1. “WATER
TRANSPORTATION”
1
PREPARED BY : ASST. PROF. VATSAL D. PATEL
MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION &
RESEARCH CENTRE, NAVSARI.

2. HARBOUR AND PORT
 Harbour:- It is partly enclosed area which provides safe and
suitable accommodation for supplies, refueling, repair,
loading and unloading cargo.
 Port:- A port is a harbour where marine terminal facilities
are provided.
or
A port is a place which regularly provides accommodation
for the transfer of cargo and passengers to and from the
ships.
Port = Harbour + Storage Facility + Communication Facility
+ Other Terminal Facility
From above, it can be stated that a port includes a harbour i.e.
every port is a harbour.

3. SITE SELECTION FOR HARBOUR
 At the time of selection of harbour, great care should be
exercised. Following categories are the main :
 Availability of cheap land and construction material
 Natural protection from waves and winds
 Transport and communication facility
 Industrial development of the locality
 Sea bed, sub soil and foundation conditions
 Availability of fresh water and electrical energy
 Favourable marine conditions
 Defence and strategic aspects

4. CLASSIFICATION OF HARBOUR
HARBOUR
CLASSIFICATION
Classification based on
PROTECTION NEEDED
Natural
Harbour
Semi-natural
Harbour
Artificial
Harbour
Classification based on
UTILITY
Commercial
Harbour
Refuge
Harbour
Military
Harbour
Fishing
Harbour
Classification based on
LOCATION
Ocean
Harbour
River
Harbour
Canal
Harbour
Lake Harbour

5. Natural
Harbour
Natural harbour formed
naturally by the protection
of mountains, bays, islands
etc. and are in use since
long time.
So, development in terms
of population,
geographical features, etc.
are rapid in natural
harbour regions.
Classification based on PROTECTION NEEDED

6. Semi-Natural
Harbour
Semi natural harbours
are also formed naturally,
but sometimes at the
harbour entrance
manmade constructions
are required for more
protection against winds
and waves.
Classification based on PROTECTION NEEDED

7. Artificial
Harbour
Artificial harbour or
man-made harbours does
not contain any natural
protections and these
protections are built
artificially which are called
breakwaters.
Breakwaters are the
structures which prevent
the inside water from
storms and waves and
keeps the inside water still.
Classification based on PROTECTION NEEDED

8. Commercial Harbour
Commercial harbours are
those where loading and
unloading of cargos are
done.
Commercial harbour
requires larger area for
speed up the operations
and it is the busiest among
the others.
Some commercial
harbours are limited to
loading and unloading of
single commodities like
coal, crude petroleum etc.
only.
The repair works can also
be carried out here but they
should be quick.
Classification based on UTILITY

9. Refuge Harbour
A large area harbours
which are useful to
shelter the ships during
emergency situations
like storms or any other
natural calamities.
Harbours of refuge are
constructed with large
entrance and they are
easily accessible. They
provide good Anchorage
to the vessels against
storms and tides.
Classification based on UTILITY

10. Military Harbour
Military harbours are
used as naval bases,
where war ships are
rested while there is no
work in the sea or during
repair works. No other
private ships should not
enter this without
permission.
Some large military
naval vessels can carry
aircrafts so, very large
area of harbour is
required because of large
vessels.
Classification based on UTILITY

11. Fishing Harbour
Fishery harbours are
specially meant to cargos
carrying seafood or
aquatic animals. They
are always opened to
fishing ships for loading
and unloading. For
preserving the sea food
sufficient space is
provided near harbour.
Classification based on UTILITY

12.  Harbour situated along sea shore is
termed as ocean harbour. Sea ports
are of very large area and loading
and unloading of goods also done
in larger quantities. Different
countries are connected by these
ports.
 River harbours are constructed in
the rivers which finally connects to
sea. So, these enable the navigation
inside a country from non-coastal
areas.
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
LOCATION
Ocean Harbour River Harbour

13. Canal Harbour Lake Harbour
 Canal harbours are also similar to
river harbours but a canal is
connected to sea through a major
river.
 Harbour situated along sea shore is
termed as Lake harbour.
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
LOCATION

14. HARBOUR COMPONENTS
 The following are the chief elements of a harbour:-
 Entrance Channel.
 Breakwater.
 Turning Basin
 Shelter Basin.
 Pier.
 Wharf
 Quay
 Jetty
 Dry and Wet Dock.

