project

2. GEOGRAPH
Y

3. CONSERVATION OF
WATER
WHAT IS WATER CONSERVATION?
Water
conservation encompasses
the
policies, strategies and activities to
manage fresh water as a sustainable resource
to protect the water environment and to meet
current and future human demand.
AIMS OF CONSERVATION
- Revive traditional structures as well as
create new infrastructure for water
conservation
- Increase the groundwater recharge in
the watershed area
- Increase water use efficiency in
agriculture and domestic sectors by
ensuring the adoption
of water management techniques
- Conserve fertile soil through soil and
moisture conservation

4. RAINWATER HARVESTING
In urban areas, the construction of
houses, footpaths and roads has
left little exposed earth for water to
soak in. In parts of the rural areas
of India, floodwater quickly flows to
the rivers, which then dry up soon
after the rains stop. If this water
can be held back, it can seep into
the ground and recharge the
groundwater supply.
This has become a very popular
method of conserving water
especially in the urban areas.
Rainwater harvesting essentially
means collecting rainwater on the
roofs of building and storing it
underground for later use.
Some of the benefits of rainwater
harvesting are as follows
a. Increases water availability
b.Checks the declining water table
is environmentally friendly
c.Improves the quality of
groundwater through the dilution of
fluoride, nitrate, and salinity
d.Prevents soil erosion and flooding
especially in urban areas

5. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
Watershed management is the study of the
relevant characteristics of a watershed
aimed at the sustainable distribution of its
resources and the process of creating and
implementing plans, programs, and projects
to sustain and enhance watershed functions
that affect the plant, animal, and human
communities within a watershed boundary.
Features of a watershed that agencies seek
to manage include water supply, water
quality, drainage, storm water runoff, water
rights, and the overall planning and
utilization of watersheds. Landowners, land
use agencies, storm water management
experts, environmental specialists, water
use surveyors and communities all play an
integral part in the management of a
watershed.

6. RAINWATER HARVESTING IN INDIA
Rainwater harvesting can be seen in the northeastern
states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya,
Manipur and Nagaland. This is also in use in Bikaner,
Jaisalmer and Jodhpur districts of Rajasthan. In
recent years, at the initiative of the Central and State
Governments, the practice has been increasingly
adopted in many cities and towns in different parts
of the country.
TANKA – A RAINWATER HARVESTING TANK
FOUND IN INDIA
Arunachal Pradesh Water Resources department has
achieved a milestone in implementation of demonstrative
projects on roof top rainwater harvesting and artificial
recharge to groundwater under cent per cent Central sector
scheme "Ground water management and regulation" during
the 11th Five Year Plan. The total detailed project reports
cleared by the state level technical core committee and
accepted by New Delhi covered 235 projects in 11 districts,
official sources informed here today. The districts, includes
Tawang, West and East Kameng, Papum Pare, Kurung
Kumey, Tirap and Longding.
The inhabitants of border
and hill top villages would
be the main beneficiaries
of these projects as the
state government was
committed to conserve
rainwater in storage tanks
to supplement water
requirement during lean
period.

7. ECONOMIC
DEVELOPEME
NT

8. .
SUSTAINABILITY OF WATER
.
The importance of groundwater
for the existence of human
society cannot be
overemphasized. Groundwater
is the major source of drinking
water in both urban and rural
India. Besides, it is an important
source of water for the
agricultural and the industrial
sector. Till recently it had been
considered a dependable source
of uncontaminated water
REASONS THAT HAVE
LED TO DEGRADATION
IN GROUNDWATER
During the past two decades,
the water level in several parts
of the country has been falling
rapidly due to an increase in
extraction.
The number of wells drilled for
irrigation of both food and
cash crops have rapidly and
indiscriminately increased.
India's rapidly rising
population
and
changing lifestyles
has also increased
the domestic need
for water. The water
requirement for the
industry also shows
an overall increase.
The
quality of
groundwater
is
getting
severely
affected because of
the
widespread
pollution of surface
water.

9. INDIA’S GROUNDWATER
SCENARIO
India is heading towards a freshwater crisis
mainly due to improper management of water
resources and environmental degradation,
which has lead to a lack of access to safe
water supply to millions of people. This
freshwater crisis is already evident in many
parts of India, varying in scale and intensity
depending mainly on the time of the year.
As far as the quality of groundwater is concerned, many states in the country have been
identified as endemic to fluorosis due to abundance in naturally occurring fluoride-bearing
minerals. These are Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, and
TamilNadu, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, and Delhi.
Nearly half million people in India suffer from ailments due to excess of fluoride in drinking
water. In some districts of Assam and Orissa, groundwater has high iron content. About 31%
of the total area of Rajasthan comes under saline groundwater. Groundwater is saline in
almost all of the Bhakra Canal in Punjab and the lift canal system in south-western Haryana.
Similarly high levels of arsenic in groundwater have been reported in the shallow aquifers in
some districts of West Bengal. Certain places in Haryana, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh were
also found to have dangerously high levels of mercury.

