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Nuts and Bolts of
  Publishing

RWJF | GRC | CAPS
1. Elevator Pitch

This is true for
everything in academia.
Can you make a 1-2
minute pitch of your
research that is
accurate and
interesting?
2. Argument




You don’t publish data - you publish an argument.
What problem do you address? Why is it relevant? Will
anything change?
3. Audience




Who is your audience? What do they know? What
don’t they know?
Different journals are read by different specialists.
First steps




If you have data, try to create your figures early in the
process. Make sure your charts are clear and readable -
at least as good as they can be.
First steps




Hone in on your argument. Why should people listen
to you? How will your findings impact the field? Is
there anyone in particular who will be affected?
Literature Review



You may be citing anywhere from 15 - 60 papers in
your article (and occasionally more). You will need to
have read much more than that to properly place your
article.
Literature Review



The idea with a literature review is to present a context
from which to interpret your findings. Whose work
does yours resemble? Are you agreeing with anyone
else’s findings? Are you disagreeing with them?
Literature Review




Many comments you will receive from peer reviewers
will mention studies that you should have studied. A
more comprehensive search will improve your study’s
chances of getting into a journal.
Journal Selection




What academic journal is most appropriate for your
work? In what journals have similar studies/works been
published?
Journal Selection



Each journal has a different organization and a
different format for citations. When you write the
paper, it will help if you write it with a specific journal
(or journals) in mind.
Focus



Are you communicating the same thing people are
reading? Have a friend read the paper and list the 4-5
main points. Are they the same as the 4-5 points you
are trying to make?
Ethics
Are there ethical considerations in publishing the
work? Are there specific guidelines for the journal?
    Can individuals be identified?
    Has part of the research been published before?
    Is their a disclosure needed regarding funding?
    How do you state the use of commercial products?
Tables & Figures




What tables and figures are absolutely necessary to
express your argument? Which ones are not necessary?
References


Different journals have different guidelines for
citations. Follow your journal of choice’s guidelines to
the letter.
Broad Steps to Start




First, get your thoughts down.
Second, get them down right.
General Format
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Writing

In trying to express your ideas, there will undoubtedly
be simpler phrases that if shortened will make your
manuscript easier to understand.
Simply put, write simply.
Writing


Many commas, are unnecessary
Writing

Two levels of structure
  Is the broad outline of the paper structured, with a
  clear argument?
  Are the mechanics of the paper ok? Is each sentence/
  paragraph flowing well?
Surviving Peer Review




Identify weaknesses in your argument. Be your own
enemy. But try to find one among your friends.
Use Your Own Peers




Try to start a proofreading circle among your friends.
Offer to proofread your friend’s papers. Be critical, use
lots of red ink. Make them mad. That way, they’ll be
happy to return the favor.
Submitting the Manuscript

Make sure all your figures are saved as high-
resolution .tiff files.
Follow detailed instructions - different journals have
different publication pathways.
Don’t rush, take your time and make sure everything
goes right the first time.
Immediate Gratification




...isn’t going to happen. Publishing a paper is a long
process. It could take up to a year or longer for your
work to make it to the mailboxes of your colleagues.
What happens next

“Rejected without Review”
      Unfortunate. There may be critical errors in
      your writing or argument. Or, it is a decent
      article that simply isn’t a good fit for the journal.
What happens next

“Revise and Resubmit"”
    Good news! It will likely see daylight. Take the
    comments from the peer reviewers and go over
    them very, very carefully. Address them all - even if
    you disagree.
What happens next


“Accepted in its current form"”
    Good news! Just wait for those page proofs.
Whatever Happens...


You always start on a blank slate with your next paper.
Nobel Laureates have had papers rejected without
review.
Living through Peer
                    Review
•   2) “The author tests for temporal reliability for both willingness to
    pay and consumer surplus measurement. It is not very clear why the
    author performs the two measurements. The author should provide
    some motivation for providing the two measurements, and explain
    why they might have led to different conclusions. If divergence were
    observed, I wonder what would have been the overall conclusion?”