15. Components of Harbour

16. ENTRANCE CHANNEL
This is the water
area through which
the ships enter the
harbour.
Water area from
which ships enter in
the harbour and it
should have sufficient
width, 100 for small
harbour, 100 to 160m
for medium and 160
to 260m for large
harbour.

17. BREAKWATER
A protective barrier
made up of Concrete
or Course Rubble
Masonry constructed
from shore towards
the sea to enclose
harbour and to keep
harbour water
undisturbed.

18. TURNING BASIN
It is water area
which is required for
maneuvering the
ship after entering to
the harbour and it is
large enough to
permit free turning.

19. SHELTER BASIN
It is area protected
by shore and
breakwater.

20. PIER
It is a solid
platform at which
berthing of ships on
both the sides are
possible.

21. WHARF
It is a docking
platform constructed
parallel to shoreline
providing berthing
facility on one side
only.

22. QUAY
It is also dock
parallel to the shore
which is solid
structure providing
berthing on one side
and retaining the
earth on the other.

23. JETTY
It is a solid
platform constructed
perpendicular to the
shoreline for
berthing of ships.

24. DRY DOCK
It is a chamber
provided for
maintenance,
repairs and
construction of ships.
It includes walls,
floor and gate.

25. WET DOCK
Due to variation in
tidal level, an
enclosed basin is
provided where in
number of ships can
be berthed. It has an
entrance which is
controlled by a lock
gate.

26. MARINE
STRUCTURES
There are many
structures in a
particular harbour.
The following are the
marine structures:
 Breakwater
 Wharves
 Quay Walls
 Jetties
 Piers
 Dolphins
 Fenders
 Trestle
 Moles
 Mooring
Accessories
BREAKWATER
QUAY WALLS
MOLES
FENDERS
JETTY
PIERS
DOLPHINS
TRESTLE
MOORING
ACCESSORY
WHARVES

27. BREAKWATER
 Breakwater is a protective barrier constructed to form an
artificial harbour with a water area so protected from the
effect of sea waves as to provide safe accommodation for
shipping.
 Alignment Should be…..
 As straight as possible
 Intersection angle should not exceed 60°
 In open sea, alignment should be curved to reduce the
effects of waves.

28. BREAKWATER

29. WHARVES
• These are platforms
at which vessels take
on and discharge
passengers and cargo
on one side and
earth retained on
other.
• Uses of wharf:-
 It’s a platform built
parallel to shoreline,
 Should give
sufficient depth of
water for the ship to
float,
 Built to retain or
protect the
embankment or
filling.

30. TYPES OF
WHARVES
Open construction
wharves:-
• Wharves of open
construction have
their decks supported
by piles or cylinders.
Solid type wharves :-
• These are composed
of earth or rock fill
partly confined by
some sort of
bulkhead.
Open construction wharves
Solid type wharves

31. QUAYS
• Wharves built
parallel with the
shore are called
quays.
• Function:-
 To retain and protect
the embankment or
filling on the
landward side,
 To provide berthing
on the sea side,
 To support the
platform above.

32. JETTY
 A narrow structure projecting from the shore into water
with berths on one or both sides and sometimes at the end
also.
 In the form of piled projections,
 Constructed outside the harbour or inside the harbour
 When built in combination with a breakwater then it is
known as breakwater pier.
 Uses of jetty:-
 Jetty is a solid platform constructed perpendicular to the
shoreline or breakwater,
 It provides berth to ships,
 It is used for handling inflammable materials like petrol,
diesel, kerosene, crude oil etc.
 It can be used for dredging in the approach channel

33. TYPES OF
JETTIES
1. Solid structures
2. Piled structures
a) Open piled
structures
b) Pile and
cylinder jetties
Piled structures
Solid structures
Timber pile structures