10. CHEMISTRY

12. REACTIONS INVOLVED IN THE
FORMATION OF HARD WATER
Hard drinking water is generally not
harmful to one's health, but can pose
serious problems in industrial settings,
where water hardness is monitored to
avoid costly breakdowns in boilers,
cooling towers and other equipment that
handles water. In domestic settings, hard
water is often indicated by a lack of suds
formation when soap is agitated in
water, and by the formation of
limescale in kettles and water heaters.
Wherever water hardness is a
concern, water softening is commonly
used to reduce hard water's adverse
effects.

13. With hard water, soap solutions form a
white precipitate (soap scum) instead of
producing lather, because the 2+ ions
destroy the surfactant properties of the
soap by forming a solid precipitate (the
soap scum). A major component of such
scum is calcium stearate, which arises
from sodium stearate, the main component
of soap :
2 C17H35COO- + Ca2+ → (C17H35COO)2Ca
Hard water also forms deposits that clog
plumbing. These deposits, called "scale ",
are
composed
mainly
of calcium
carbonate (CaCO3), magnesium
hydroxide (Mg(OH)2),
and calcium
sulfate (CaSO4)
It is often desirable to soften hard water.
Most detergents contain ingredients that
counteract the effects of hard water on the
surfactants. For this reason, water
softening is often unnecessary. Where
softening is practiced, it is often
recommended to soften only the water
sent to domestic hot water systems so as
to prevent or delay inefficiencies and
damage due to scale formation in water
heaters. A common method for water
softening involves the use of ion exchange
resins, which replace ions like Ca2+ by twice
the number of monocations such
as sodium or potassium ions.

14. PHYSICS

15. WATER AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY
WATER AS AN ENERGY
Water has been found to be a major
source of energy
All types of electricity generation
consume water either to process the
raw materials used in the facility or
fuel, constructing and maintaining
the plant, or to just generate the
electricity itself. Renewable power
sources as photovoltaic
solar and wind power, which
require little water to produce
energy, require water in processing
the raw materials to build the
turbines and solar panels. If a wind
turbine is mounted on a concrete or
steel tower, additional tonnes of
water are required in the tower's
construction.

18. WHAT IS
HYDROELETRICITY?
Hydroelectricity is the
term
referring
to electricity generated
by hydropower;
the
production of electrical
power through the use
of the gravitational
force of falling or
flowing water. It is the
most widely used form
of renewable energy,
accounting
for
16
percent
of
global
electricity generation –
3,427 terawatt-hours of
electricity production
in
2010, and
is
expected to increase
about 3.1% each year
for the next 25 years.
WHERE IS IT PRODUCED?
A Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the AsiaPacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in
2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721
terawatt-hours of production in 2010.There are now three
hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW: the Three Gorges
Dam in China, Itapúa Dam across the Brazil/Paraguay border,
and Guri Dam in Venezuela
BENEFITS AND EFFECTS OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER…..
The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a competitive
source of renewable electricity. The average cost of electricity from a
hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatthour. Hydro is also a flexible source of electricity since plants can be
ramped up and down very quickly to adapt to changing energy
demands. However, damming interrupts the flow of rivers and can
harm local ecosystems, and building large dams and reservoirs often
involves displacing people and wildlife

19. POLITICAL
DEVELOPEMENT

20. NARMADA BACHAO ANDOLAN
NARMADA BACHAO ANDOLAN
INTRODUCTION
Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA)
is a social movement consisting of
adivasis, farmers,
environmentalists, and human
rights activists against a number
of large dams being built across
the Narmada river. The river
flows through the states of
Gujarat, , and Madhya Pradesh in
India. Sardar Sarovar Dam in
Gujarat is one of the biggest dams
on the river and was one of the
first focal points of the movement.

21. CAUSES OF THE MOVEMENT
It is a multi crore project that will
generate a big revenue for the
government. The Narmada Valley
Development plan is the the most
promised and most challenging plan in
the history of India. The proponents
are of the view that it will produce
1450 MW of electricity and pure
drinking water to 40 million people
covering thousand of villages and
towns. Some of the dams have been
already been completed such as Tawa
and Bargi Dams. But the opponents
says that this hydro project will
devastate human lives and bio
diversity by destroying thousand of
acres of forests and agricultural land.
On the other hand it will overall
deprive thousands of people of their
livelihood. They believe that the water
and energy could be provided to the
people through alternative
technological means, that would be
ecologically beneficial.

