Smart grid as a future grid of a power distributed systems!

Oleksandr Husev
SMART GRID AS A FUTURE
GRID OF A POWER
DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

OleksandrHusev,BRAS,2016
Lecturer:
Oleksandr Husev, PhD
2Email: oleksandr.husev@gmail.com
Skype name: husev_oleksandr
Associate professor of Chernihiv National
University ofTechnology.
Senior researcher of Tallinn University of
Technology, Power electronics group!

Outline:
• 1. Introduction;
• 2.Traditional vs Distributed (Decentralized) grid;
• 3. Renewable energy systems;
• 4.Vehicle to Grid (V2G);
• 5. Dc-microgrid. HVDC and Solid StateTransformer;
• 6. Energy Internet! Smart metering approach;
• 7. Conclusions: smart grid concept. Is it possible in
Ukraine? 3

Outline:
• 1. Introduction;
2.Traditional vs Distributed (Decentralized) grid;
3. Renewable energy systems;
4.Vehicle to Grid (V2G);
5. Dc-microgrid. HVDC and Solid StateTransformer;
6. Energy Internet! Smart metering approach;
7. Conclusions: smart grid concept. Is it possible in
Ukraine?
4

Talliann Old Town
5

Tallinn University of
Technology
(TUT or TTU.ee)
6
• Public university
• Second biggest university in Estonia
• Only technical university in Estonia
• Located in the capital
of Estonia – Tallinn
• Fully accredited programs
• Modern facilities and computer labs,
free wifi
• Campus university with newly
renovated dormitories

TUT in numbers
7
• Date of establishment: 1918
• 8 faculties
• 35 departments and 112 chairs
• 13 research centers
• 21 labs
• 10 affiliated institutions, including 4
regional colleges
• 3 languages: Estonian, Russian and
English
• 13 500 students, about 800 foreign
students
• 2000 employees

TUT:
Faculty of Power Engineering.
Power electronics group!
8

9
DC Power
Source
AC Side
(Low, Medium, High
Voltage)
Power
Electronics
Devices
PMSG
Renewable Energy Sources
DC Side
(1.2V – 800kV)
AC Power
Source
Traditional Energy Sources
Object of Research
Control and conversion
of electric power!

10
Power electronics group:
outcomes! Isolated DC-DC converter.
40-80 V input, 400V output.
5 kW. 92%.
Novel 5 kW, 3-phase solar inverter
(96-98.5%), 300-1000V input
Prototypes of microinverter 320W,
10-60V input

11
Power electronics group:
small-scale Microgrid !
Main components:
 3 kW wind turbine
 1 kW PV panels
 1 kW H2 buffer
 48 V 165 F ultracap
 48 V 220 Ah battery
 50 kW fast DC charging station

Smart grid?
A smart grid is an electrical
grid which includes a variety of
operational and energy measures
including smart meters, smart
appliances, renewable energy
resources, and energy efficiency
resources. Electronic power
conditioning and control of the
production and distribution of
electricity are important aspects
of the smart grid
12

Outline:
1. Introduction;
• 2. Traditional vs Distributed (Decentralized) grid;
4. Vehicle to Grid (V2G);
5. Dc-microgrid. HVDC and Solid State Transformer;
Ukraine? 13

Traditional Grid:
14
Electric station
Step up
transformer
Step down
transformer

15
• Power consumption is increasing. The grid is
limited.
• No opportunity to integrate the renewable
energy.
• Old low frequency transformer!
Traditional Grid:

Distributed Grid:
16

Outline:
1. Introduction;
2. Traditional vs Distributed (Decentralized) grid;
• 3. Renewable energy systems;
Ukraine?
17

Photovoltaics:
general principle
18
• One cell 0.3 W - 1.2 V;
• Solar irradiation 1300
W/m2
• Efficiency up to 40%.
Normally 18 – 20 % (180
W/m2)
• Solar panel cost 0.5-10
$/W. Normally 0.8 $/W.
• Solar energy cost is about
0.3 - 0.8 $/kWh.

Photovoltaics:
island system
19
Solar panel
Inverter
Storage element
Consumers

Photovoltaics:
grid-connected system
20
Solar panel
Storage element
Grid
Consumers Invertor

Photovoltaics:
solar plants
21
Based on cetral inverters 0.5
MW;
Based on string inverters 5-10
kW;
Total power 6 – 600 MW.

Solar PV Global Capacity,
2004–2014
22

Top 10 Countries, 2014
23
Ukraine 0.35 GW (0.56 GW in 2013)

Wind turbines:
general principle
24
 Small power turbine – up to 5 KW.
 Medium power – 5 KW up to 100 KW.
 High power more than 100 KW.
 Wind energy cost: 0.1 – 0.4 $/KW.

Wind Power Global
Capacity, 2004–2014
25

Top 10 Countries, 2014
26
Ukraine 0.42 GW

The largest wind turbine:
Enercon E-126
27
 rotor diameter of 126 m;
 total height of 198 m;
 High power 7.6 MW.

Fuel cells:
28
• Maximum power of the one cell 200 KW.
• Typical cell: output voltage 30V-80V, efficiency about 80%.
• Hard to get H2!

Other renewable energy
29
 Wave energy
 Deformation energy

Renewable energy trends:
30
Renewable Power Capacities in World, Top Seven
Countries, 2014.

Renewable energy trends:
31
Total electric power production
(2014) is about 23500,000 GW. It
means renewable energy takes
about 3%!