34. DOLPHINS
• They are the marine
structures located at the
entrance of the locked or
alongside a pier or a
wharf.
• Uses:-
 To absorb the impact
force of the ships
 To provide mooring
facilities i.e. for typing
up ships
 They are also used to
shorten the length of
piers and wharves
• There are two types of
dolphins:
1. Breasting dolphins
2. Mooring dolphins

35. MOLES
• These are the rockfills
extending out from
shores.
• The top surface of the
structure provides
facilities like, roadway,
railway track, side
walk, etc,.
• These are more
economical than trestle
in water having depth
of 3m.

36. MOORING
ACCESSORIES
• Arrangement such as
bow, stern, spring and
breast lines are
necessaries to hold
the ship stationary
with the dock & to
load or unload the
cargo as well as
passenger.
• Various mooring
accessories are:
 Bollards
 Chocks
 Corner mooring posts.
 Cleats
 Capstans
Bollards
Chocks
Corner mooring posts
Cleats
Capstans

37. HARBOUR
DOCKS
A sheltered area of the
sea in which vessels
could be launched, built
or taken for repair; or
could seek refuge in
time of storm; or
provide for loading and
unloading of cargo and
passengers. A harbour
is a place that is
situated on the coast
where ships, boats,
barges, etc. can be
moored safely.

38. TYPES OF DOCKS
DOCKS
REPAIR
DOCKS
DRY DOCKS
/ GRAVING
DOCKS
FLOATING
DOCKS
LIFT DOCKS
MARINE
RAILWAYS
WET DOCKS
or HARBOUR
DOCKS

39. WET
DOCKS
Docks required for
berthing of ships or
vessels to facilitate the
loading and unloading
of passengers and cargo
are called wet docks.
These are also known as
harbour docks.

40. REPAIR
DOCKS
Repair docks are used
for the construction,
maintenance,
and repair of ships,
boats, and other
watercraft.

41. DRY DOCK /
GRAVING
DOCK
A dry dock is also
known as graving
dock. It is long
excavated chamber,
having side walls, a
semi circular end
wall and a floor. The
open end of the
chamber is provided
with a gate and acts
as the entrance to the
dock.

42. FLOATING
DOCK
It may be defined as
a floating vessel,
which can lift ship
out of water and
retain it above water
by means of its own
buoyancy. It is a
hollow structure
made of steel or
R.C.C consisting of
two walls and a floor
with the ends open.

43. LIFT DOCK
This is a constructed
platform capable of
being lowered into and
raised from water.
Lowering and raising is
achieved by means of
hydraulic power applied
through cylinders
supporting the ends of
cross girders carrying
the platform.

44. MARINE RAILWAYS
The marine railway or
slip dock or slip way is
an inclined railway
extending from the
shore well into the
water as the off there.
This railway track is
used to draw out a ship
needing repair out of
the water.
Components of a
marine dock: The
essential parts of a
marine dock are as
follows:
 Cradle.
 Track.

45. LOCKS
 Lock is a device for raising
or lowering boats between
stretches of water.
 It is used to make river
more easily navigable or
to allow a canal to take a
reasonably direct line
across land that is not
level.
 Locks have two pairs of
gates with a lock chamber
in between.

46. DREDGING
 Dredging is the technique and operations of removing
material from the sea bed or a lake to increase the depth of
water.
 It makes the harbour clean enough from the suspended
materials, to make navigation suitable inside the harbour.
 Objectives of Dredging :-
 Creation of artificial depths for new harbours.
 Maintaining the navigable depths in the existing harbours.
 Providing the filler material for protection of beaches.
 Reclamation of low lying areas.
 Improving the flow capabilities of rivers.
 In the construction of sea walls and breakwater.
 Replacing unsuitable foundation materials with suitable ones.

47. CLASSIFICATION OF DREDGING
 Capital Dredging: It is the initial removal of bed material
at the time of building a harbour.
 Maintenance Dredging: After the harbour is
commissioned due to various factors silt materials will be
getting deposited and eroded in the bed so this type of
dredging is necessary.
 Sundry Dredging: If dredging is to be carried out for
reclamation or sanitation purpose.

