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Planning and route survey
1. Optical Fiber Splicer Fiber Optic Network Planning and Route Survey
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6 FIBER OPTIC NETWORK PLANNING AND ROUTE
SURVEY
STRUCTURE
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 OBJECTIVE
6.3 PLANNING OF FIBER OPTIC NETWORK
6.4 GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR OPTICAL FIBER NETWORK PLANNING
6.5 THE LINK POWER BUDGET ANALYSIS
6.6 PLANNING THE ROUTE
6.7 PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF OPTIC FIBRE CABLE ROUTE
6.8 SELECTION OF THE CABLE ROUTE:
6.9 DETAILED SURVEY
6.10 SUMMARY
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6.1 INTRODUCTION
The most important task in the plan (design) of fiber optic link is to determine the
maximum range of the optical transmission path, being in fact the balance of optical power in
the link. Balance of power is a comparison of the power at the input of the optical link with
the losses in fiber optic cables and other path components. This will help to find the optimal
parameters of transmitting and receiving devices to ensure proper signal transmission.
6.2 OBJECTIVE
After reading this unit, you should be able to:
1. understand the planning of fiber optic network
2. carry preliminary survey of OF route
3. select the suitable route
4. carry out the detailed survey
6.3 FIBER OPTIC NETWORK PLANNING
Fiber optic network planning refers to the specialized processes leading to a
successful installation and operation of a fiber optic network. It includes:
the geographic layout (premises, outside plant (OSP, etc.),
the OF transmission equipment required and
the type of fiber over which it will operate
Telephone networks are mainly outside plant (OSP) systems, connecting buildings
over distances as short as a few hundred meters to hundreds or thousands of kilometers. Data
rates for telecom are typically 2.5 to 40 gigabits per second using very high power lasers that
operate exclusively over single mode fibers.
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Designing long distance or outside plant applications generally means choosing
cabling containing single mode (SM) fiber over all other media. Most of these systems are
designed to be used over distances and speeds that preclude anything but SM fiber.
Choosing transmission equipment is the next step in designing a fiber optic network.
Transmission equipment and the cable plant are tightly interrelated. The distance and
bandwidth will help determine the fiber type necessary and that will dictate the optical
interfaces on the cable plant.
Shorter telecom links will use 1310 nm lasers on regular single mode fiber, often
referred to as G.652 fiber, it’s international standard. Longer links will use a Non-Zero
dispersion shifted fiber optimized for operation with 1550 nm lasers (G.655 for
STH/DWDM).
6.4 GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR OPTICAL FIBER NETWORK
PLANNING
Few general guidelines listed below to help plan SONET/SDH and other fiber optic
networks.
First, establish a fiber link between end locations. Pay careful attention to not only the
fiber cable type but also fiber type. The most common fiber type used in cable builds
is standard ITU G.652 fiber also known as non-dispersion shifted fiber (NDSF).Non-
zero dispersion shifted fiber (NZ-DSF) ITU G.655 type is also popular in long-haul
applications because it has a lower dispersion coefficient than standard fiber. Do not
use dispersion shift fiber ITU G.653 unless there is a very good reason to use it. This
fiber type has a zero dispersion value at 1550 nm, which can cause nonlinear
distortion effects. For long cable runs where link loss or dispersion values exceed
receiver budgets, identify intermediate sites that can accommodate signal regeneration
or amplification equipment.
Consider an alternate, physically diverse, fiber cable protection route between end
locations to help increase link reliability in the event the primary cable is damaged.
Complete fiber characterization of all newly acquired fibers.
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Measured fiber parameters help in proper link budget planning and establish a
beginning of life record for future network expansion or reference in the event of link
degradation.
Identify the total number of current and future bandwidth requirements and
transmission rates.
For SONET/SDH systems, identify the proper SONET/SDH equipment type and
configuration.
Complete the detailed fiber link design. This includes calculating optical power,
dispersion and OSNR budgets, as well as nonlinear effects. For simple links (no
amplifiers, no DWDM) that are within the transceiver’s power budget and distance
limit, only the optical power budget needs to be considered.
Select the transmission equipment manufacturer.
Schedule and install equipment as per engineering design and documentation.
Perform final acceptance testing.
