Food additives appendix

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Chemical/Common Name Food Additive
E-number
(in heading)
E-numbers are part of a European numbering system. An
E-number signifies approval of an additive by the European Union
(EU). To obtain an E-number, the additive must have been fully
evaluated for safety by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
Also known as
Some additives may be known by a number of different names.
We show the most common ones here to help you through the
maze.
Short description Short description of the additive.
Sources Details of the origin of the food additive.
Function
Food additives are grouped into classes according to their main
function (use). Some additives are used for more than one
purpose. See for example Lecithin (E322). It can be used as an
emulsifier as well as a stabilizer.
Please see the Food ingredients & additives chapter for more
information about various types/classes of food additives.
Products Examples of food products which may contain this additive.
Suitability
Suitability of the additive for the most common religious diets,
vegetarians and vegans. This is an indication of use only; please
always check with your guest before serving a meal.
Note: suitability of the additive for allergies, intolerances
or similar (nutritional) disorders is not taken into account
unless indicated. If you are in any doubt, always consult
a skilled dietician!
Food additives appendix
In this appendix, we list additives used in foods, state their use and origin and
indicate their suitability for different groups of people including vegetarians,
vegans and ethnic groups.
Disclaimer:
• This guide is a general list of food additives. It does not necessarily mean
that these additives can be found in Unilever Food Solutions products.
For information about the ingredients used in Unilever Food Solutions
products please refer to the ingredient list on the product label
• This guide does not in any way supplement the law, nor constitutes
legal guidance
Information you will ﬁnd for each food additive
Main references used
http://www.food-info.net
http://www.fao.org/food/food-safety-quality/scientiﬁc-advice/jecfa/jecfa-additives/en/

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Acetic acid, glacial – E260
Also known as Ethanoic acid, glacial acetic acid
Short description
Acid, for example used against the growth
of fungi in bread
Sources
Natural acid, present in fruits like figs. Also synthetically
made of wood-vinegar
Function Preservative
Products
Vinegar, cheese, bread, salad dressing, mayonnaise, meats,
soup, beer
Suitability Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians
Acetylated di-starch adipate – E1422
Also known as Starch G, acetated starch
Short description
Substance, for example used to make a product
thicker and to make the texture stronger
Sources
Synthetic substance, made of starch and acetic
acid (E260) and adipic acid (E355)
Function Thickener
Products Ready-to-eat meals, desserts, cake filling, jelly products
Acesulfame potassium – E950
Also known as Acesulfame K
Short description
White powder, for example used to make the taste of
a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value
Sources Synthetic substance, made of ketones
Function Sweetener
Products
Soft drinks, fruit juice, dairy drinks, jam, ice cream,
marinated fish, chewing gum

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Acid treated starch
Also known as Acid modified starch
Short description
Substance, for example used to make a product thicker
and to make the texture stronger
Sources
Synthetic substance, made of starch (also indicated as
modified starch)
Function Thickener and stabilizer
Products Gumballs, sugared candy, chips, chocolates, biscuits, sausages
Adipic acid – E355
Also known as Hexanedioic acid
Short description
White powder, for example used to minimize taste
and odour in products
Sources Natural acid, present in beets and sugar cane (juice)
Function Acidity regulator
Products
Confectionery, baking products, gelatin, canned
vegetables, sausages
Acetylated di-starch phosphate – E1414
Also known as Starch J
Short description Substance, for example used to make a product thicker
Sources Synthetic substance, made of starch
Function Thickener
Products Ready-to-eat meals, desserts, cake filling, jelly products

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Alginic acid – E400
Also known as Norgine, polymannuronic acid, sazio
Short description White to yellowish brown substance, serving many functions
Sources Natural carbohydrate, produced by seaweed
Function Emulsifier, thickener
Products
Lemonade, instant pudding powder, confectionery, chewing gum,
glaze, chocolate milk, mayonnaise
Agar – E406
Also known as
Agar-agar, bengal isinglass, Ceylon isinglass, Chinese isinglass,
gelose, Japanese isinglass, Japan agar, layor carang
Short description
White or yellowish, occurs in different forms (e.g. strips, flakes,
powder), for example used to absorb water so a gel can be formed
Sources
Natural carbohydrate, produced by seaweeds (vegetable
alternative of gelatin)
Function Thickener, stabilizer
Products Ice cream, confectionery, bakery products, beer, marmalade
Alitame
Also known as Alclame
Short description
White powder, for example used to make the taste of a product
sweeter without increasing the caloric value
Sources Synthetic substance, made by a complex chemical process
Function Sweetener
Products Candy, chocolates, chewing gum, jam, marmalade