32
Frede Blaabjerg Report in 2013

Outline:
1. Introduction;
• 4. Vehicle to Grid (V2G);
Ukraine?
33

V2G as part of the
Smart grid
34
Vehicle to grid (V2G)

Tesla model 3:
35
 Price $35,000;
 lithium ion batteries – 340 km;
 8 years warranty for battery;
 100 km/h – 6 s.

Charge station?
36
 30 kWh in 15 min can
be charged by dc-link
400V voltage and 300A
current!
• Or by ac 230V grid
and 16A in 8 hours

Charge station?
37
There is 167 quick chargers in Estonia. 102 quick chargers are in towns
and 65 by roads.
DC quick charger with nominal capacity 50 kW meeting the CHAdeMO
standard
AC charging socket Type 2, nominal capacity 22 kW

Outline:
1. Introduction;
• 5. Dc-microgrid. HVDC and Solid State Transformer;
Ukraine?
38

Lets back to history:
“Current war”!
39

Dc system
40
1878 Thomas Edison proposed a system that could
bring electric lighting directly into a customer's
business or home.

Problems of DC system:
41
Long way transmission system is not effective solution
because of high conduction losses.
R
V
P
RP 22
LOSS )(I 

AC system:
42
In 1887 Nicola Tesla files his first patents for a two-
phase AC system with four electric power lines,
which consists of a generator, a transmission system
and a multi-phase motor.

AC system:
43
• In 1889 Michael Dolivo-Dobrowolsky (Russian, naturalized
Swiss), chief electrician at the AEG company in Berlin,
builds on the basic ideas of Tesla and Ferraris and improves
them considerably. He designs the three-phase cage
induction motor, which is still widely used today. In the
beginning of 1889, his first motor is running properly.

AC system as a winner!
44
• During this period (1880s), DC was more widely popular, but it
was becoming evident that AC was more efficient for long-
distance power transmission due to the ability to easily change
voltages using a transformer.
• In defense of DC, Thomas Edison carried out a campaign against
the use of AC power, claiming the danger of AC, publicly killing
animals, and lobbying against the use of AC in state legislatures.
• AC ending up winning “the current war”!

Typical AC transmission
line:
45
Very simple and reliable way to step up or step down
voltage and reduce the conduction losses!

Problems of AC system:
46
• Difficult to facilitate power transmission between
different countries that use AC at differing voltages
and frequencies ;
• More dangerous for people;
• Difficult to control power flow (active, reactive and
non-active power).

Low frequency
transformer as a key
component of AC system:
47
220 V AC10 kV AC
Alternative?

Solid state transformer.
Back to history!
48

49
Solid state transformer.
Back to history!

Solid state transformer:
modular solution
50

novel results
51
The MEGAlink: 1 MVA,
10 kV/400V Solid-State
Transformer (Zurich,
ETH, prof. W Kolar)
Conventional 2 MVA solution

52
What about complexity?
Traditional solution is a very robust solution
and can be realized even in Zimbabwe
novel results

definition
53
• Reduce size of magnetics;
• Full controllability;
• Low voltage dc-link;
• Complex and expensive
solution.

Next step? HVDC system!
54
Semiconductor devices!
High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) system

HVDC based on SST!
55

HVDC system: examples
56
First commercial application of HVDC
between Swedish mainland and the
island of Gotland in 1954 (Underwater
link of 90 km and 20 MW).

57

58

Low voltage DC
transmission system and
DC microgrid
59
Microgrid – is
a limited
power grid
that is
disconnected
from central
power source!

Combination of the DC
and AC grid
60
No revenge of T. Edison but future
synergy of AC and DC systems!

Outline:
1. Introduction;
• 6. Energy Internet! Smart metering approach;
Ukraine?
61

Internet?
62
The Internet is the global system of
interconnected computer networks that use
the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link billions of
devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that
consists of millions of private, public, academic,
business, and government networks of local to
global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic,
wireless, and optical networking technologies.

Energy Internet?
63
The Energy Internet is the global system of
interconnected networks that is used for electrical energy
conversion and transmission including data centers that
perform control and analysis of power flow.

Energy Internet?
64

Problems:
65
1. High penetration level of Renewable energy –
unbalance grid!
2. Complex power electronics systems.
3. Legislation does not corresponds new trends!

Storage elements:
66
Storage system helps balance
the grid!
Very expensive way of the
power quality improvement!

Smart metering:
67
1. A smart meter is an electronic device that records
consumption of electric energy in intervals of an
hour or less and communicates that information at
least daily back to the utility for monitoring and
billing.
2. Producer + Consumer = Prosumer.
3. Flexible tariff policy!

Smart metering:
68

Payment example in
Estonia:
69

Outline:
1. Introduction;
• 7. Conclusions: smart grid concept. Is it possible in
Ukraine?
70

Smart grid concept:
71
• Integration of renewable energy to the grid;
• Decentralization of power sources;
• Solid state transformer implementation;
• The combination of the DC and AC link;
• Full controllability and interoperability. Increased reliability;
• Vehicle to grid;
• Flexible tariff policy (Smart Metering).

Smart grid concept:
72
Reliability
W/Price
Power density
Functionality
Renewable energy
Conventional
solution

Smart grid:
future research!
73
• Semiconductors and storage elements
technologies;
• Renewable energy penetration level;
• Power electronics optimal solutions;
• Power flow control algorithms;
• Legislation problem.

Power electronics
“muscle” is a problem!
74

75
Discussion. Is it
possible in Ukraine?

Smart grid as a future grid of a power distributed systems!

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