Address any outstanding issues before traffic is placed onto the transmission system.
Often overlooked in many telecom projects is accurate network documentation.
Maintaining detailed equipment and fiber documentation is important. This
documentation can include all equipment specifications, fiber and cable specification,
fiber characterization measurements, test results, system connection drawings, floor
plans and rack layouts.
6.5 THE LINK POWER BUDGET ANALYSIS
The planning of a fiber optic link often requires a detailed link power budget to be
completed. The goal of this budget is to ensure that the total link loss does not exceed the
transceiver’s operating specifications.
It is a simple tabulation of all fiber link losses that are obtained from field
measurement or calculation using fiber and equipment specifications. If the sum of all the
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link losses is greater than the transceiver’s specified optical budget, then the transmission
system is not likely to work properly and/or it may experience high bit errors. Figure shows
the link power budget diagram.
In order to operate system properly, a fiber optic network link must have an adequate
loss margin. That is, the total loss in the installed cable plant must be less than the tolerable
loss of the transmitters and receivers in the transmission equipment being used.
During the design phase, the cable plant loss must be estimated, based on average
component specifications and the total cable length, to ensure the chosen equipment will
work properly. Ideally, there should be at least 3 dB less loss in the cable plant than the link
dynamic range to allow for component degradation and potential restoration splicing.
Figure 1: Link power budget diagram
Loss budget analysis calculation and verification of a fiber optic system’s operating
characteristics includes all items in the cable plant, such as fiber length, number of connectors
and splices, and any other passive components such as optical splitters.
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6.5.1 CALCULATING POWER BUDGET FOR FIBER-OPTIC CABLE
To ensure that fiber-optic connections have sufficient power for correct operation, you
need to calculate the link's power budget, which is the maximum amount of power it can
transmit. When you calculate the power budget, you use a worst-case analysis to provide a
margin of error, even though all the parts of an actual system do not operate at the worst-case
levels. To calculate the worst-case estimate of power budget (PB), you assume minimum
transmitter power (PT) and minimum receiver sensitivity (PR):
PB = PT – PR
The following hypothetical power budget equation uses values measured in decibels
(dB) and decibels referred to one milliwatt (dBm):
PB = PT – PR
PB = –15 dBm – (–28 dBm)
PB = 13 dB
6.5.2 CALCULATING POWER MARGIN FOR FIBER-OPTIC CABLE
After calculating a link's power budget, you can calculate the power margin (PM),
which represents the amount of power available after subtracting attenuation or link loss (LL)
from the power budget (PB). A worst-case estimate of PM assumes maximum LL:
PM = PB – LL
PM greater than zero indicates that the power budget is sufficient to operate the
receiver.
Example:
Average transmitted power : 1 dB
Fibre loss : 20 dB
Splice & Connector losses : 2 dB
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Receiver sensitivity : -26 dB
Power Budget : 27 dB
Therefore, link loss Margin : 27- 22=5dB
So fiber optic network link have an adequate loss margin to operate the system
properly.
6.6 PLANNING THE ROUTE
After deciding the use of fiber optic cable and suitable transmission equipment for
appropriate application, the OF cable route has to be planned. Outside plant (OSP) cabling
installations have enormous variety depending on the route the cable must take. The route
may cross long lengths of open fields, run along paved rural or urban roads, cross roads,
ravines, rivers or lakes, or, more likely, some combination of all of these. It could require
buried cables, aerial cables or underwater cables. Cable may be in conduit, inner-duct or
direct buried, aerial cables may be self-supporting.
6.7 PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF OPTIC FIBRE CABLE ROUTE
A pre-survey of the fiber cable route is very important in planning for a optical fiber
cable project. Each section of the route from splice location to splice location must be
prepared properly before cable installation begins.
A pre-survey of the fiber cable route is an integral part of the total project.
Preliminary survey shall be carried out for finalizing the drawing for the route of optical fibre
cable as a part of project planning and execution.
Following main items of work shall constitute the survey.
Selecting the route in general.
Deciding the number of drop and insert locations.
Deciding the size and assessing the length of cable required.
Working out the requirement of circuits which are to be provided in the cable.
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Working out the requirements of heavy tools and plants depending upon the
nature of the territory, availability of roads along the tracks, etc.
