them to health centers on a regular basis
22. Payment for (non-environmental) Services WB and IDB. Rawlings, L. and G. Rubio (2005). "Evaluating the Impact of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs: Lessons from Latin America" The World Bank Research Observer 2005 20(1):29-55 “There is clear evidence of success from the first generationof programs…in increasingenrollment rates, improving preventive health care, and raisinghousehold consumption. Many questions remain unanswered, however…..
23. Payment for (non-environmental) Services: Lessons The most important questions of program design are: defining the target population selecting the appropriate conditions and size of the transfer setting entry and exit rules deciding on complementary interventions
24. Recurring Themes (1) Adequate project timeframe and funding Work at multiple scales: spatial, institutional, temporal Decide degree of coordination needed between scales, etc. Sequencing Policy and legal framework
25. Recurring Themes (2) Capacity at community, regional and national levels Capacity and flexibility of funding agencies and NGOs Leadership and local “champions” How to gain “trust” and provide incentives Use of cross-sectoral approaches
26. Sources 1.Integrated Rural Development (late 60s-70s) UmaLele, The Design of Rural Development: Lessons from Africa, 1975 World Bank/Johns Hopkins Press 2-Integrated Conservation and Development (late 1980s-today) C.B. Barrett and P. Arcese (1995). “Are ICDPs Sustainable?” World Development 23 (7). L.K. McCoy and H. Razafindrainibe (1997) “Madagascar ICDP projects – Lessons learned”. SAVEM project, USAID/Madagascar. B. Blom, T. Sunderland and D. Muntiyars. “Lessons learned from ICDPs for REDD implementation”. Environmental Science and Policy #13 (2010). S. Worah, International History of ICDPS; UNDP 2000 Lessons Learned Workshop, Hanoi, June 12-13, 2000. R. Hughes and F. Flintan. “Integrating Development and Conservation Experience: A review and bibliography of the ICDP literature”. 2001. Biodiversity and Livelihoods. Issue #3, 2001.
27. Sources 3. -Landscapes and Corridors (1995-today) a. Congo Basin Landscape-Scale Conservation in the Congo Basin: Lessons Learned from the Central Africa Regional Program for the Environment (CARPE). http://www.iucn.org/fr/propos/union/secretariat/bureaux/paco/programmes/paco_forest/carpe_paco/lessons_learned_from_the_carpe/ See http://carpe.umd.edu/ for CARPE mapper. CARPE Data Explorer and CARPE Information Management J. Pielemeier, et al. Mid-term Assessment Report of CARPE. carpe.umd.edu/resources/Documents/Weidemann_CARPE.../view b. Senegal J. Pielemeier et al. Evaluation of USAID/Agriculture and Natural Resources Management Program "WulaNafaa" (“Benefits from the Forest”). http://www.rmportal.net/library/content/frame/evaluation-of-usaid-agriculture-and-natural-resources-management-program-wula-nafaa c. Madagascar T. K. Erdmann. “Eco-regional conservation and development in Madagascar: a review of USAID-funded efforts in two priority landscapes. Development in Practice, Vol 20 #3, May 2010 d. Integrated Programs. J. Pielemeier. Lessons from the First Generation of Integrated Population/Health/Environment programs. 2005. www.prb.org/.../LessonsFromtheFirstGenerationofIntegratedPopulationHealth...
28. Sources 4.Payment for (non-environmental) Services Rawlings, L. and G. Rubio (2005). "Evaluating the Impact of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs: Lessons from Latin America" The World Bank Research Observer 2005 20(1):29-55