48. TYPE OF DREDGERS
 A machine which is specially useful for removing bed
material from under water is called a dredger.
 Various types of dredgers are:-
Bucket-Ladder dredger.
Dipper dredger.
Grab dredger.
Hydraulic dredger.

49. HYDRAULIC DREDGER
BUCKET-LADDER DREDGER
-- An endless chain of buckets
-- Mounted and running round
-- Lowered or raised
-- Cutting edge

50. DIPPER DREDGER
-- Floating vessel
-- Inclined frame
-- Revolving boom
-- Dipper stick
-- Hoisting cable

51. GRAB DREDGER
-- Mechanical dredger
-- Suspended by a cable
-- Grab can be opened or closed
-- Fall by gravity

52. HYDRAULIC DREDGER
-- Soil is removed by suction
-- Sand pump is adequate
-- Rotating cutter at the end
-- System of water jets

53. TIDES
 Due to gravitational force of sun and moon there is rise and
fall in ocean waters called Tides.
The rise in water level is called high tide and
The fall in water level is called low tides.
 In Mediterranean sea, height of tide is 0.5 to 1.0 m.
 In the Gulf of fundy, height of tide is 15 to 20m.
Mediterranean Sea Bay of Fundy

54. CLASSIFICATION OF TIDES
TIDES
Spring Tides:- These are highest tides which occur when sun, moon and earth
fall in line.
Neap Tides:- These are lowest tides which occur when the lines connecting the
earth with the sun and the moon form right angle.
Semi-diurnal Tide:- These are the tides which occurs twice each lunar day
(Lunar Day means time taken by moon to make a complete revolution
around the earth.)
Diurnal Tide:- These are high tides occur only one time a day. E.g. at Florida.
Mixed Tide:- If one of the two daily high tides does not reach the height of the
previous tide, it is called a mixed tide. E.g. U. S. A, California.
Tidal Bore:- These are high crested waves caused by the rush of flood tide up a
river. Regular occurrence in bay of fundy.

56. Cont...
 Uses of Tides:-
Tides can be used for harnessing the power.
Tides are used for entry and exit of ships in the harbour.
Fisherman takes an advantage of tides.
Ports remain clean due to tides.
High tide water can be used for harvesting salt.

57. WAVES
 Waves are periodic undulations of the sea surface. Water
waves are generated by transfer of energy from air moving
over the water.
 Causes of Sea Waves:-
Wind,
Revolution of the earth,
Gravitational force of the moon and sun,
Earthquake,
Land slide and seashore,

58. WAVES
 There are different types of sea waves. These are listed
below:
1. Deep Sea Waves.
2. Shallow Sea Waves.
3. Oscillatory Waves. (unbroken waves, travelling in
deep water)
4. Translatory Waves. (oscillatory waves that break
when reached shallow water)
5. Capillary Waves or Ripples.
 Surfs (low height and long waves produced by
wind)
 Surges (produced by cyclone)
 Tsunamis (produced by eruption of volcano or
earthquake)

59. DEEP SEA WAVE OSCILLATORY WAVES
SHALLOW SEA WAVES
CAPILLARY WAVES

60. CHARACTERISTICS of
WAVES
The highest point of a
wave is called crest.
The lowest point of a
wave is called trough.
The distance between
two successive crests
is called wavelength
(L).
The vertical distance
from the crest to the
trough is called wave
height (H).
The time taken for a
wave to travel a
distance of one
wavelength is called
wave period (T).