22. The mode of campaign includes hunger
strikes and garnering support from film and
art personalities (notably Bollywood actor
Aamir Khan). Narmada Bachao Andolan, with
its leading spokespersons Medha Patkar and
Baba Amte, received the Right Livelihood
Award in 1991. Amongst the major
celebrities who have shown their support for
Narmada Bachao Andolan are Booker Prize
winner Arundhati Roy. Led by one of the
prominent leader Medha Patkar, it has now
been turned into the International protest,
gaining support from NGO'S all around the
globe. Protestors are agitating the issue
through the mass media, hunger strikes,
massive marches, rallies and the through the
on screen of several documentary films.
Although they have been protesting
peacefully, but they been harassed, arrested
and beaten up by the police several times.
The Narmada Bachao Andolan has been
pressurizing the world bank to withdraw its
loan from the project through media.

23. SUPREME COURT’S DECISION
The Supreme Court's decision is still
pending, seeking stoppage of construction
of the Sardar Sarovar dam. The court
initially ruled the decision in the Andolan's
favor, thereby effecting an immediate
stoppage of work at the dam and directing
the concerned states to first complete the
rehabilitation and replacement process.
The Court deliberated on this issue further
for several years but finally upheld the
Tribunal Award and allowed the
construction to proceed, subject to
conditions. The court introduced a
mechanism to monitor the progress of
resettlement pari passuwith the raising of
the height of the dam through the
Grievance Redressal Authorities (GRA) in
each of the party states. The court’s
decision has paved the way for completing
the project to attain full envisaged benefits
Led by one of the prominent leader
MedhaPatkar,ithasnowbeenturnedintoth
eInternationalprotest,gainingsupportfro
mNGO'Sallaroundtheglobe.

24. BIOLOGY

25. What is water recycling
What is water recycling
Water recycling is aageneric term for
Water recycling is generic term for
water reclamation and reuse, where the
water reclamation and reuse, where the
resulting water is referred to as recycled
resulting water is referred to as recycled
water. This term will be used
water. This term will be used
throughout this website, but you might
throughout this website, but you might
also find aanumber of other terms used
also find number of other terms used
in the water industry to describe
in the water industry to describe
recycled water or the process to make
recycled water or the process to make
it. These include:
it. These include:
•Water reclamation
•Water reclamation
•Water recycling
•Water recycling
•Water reuse
•Water reuse
•Wastewater
•Wastewater
•Sewage effluent
•Sewage effluent
•Reclaimed water
•Reclaimed water
•Grey water
•Grey water

26. Why recycle
water?
Increasing population means that the
demand for water is increasing. To
ensure that we have enough water to
meet our present and future needs, we
need to conserve water and expand
the use of recycled water
BENEFITS OF
RECYCLING WATER
Water recycling provides enormous
environmental benefits. It also provides an
additional source of water for various
purposes. This a list of some benefits that
water recycling can present:
Water recycling decreases the extraction of
water form sources that may be dwindling
and may stop being viable as habitats for
valuable and endangered wildlife.
Recycling wastewater can decrease the
discharge of effluents that may damage and
pollute the ecosystems of the sensitive
bodies of water.
Recycled water can be used to create new
wetlands or to enhance and improve the
quality of existing ones.
Water recycling can reduce and prevent
pollution by leaving damaging pollutants at
the treatment plant.

27. METHODS OF CONSERVATION OF
WATER
METHODS OF
RECYCLING WATER
 Initiate the appropriate recycling methods
 Conserve water in your everyday routine.
 Sanitize grey water.
 Reclaim rainwater.
 Compare the water bill before and after.
CONSERVE WATER IN EVERYDAY LIFE

28. LIMITATIONS OF RECYCLING
W ithmounting water issues,
ith
W mounting water issues,
WATER
municipalities are under stress
municipalities are under stress
to provide water (potable and
to provide water (potable and
non-potable) to industrial,
non-potable) to industrial,
commercial, and residential
commercial, and residential
segments. Though wastewater
segments. Though wastewater
recycling and reuse is an
recycling and reuse is an
option to meet water
option to meet water
requirements, some factors are
requirements, some factors are
limiting its use, such as:
limiting its use, such as:
••Highprice sensitivity towards
High price sensitivity towards
advanced wastewater
advanced wastewater
treatment systems
treatment systems
••Negativeperception about
Negative perception about
wastewater recycling
wastewater recycling
••Lackof technological
Lack of technological
awareness and skilled
awareness and skilled
manpower
manpower
••Fragmentednature of the
Fragmented nature of the
market
market
••W enforcement of
W eak enforcement of
eak