Assessing the special problems of the section such as type of soil, long
cuttings, new embankments, water logged areas, types of major bridges, major
yards.
Collecting details of the existing telecommunication facilities and the
additional requirements due to electrification and preparing tentative tapping
diagrams.
Assessing the number of track crossings and other protective works required
to be done.
Avoiding as far as possible laying of cable too close to a road.
Avoiding the toe of the embankment adjacent to the cultivated Fields.
Avoiding burrow pits and areas prone to water logging.
Avoiding soil made up of cinders, coal ashes, etc.
Avoiding heavily fertilized soils containing acids, electrolytes and
decomposable organic materials promoting bacterial activity.
Avoiding proximity to chemical, paper and such other industries which
discharge chemically active affluent.
Avoiding large rock cuttings, thick jungles, routes of existing cables and areas
difficult to approach.
Deciding carefully the cable route approaches to cable huts to avoid built up
areas including those areas where building, etc. are likely to come up in future.
Determining composition of the soil which may affect corrosion, etc. on the
cable and special protection required for cable.
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Working out the requirement of the various circuits to be provided in the
cables along with the cable circuit chart and tapping diagrams.
Working out requirement of transport vehicles like jeeps, lorries, motor
trolleys, etc. for the execution of the work.
Avoiding side of the alignment which is likely to be affected due to
addition/alteration of earth work/supply structures (such as construction of
double lane, shifting of alignment of the existing track etc.).
6.8 SELECTION OF THE CABLE ROUTE:
The Contractor or employer shall propose preferably two most suitable routes (unless
availability of a single route is obvious) for each link keeping in views the following broad
criteria:
a) The route shall be as straight and as short as possible.
b) The route shall have minimum obstacles in order to minimise reinstatement cost.
c) Clearances required from other authorities/bodies are minimum and that the
clearances can be obtained expeditiously.
d) Wet or unstable ground shall be avoided to the extent possible.
e) The route for the pipes shall be away from the carriage-way of the road to the extent
possible.
f) The route shall be suitable for placing manholes wherever required.
g) Future expansion of roads shall be taken into consideration.
h) Road, rail, river, nallah crossings, horizontal direction drilling shall be minimum.
i) Underground fibre optic cable route shall be so chosen that it would be possible
maintain sufficient distance from existing underground cables and to do excavation
and backfilling along the route without disturbing the existing cables laid by other
operators/utilities during installation of PLB HDPE pipe or future maintenance.
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6.9 DETAILED SURVEY
The Contractor shall submit the survey report with the most suitable two
alternate routes for all the fibre optic links along with details described above. The
Employer shall choose one of the two alternatives. On finalization the Contractor shall
carry out detail survey for the selected routes and submit the final survey report for
approval before implementation. The final survey report shall include at least the
following:
a) A drawing of the proposed route indicating all details of the route including name of
the road, relevant details of soil strata, bridges, culverts, causeways, rail over/under
bridges, defence area, underground gas / oil / water pipe line, power and
communication cables routes, other important landmarks etc.
b) GIS mapping is also to be done for all the routes along with all desired information.
GIS software associates the attributes of a feature with its representation on the map,
and stores this information in an industry standard relational database format
c) The distance of the fibre optic cable route from the centre of the
road/rail/river//Bridge/culvert etc. shall be indicated on the route maps as well as
documented in tables.
d) Sections of the links where Horizontal Direction drilling, Moling and Manual
auguring may be required.
e) Sections where GI or RCC hume pipe may be required.
f) Location and number of permanent and temporary manholes.
g) Location of all turns, bends and major landmarks.
h) Type, quantity and location of all the joint boxes. Care must be taken to minimize the
number of splicing and joint boxes.
i) Section lengths of the underground fibre optic cable, total length of each link and
drum scheduling for all the link.
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j) List of authorities from which clearance shall be required to be obtained for each
relevant section. The final survey report shall have to be approved by the Employer
and requisite clearances (as indicated below in this section) need to be obtained before
the cable installation work is commenced.
For the routes where the Employer has finalised the route for installation of PLB
HDPE pipe vis- à-vis the underground OFC or where PLB HDPE pipe is already installed
by the Employer/Owner or other agency, the Contractor will survey the route to facilitate
installation of optical fibre cable, and submit the final survey report as per above
description.