•   The motivation for testing the two measurements (CS and WTP) was mainly for completeness because it
    seemed entirely possible for the surplus portion of benefits to behave differently from the total. For instance,
    one-time purchases of equipment (camera, books, or binoculars) or club membership fees might lead to
    significant structural differences in expenditures between two adjacent periods. This could affect the temporal
    reliability of WTP, but not for CS. In this case, only surplus benefits are transferrable while total benefits
    remain period specific. We could of course have the transpose as well; WTP temporally reliable and CS not.
    The present study showed both welfare measures to be temporally reliable and this is likely to be the norm. In
    the revised manuscript, I have inserted the above explanations at the end of the final paragraph in section 3
    (top of page 3).
Living through Peer
                      Review
‣ [With respect to GISP2 temperature reconstructions for the Northern
  Hemisphere; Figure 4] but strictly speaking not - opposing trend in
  Greenland since 3000BCE to 1150 BCE generally the climate seems
  to improve and collapse correspond to a particularly pronounced
  increase in temperature (which does not correspond to any
  significant changes)

•   I am unclear as to where the confusion lies - reconstructed temperatures from GISP2 do indicate an increasing
    temperature trend from 3000 - 1150 BCE, albeit with some declines along the way. At the beginning of the
    collapse period (1315 - 1190), temperature peaked and then began to decline for the next two centuries, reaching a
    nadir near the beginning of the Greek Dark Ages (~1010 BCE). Temperatures remain low relative to the Late
    Bronze Age until the Roman Warm Period. The temperature drop recorded in the GISP2 ice core (1350 - 1310
    BCE) is roughly contemporaneous with the drop in warm-species dinocyst/foraminifera and lower East
    Mediterranean SST’s near the time of the LBA Collapse (by 1250 - 1197 BCE). The GISP2 temperature record
    was included to show that the period of collapse and following dark ages occurred during lower temperatures
    than was the norm for the Late Bronze Age. In fact, that the transition to cooler temperatures is temporally
    aligned well with the decline in urban occupation. Perhaps the graphs are misleading - the white line demarcates
    the beginning of collapse - the collapse itself is an event that occurred over two centuries, with final urban
    occupation ending by 1050 BCE, at which point GISP2 indicates that Northern Hemisphere temperatures were
    almost 2 ºC cooler than when LBA societies were at their peak. To address this, I will add disclaimers specifying
    the time period of discussion in both the figure captions and body text. I suspect that the disagreement over the
    GISP2 record is a consequence of me not being more specific as to its interpretation relative to the other
    paeloclimate records used in this study. I hope this addresses the concern, though I am still not fully sure what is
    the object of confusion.

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Nuts and bolts of publishing