61. WINDS
 Wind is horizontal movement of air due to differences in air
pressure which are caused by differential heating and
cooling.
 In short wind means air in motion.
 Wind Characteristics:-
Direction of wind usually specified by compass.
Frequency of wind is the percentage of the time in a
year it will blow from a particular direction.
Intensity gives the velocity of the wind.
 Speed of wind is expressed in “knots” and wind strength is
measured in km/hr. (1 knot = 1.852 km/hr)

62. CURRENTS
Currents are essentially
a horizontal movement
of water.
 Causes of Currents:-
 Tides,
 Wind blowing over ocean,
 Difference in temperature,
 Turbidity of water,
 Wave breaking at an angle of a beach.
 Effects of Currents:-
 Scouring and erosion,
 Deposition(silting),
 Increase in corrosion rate,
 Delay in construction operations,
 Significant forces on marine structure,
 Loads on moored vessels.

63. CLASSIFICATION OF CURRENTS
CURRENTS
Primary ocean
currents
Turbidity
currents
Tidal and
Wind drift
currents
Wind stress
currents
Littoral
currents
These are produced by the density
difference caused by difference of
temperature and water salinity.
These are caused by the mixing of
bottom sediments with the sea
water resulting in density increase.
Great importance to a engineer in
planning and design of fixed and
floating structures.
Wind blowing over the ocean
surface tends to drag the surface
layers of water
These are caused by the Littoral
Drift alongshore at an angle to the
beach which pile water to the coast

64. LIGHT HOUSE
 It is a lofty structure popularly built of masonry
or reinforced concrete in the shape of a tall
tower on a high pedestal.
 The tower is divided into convenient number of
floors, the topmost floor containing powerful
lighting equipment and its operating
machinery.
 The lower floors are used, as stores and living
rooms necessary for the maintenance and
working of the light station.
 Lighthouses may be located on shore or on
islands away from the mainland as in the case
of warning light stations.
 In the former case, the lighthouse may be easily
connected with the nearest village or township
by proper communications, while in the later
situation it is located far habited area.
 In either case as a matter of convenience and
urgency, all the requirements for the efficient
and unfailing maintenance and working of the
lighthouse, like stores and staff quarters are
provided in the lighthouse shaft.

65. LIGHT
HOUSE

66. LIGHTSHIPS
Small ships
displacing about 500
tonnes are used for this
purpose.
The lantern is carried
on an open steel tower
approximately 9 m to
12 m above the water
level and erected
amidships.
The light apparatus
consists of four pairs of
mirror reflectors
placed around the light
and made to revolve at
a suitable speed
emitting, a
predetermined number
of flashes.

67. LIGHTSHIPS
 The ship is with service personnel and is securely anchored
or moored.
 Light ships are more stable and the lights in them more
steady which is an important factor for a mariner.
 The hulls of light ships are built of steel and they are
generally painted with red colour.

68. The name of the
station is painted in
white colours on both
sides of light ship.
The superstructures
are also provided with
white colours.
The storm warning
signals are also
installed on the light
ships.
When the light ships
are being overhauled,
red colour relief light
ships with the word
‘Relief’ on the sides
are used.

69. BUOYS
Buoys are floating
structures of small
size employed for
demarcation like
entrances,
approach channel
used for indicating
direction changes in
means of
alignment.

70. BUOYS
 There are different types of buoys:
 Luminous buoys
 Audible and Bell buoys
 Mooring buoys
 Wreck buoys

71. These signals are to be provided at
places likely to be seriously affected
by fog.
LUMINOUS
BUOYS

72. AUDIBLE
BUOYS
 These signals are to be used in
emergency to bring immediate
attention of the mariners and they take
up the form of explosive signals, electric
oscillators, sirens, bells and diaphones.
 Thus, audible or sound signals are very
useful during heavy mists or fogs.
 It should also be noted that sound
transmitted through the air gives
sometimes the misleading idea about
the direction of sound.
 Hence, resort is made to submarine
sound signals in such a way that they
can be heard from a great distance with
easy identification of the direction.

73. MOORING BUOYS
In harbour interiors,
buoys are provided in
fixed positions to which
ships could be moored
during their stay in the
harbour without using
anchors.
These buoys are
called mooring buoys.
Some common types
of mooring buoys in use
in India are shown in
fig.

74. WRECK BUOYS
 These are of peculiar
shape and are used to
locate wrecks in harbour
exteriors or open seas.
 They are also used for sea
cable crossing locations.

75. 75