The scope of survey shall also include the route and tentative Bill of Materials (pipes,
couplers, manholes, G.I. pipes, RCC pipes, Joint box, conduits, bends, trays, warning
bricks, Warning tape etc. and any other items required for successful implementation of the
links) for the interconnection of optical fibre cable from the nearest manhole to the fibre
termination box. It may be noted that routing of optical fibre cable inside the building may
require installation on the walls and floors using suitable pipes, conduits, bends, trays etc
and minor civil works (e.g. making holes on the walls, cutting grooves on walls/floor and
making good etc.). The Contractor will also indicate sections where the OFC may be
required to be installed overhead using poles/other supports and guide wires, because of
non-feasibility in installation underground or lack of clearance from authorities.
6.10 SUMMARY
The choice of route is most important aspect in planning an underground cable
system. The correct choice is essential to reduce the cost of laying pipes, keeping the pipes
safe from damage and to attain their maximum utilization when they have been laid.
Preliminary survey shall be carried out for finalizing the drawing for the route of optical fibre
cable as a part of project planning and execution. One of the objectives of the pre-survey is to
determine where each reel of fiber optic cable is to be placed. Slack locations and cable
storage requirements must also be considered along with splice locations. The pre-survey will
verify construction methods, special tools required, or possibly require a revision of
preliminary splice locations.
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6.11 REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
ITU-T manual on OF installation
EI of BSNL
EI on underground OF cable laying works by BBNL
Fiber Optics Technician's Manual
Understanding optical communication by Dutton
Planning Fiber Optic Networks by Bob Chomycz
www.timbercon.com
http://www.ofsoptics.com
http://www.thefoa.org/
http://www.corning.com
http://www.fiber-optics.info
http://www.rp-photonics.com
http://www.occfiber.com and other websites
6.12 KEY LEARNINGS
Qu. 1: Fill in the blanks
1. The most common fiber type used in cable builds is standard ITU ……………
2. The planning of a fiber optic link often requires a detailed ……………………………
to be completed.
3. HDPE stands for………………………………………………………………………
4. Shorter telecom links will use ………………………….. nm lasers
5. Longer links will use a …………………………….. dispersion shifted fiber optimized
for operation with 1550 nm lasers.
Qu. 2: State True or False
1. GIS software associates the attributes of all the routes along with all desired
information on a Paper map.
2. Overhead cables using poles/other supports and guide wires, because of non-
feasibility in installation underground or lack of clearance from authorities.
3. Receiver sensitivity is the maximum power a receiver can sense.
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4. dB scale is used in optical link budgeting because of its complexity towards addition
and substraction.
5. Proper planning is essential to reduce the cost of laying pipes.
Qu. 3: Write down the steps of pre-survey of the fiber cable route?
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Qu. 4: What precaution we need to take while selecting the Cable Route?
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Qu. 5: What precaution we need to take while selecting the Cable Route?
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6.13 WORKSHEET
1. List some of authorities from which clearance shall be required.
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2. Write down the constituents of BOM (Bill of Materials).
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3. An optical fibre system is to operate at 2.5 Gbits/sec over a distance of 71 km without
repeaters. Fibre with a worst case loss of 0.25 dB/km is available. The average distance
between splices is approximately 1 km. There are two connectors and the worst case loss
per connector is 0.4 dB. The power margin is to be at least 5 dB. The receiver sensitivity
is -28 dBm and the transmitter output power is +1 dBm
Determine the maximum allowable attenuation per fusion splice?