  • 1. Nuts and Bolts of Publishing RWJF | GRC | CAPS
  • 2. 1. Elevator Pitch This is true for everything in academia. Can you make a 1-2 minute pitch of your research that is accurate and interesting?
  • 3. 2. Argument You don’t publish data - you publish an argument. What problem do you address? Why is it relevant? Will anything change?
  • 4. 3. Audience Who is your audience? What do they know? What don’t they know? Different journals are read by different specialists.
  • 5. First steps If you have data, try to create your figures early in the process. Make sure your charts are clear and readable - at least as good as they can be.
  • 6. First steps Hone in on your argument. Why should people listen to you? How will your findings impact the field? Is there anyone in particular who will be affected?
  • 7. Literature Review You may be citing anywhere from 15 - 60 papers in your article (and occasionally more). You will need to have read much more than that to properly place your article.
  • 8. Literature Review The idea with a literature review is to present a context from which to interpret your findings. Whose work does yours resemble? Are you agreeing with anyone else’s findings? Are you disagreeing with them?
  • 9. Literature Review Many comments you will receive from peer reviewers will mention studies that you should have studied. A more comprehensive search will improve your study’s chances of getting into a journal.
  • 10. Journal Selection What academic journal is most appropriate for your work? In what journals have similar studies/works been published?
  • 11. Journal Selection Each journal has a different organization and a different format for citations. When you write the paper, it will help if you write it with a specific journal (or journals) in mind.
  • 12. Focus Are you communicating the same thing people are reading? Have a friend read the paper and list the 4-5 main points. Are they the same as the 4-5 points you are trying to make?
  • 13. Ethics Are there ethical considerations in publishing the work? Are there specific guidelines for the journal? Can individuals be identified? Has part of the research been published before? Is their a disclosure needed regarding funding? How do you state the use of commercial products?
  • 14. Tables & Figures What tables and figures are absolutely necessary to express your argument? Which ones are not necessary?
  • 15. References Different journals have different guidelines for citations. Follow your journal of choice’s guidelines to the letter.
  • 16. Broad Steps to Start First, get your thoughts down. Second, get them down right.
  • 18. Writing In trying to express your ideas, there will undoubtedly be simpler phrases that if shortened will make your manuscript easier to understand. Simply put, write simply.
  • 20. Writing Two levels of structure Is the broad outline of the paper structured, with a clear argument? Are the mechanics of the paper ok? Is each sentence/ paragraph flowing well?
  • 21. Surviving Peer Review Identify weaknesses in your argument. Be your own enemy. But try to find one among your friends.
  • 22. Use Your Own Peers Try to start a proofreading circle among your friends. Offer to proofread your friend’s papers. Be critical, use lots of red ink. Make them mad. That way, they’ll be happy to return the favor.
  • 23. Submitting the Manuscript Make sure all your figures are saved as high- resolution .tiff files. Follow detailed instructions - different journals have different publication pathways. Don’t rush, take your time and make sure everything goes right the first time.
  • 24. Immediate Gratification ...isn’t going to happen. Publishing a paper is a long process. It could take up to a year or longer for your work to make it to the mailboxes of your colleagues.
  • 25. What happens next “Rejected without Review” Unfortunate. There may be critical errors in your writing or argument. Or, it is a decent article that simply isn’t a good fit for the journal.
  • 26. What happens next “Revise and Resubmit"” Good news! It will likely see daylight. Take the comments from the peer reviewers and go over them very, very carefully. Address them all - even if you disagree.
  • 27. What happens next “Accepted in its current form"” Good news! Just wait for those page proofs.
  • 28. Whatever Happens... You always start on a blank slate with your next paper. Nobel Laureates have had papers rejected without review.
  • 29. Living through Peer Review • 2) “The author tests for temporal reliability for both willingness to pay and consumer surplus measurement. It is not very clear why the author performs the two measurements. The author should provide some motivation for providing the two measurements, and explain why they might have led to different conclusions. If divergence were observed, I wonder what would have been the overall conclusion?” • The motivation for testing the two measurements (CS and WTP) was mainly for completeness because it seemed entirely possible for the surplus portion of benefits to behave differently from the total. For instance, one-time purchases of equipment (camera, books, or binoculars) or club membership fees might lead to significant structural differences in expenditures between two adjacent periods. This could affect the temporal reliability of WTP, but not for CS. In this case, only surplus benefits are transferrable while total benefits remain period specific. We could of course have the transpose as well; WTP temporally reliable and CS not. The present study showed both welfare measures to be temporally reliable and this is likely to be the norm. In the revised manuscript, I have inserted the above explanations at the end of the final paragraph in section 3 (top of page 3).
  • 30. Living through Peer Review ‣ [With respect to GISP2 temperature reconstructions for the Northern Hemisphere; Figure 4] but strictly speaking not - opposing trend in Greenland since 3000BCE to 1150 BCE generally the climate seems to improve and collapse correspond to a particularly pronounced increase in temperature (which does not correspond to any significant changes) • I am unclear as to where the confusion lies - reconstructed temperatures from GISP2 do indicate an increasing temperature trend from 3000 - 1150 BCE, albeit with some declines along the way. At the beginning of the collapse period (1315 - 1190), temperature peaked and then began to decline for the next two centuries, reaching a nadir near the beginning of the Greek Dark Ages (~1010 BCE). Temperatures remain low relative to the Late Bronze Age until the Roman Warm Period. The temperature drop recorded in the GISP2 ice core (1350 - 1310 BCE) is roughly contemporaneous with the drop in warm-species dinocyst/foraminifera and lower East Mediterranean SST’s near the time of the LBA Collapse (by 1250 - 1197 BCE). The GISP2 temperature record was included to show that the period of collapse and following dark ages occurred during lower temperatures than was the norm for the Late Bronze Age. In fact, that the transition to cooler temperatures is temporally aligned well with the decline in urban occupation. Perhaps the graphs are misleading - the white line demarcates the beginning of collapse - the collapse itself is an event that occurred over two centuries, with final urban occupation ending by 1050 BCE, at which point GISP2 indicates that Northern Hemisphere temperatures were almost 2 ºC cooler than when LBA societies were at their peak. To address this, I will add disclaimers specifying the time period of discussion in both the figure captions and body text. I suspect that the disagreement over the GISP2 record is a consequence of me not being more specific as to its interpretation relative to the other paeloclimate records used in this study. I hope this addresses the concern, though I am still not fully sure what is the object of confusion.