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BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED
OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE PROJECT
SURVEY REPORT
JABALPUR-NARSINGHPUR IInd CABLE
OFC ROUTE (24F OF Cable )
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SURVEY REPORT
JABALPUR-NARSINGHPUR IInd CABLE
OFC ROUTE (24F OF Cable )
INDEX
1. Authentication & Approval Sheet
2. Introductions & Justifications of the scheme
3. Summary of the Survey Report
4. Power Loss Budget Calculation
5. Route Length Calculation
6. Assessment of the soil strata and estimation of the route and time for
trenching
7. Route details of Bridges, Culverts and Crossings
8. Requirement of Stores and Materials
9. Station wise details of the existing land, Building and Battery Power Plant
10. Calculation of the Cable Length
11. Line Diagram of the route
12. Strata of the Route
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BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED
OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE PROJECT
SURVEY REPORT
JABALPUR-NARSINGHPUR IInd CABLE
OFC ROUTE (24F OF Cable )
SUPERVISED BY
SDE OFC PROJECT
DN-I JABALPUR
CHECKED BY
D.E.T. O.F.C. PROJECT
DN-I JABALPUR
ENGINEERING OFFICER
(T.P.) E.M.P.AREA, JABALPUR
APPROVED BY
DEPUTY GENERAL MANAGER
(T.P.) E.M.P.AREA, JABALPUR
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SURVEY REPORT
JABALPUR-NARSINGHPUR IInd CABLE
OFC ROUTE (24F OF Cable )
INTRODUCTION
This scheme is proposed on the basis of minutes of meeting at O/o DGM, TP EMP
Jabalpur and as per his letter No.DM/JBP/NWP/(System & Ring/2014-15/ dtd. 12.05.2015.
This scheme is targeted for execution in the year 2015-2016. 24 F OFC cable has to be laid
between Jabalpur WTR Mux - Narsinghpur along Bijori-Gortegaon-Khubi-Narsinghpur State
Highway Road to approved in 63th
RTPC WTP. Therefore detailed Survey of Route has been
carried out under the guidance of Shri D. P. Tiwari, Dy. General Manager, TP, EMP Jabalpur
& a team consisting of Sh. Y. K. Tiwari, SDE (P) Jabalpur under the direction of Shri
A.K.Shukla , DET OFC(P) Dn-I, Jabalpur. Based on the actual survey of the route the
categorical information about an over view of the power loss budget calculations, Route
length calculations, Route details of Culvert and Bridges, Line Diagram of the route, City
wise details of the protection pipes, Requirement of Stores, Calculation of Cable length, the
assessment of soil strata, and estimation of the rate of trenching has also been carried out and
appended in this report..
On completion of the route, the system and the route will be taken over by W.T.R.
Jabalpur for maintenance.
JUSTIFICATION
The JABALPUR –NARSINGHPUR OFC ROUTE is presently on WTR
Jabalpur. No existing cable is available between Jabalpur WTR Mux - Narsinghpur along
Bijori-Gortegaon-Khubi-Narsinghpur. This scheme will provide reliable and uninterrupted
media for communication between Jabalpur-Narsinghpur along Bijori-Gortegaon-Khubi.
This alternate route of Jabalpur – Narsinghur will provide services to WTR Jabalpur,
Narsinghpur and other important place of India. & will be helpful connect to various stations
of WTR Jabalpur. In the time of road binding SH-22 of Jabalpur –Narsinghpur (If OF cable
damage ) traffic is to be diverted by above said route as per instructions of Dy.G.M., WTR
Jabalpur.
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SURVEY REPORT
JABALPUR-NARSINGHPUR IInd CABLE
OFC ROUTE (24F OF Cable )
SUMMARY : JABALPUR-NARSINGHPUR OFC ROUTE
A. Type of Cable : 24 F Monomode Optical Fibre
B. Type of System : DWDM
Route Length : 106.0 Km.
No. of ADMs : Existing
No. of Section : 2 Nos.
No. of exchanges are to be connected
with this route : Five
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SURVEY REPORT
JABALPUR-NARSINGHPUR IInd CABLE
OFC ROUTE (24F OF Cable )
POWER LOSS BUDGET CALCULATION FOR
(JABALPUR-NARSINGHPUR) –
1. A. Total Cable Length : 108.0 Km
B. Total Fiber Length : 108.0 Km
2. No. of splice : 54
3. Cable attenuation : 0.3 dB/Km
4. Splice loss (dB/Splice) : 0.1 dB/Splice
5. Total cable loss including splice loss @ 0.35 db/Km: 37.8 dB
6. F.D.F connection loss @ 0.8 dB/station : 2.4 dB
7. Total loss : 40.2 dB
8. Trans Power (dBm) : -3.0 dBm
9. Receive Power (dBm) : -21.4 dBm
10. Minimum Acceptable Receive Optical Power :-35.0 dBm
11. Receive threshold (dBm) :-31.0 dBm
12. Margin kept for cable/Equipment : 6 dBm
13. Attenuator required : 100 Nos
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SURVEY REPORT
JABALPUR-NARSINGHPUR IInd CABLE
OFC ROUTE (24F OF Cable )
ROUTE LENGTH CALCULATION
OFC ROUTE (JABALPUR-NARSINGHPUR )
i) JBP WTR MUX –Narsinghpur WTR Mux 106.0 Km
______
106.00
Say Km.106.0
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SURVEY REPORT
JABALPUR-NARSINGHPUR IInd CABLE
OFC ROUTE (24F OF Cable )
Assembly of the soil strata and estimation of the route
Route Non
Rocky
Rocky-
Soft
Rocky-
Hard
TOTAL
LENGTH
JABALPUR-
NARSINGHPUR
60.0
Km.
26.0
Km.
20.0
Km.
106. Km.
Total 106.0.0 Km.
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SURVEY REPORT
JABALPUR-NARSINGHPUR IInd CABLE
OFC ROUTE (24F OF Cable
ROUTE DETAILS OF BRIDGES, CULVERTS AND CROSSINGS
SI.
No.
Section Culvert Bridges Road
Crossing
Canal Rly
Crossing
NH/SH of
Road
Side
No Length No
.
Length No Length No Length No. Lengt
h
1 JABALP
UR-
NARSIN
GHPUR
65 700
M
3 1300
M
45 600 M 22 350 M 1 50 M SH-22 RHS
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SURVEY REPORT
JABALPUR-NARSINGHPUR IInd CABLE
OFC ROUTE (24F OF Cable
REQUIREMENT STORES AND MATERIALS
SECTION 24F
O.F.C
G.I.
PIPE
DWC H/R
RCC
PIPE
PLB/HDPE
PIPE (Km)
JABALPUR-
NARSINGHPUR
124.0 Km. 2.0 Km. 15 Km. 0 121. Km.
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SURVEY REPORT
JABALPUR-NARSINGHPUR IInd CABLE
OFC ROUTE (24F OF Cable
DETAILS OF BUILDING AND POWER PLANT
Station Land Buildin
g
Power Plant Battery AH E/A KVA System Exchange
Capacity
JABALPUR
WTR MUX
Dept Dept 1. ITI
100 X8
800 Amp
2. Exicom
2300Amp
1 Amara
Raja
1000AH,
2 Sets
2 HBL
3000AH
2sets
200 KVA,
1 Sets
For
DWDM
GOTEGAON
EXCH.
Dept Dept LCOT PVT.
LTD. 100X4
400 Amp.
HBL
2000 AH 2
sets
CROMPTO
N
GREAVES
100 KVA
For
DWDM
NARSINGHPUR
EXCH.
Dept Dept ITI 100X5
500 Amp
HBL 1500
AH 2 sets
KIRLOSK
AR 30
KVA
For
DWDM
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SURVEY REPORT
JABALPUR-NARSINGHPUR IInd CABLE
OFC ROUTE (24F OF Cable
CALCULATION OF CABLE LENGTH
Section Route
Lengt
h in
Km.
Duct
Length
in km.
Trench
in
Length
in km.
Cable
Length
in km.
Shrinkag
e 2% on
Cable
Length
No. of
Joint/
Splice
Extra
length for
Joint/
Splice
(40 mtr
per joint)
Extra
Length
for
leading
M/Stn.
Kms.
Spare
Cable
for
Mtce.
2%
Kms.
Tota
l
Cabl
e
Len
gth
Kms
.
JABALP
UR-
NARSIN
GHPUR
106
Km.
106
Km.
106.0
Km.
108
Km.
2.16 Km. 54 No. 2.160
Km.
1.0 2.16 115.
48
Km.
Say
116.
0
Km.
29. Optical Fiber Splicer Fiber Optic Network Planning and Route Survey
BRBRAITT, Jabalpur Page 29 of 29
For Restricted Circulation
SURVEY REPORT
JABALPUR-NARSINGHPUR IInd CABLE
OFC ROUTE (24F OF Cable
LINE DIAGRAM