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Allura red AC – E129
Also known as CI (1975) No.16035, CI Food Red 17, FD&C Red No.40
Short description Red colour powder
Sources Synthetic azo dye
Function Food colour
Products Candy, hamburgers and other meat products
Alpha-Amylase
Also known as
alpha-Amylase and Glucoamylase from Aspergillus oryzae,
alpha-Amylase from Aspergillus oryzae, alpha-Amylase from
Bacillus stearothermophilus, alpha-Amylase from Bacillus
subtilis, Amyloglucosidase from Aspergillus niger, Carbohydrase
from Bacillus lichen
Short description
Enzyme, for example used in production to prepare the
ingredients
Sources Natural enzyme, extracted from fungus
Function Flour treatment agent
Products Dairy products, cheese, canned vegetables, breakfast cereals
Alkaline treated starch
Short description
Substance, for example used to make a product thicker and
to make the texture stronger
Sources
Synthetic substance, made of starch and sodium or potassium
hydroxide (E524 or E525) (also indicated as modified starch)
Products
Custard, yoghurt, ice cream, margarine, mayonnaise,
cheese spread, candy, chewing gum
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Alpha- Tocopherol – E307
Also known as Vitamin E, RRR-alpha-tocopherol
Short description
Oily liquid, for example used to prevent rancidity of fatty
products. There are two different types of this additive,
307a and 307b
Sources
Natural extract of vegetable oils (especially derived from
sunflower oil), also made synthetically
Function Antioxidant
Products Oils and fats, frying oil, cheese, pastry, soup
Aluminium – E173
Also known as CI (1975) No. 77000, CI pigment metal
Short description
Silver-grey colour powder. There are five types of this additive;
(i) up to (v)
Sources
Natural metal, a low concentration is found in grains
and vegetables
Products Pastry decorations, candy, pasteurized protein
Aluminium ammonium sulphate – E523
Also known as Ammonium alum, aluminium, ammonium disulphate
Short description
Colourless substance with a sweet taste, for example used as
acid source in baking powder. Also used to prevent colour loss
Sources Synthetic substance, extracted from aluminium sulphate (E520)
Function Acidity regulator and stabilizer
Products Baking powder

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Aluminium silicate – E559
Also known as Kaolin, light or heavy
Short description
White-yellow powder, for example used to prevent ingredients
clumping together in a product
Sources Natural substance, extracted from white clay
Function Anti-caking agent
Products Flavours and colours
Aluminium potassium sulphate – E522
Also known as Burnt alum (anhydrous), potassium alum, potash alum
Short description
Colourless or white crystals, for example used to regulate
the sourness of food
Sources Synthetic substance, made of aluminium sulphate (E520)
Function Acidity regulator and raising agent
Products Baking powder
Aluminium sodium sulphate – E521
Also known as Sodium Alum, soda Alum
Short description
Colourless substance, for example used to improve the structure
of vegetables and fruits during processing
Sources Synthetic substance, made of aluminium sulphate (E520)
Products Cheese, candy

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Aluminium sulphate – E520
Also known as Alum, cake alum, patent alum
Short description
White powder, for example used to improve the structure
of vegetables and fruits during processing
Sources
Natural substance, derived from the mineral alunogerite
or from clay
Products Pickled vegetables, beer, herbal vinegar
Amaranth – E123
Also known as CI (1975) No. 16185, CI Food Red 9, Naphtol Rot S
Products
Fruit brandy, soft drinks, lemonade, red gelatine, yoghurt drinks,
milkshake, custard (all imported from outside the EU)
Ammonia solution – E527
Also known as
Ammonium hydroxide, aqueous ammonia, strong
ammonia solution
Short description
Clear liquid, for example used to control the pH value
of a product and for the production of caramel
Sources Synthetic liquid, made of ammonia and water
Products Egg and cacao products

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Ammonium carbonates – E503
Also known as Ammonium hydrogen carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate
Short description
White powder, for example used to rise the product and to
neutralize sour ingredients. There are two different types
of this additive, 503(i) and 503(ii)
Sources
Synthetically produced from ammonium sulphate and calcium
carbonate (both natural minerals)
Products Cookies, pretzels, chocolates, candy, baking powder
Ammonium alginate – E403
Also known as Alginic acid ammonium salt
Short description White to yellowish brown substance, serving many functions
Sources Ammonium salt of alginic acid (E400)
Products Soft drinks, food colours, icings
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Ammonium chloride
Also known as Ammonium muriate, sal ammoniac
Short description
White powder, for example used in baking goods to stabilize
the mixture
Sources
Natural salt, part of sea salt and rock salt. Synthetically produced
from hydrochloric acid (a synthetic acid) and ammonia
Products Salmiac pastiles, doughnuts, low salt crackers and biscuits

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Ammonium phosphate
Also known as
Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, diammonium
hydrogen phosphate
Short description White powder, has many uses
Sources
Natural salt, present in our body. Commercially produced from
phosphoric acid (E338)
Function Emulsifier, stabilizer
Products Baking powder, pastry filling, candy, breakfast cereals, soup
Ammonium polyphosphate
Also known as
Ammoniumpolymetaphosphate, ammoniummetaphosphate,
ammoniumhexametaphosphate
Short description White powder, for example used as food source for yeast
Sources
Synthetic substance, made by heating ammonium hydrogen
phosphate (E342)
Products Frozen poultry, meat products, cheese spread
Ammonium salts of phosphatidic acid – E442
Also known as Ammonium phosphatides, emulsifier YN
Short description Substance, only used in chocolate production
Sources
Mixture of the ammonium compounds of phosphatidic acids
derived from edible fat (usually rapeseed oil)
Products Chocolate
Suitability
E442 is generally produced with rapeseed oil. However, the use
of animal fat (incl. pork) cannot be completed excluded

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Annatto, bixin, norbixin – E160b
Also known as
Annatto B, CI (1975) 75120 (Natural Orange 4), Orlean, L. Orange,
Terre orellana, annatto F, CI (1975) 75120 (Natural Orange 4),
Orlean, L. Orange, Terre orellana
Short description
Red-brown colour liquid. There are three different types of this
additive; 160b(i), 160b(ii) and 160b(iii)
Sources
Natural pigment, derived from the seeds of the annatto tree
(Bixa orellana). Annatto is the mixture, bixin is the fat-soluble
colour and norbixin is the water-soluble colour
Products
Margarine, cooking oil, salad dressing, cheese, ice cream,
mayonnaise, chocolate cake, salads, pretzels
Ammonium sulphate – E517
Also known as Sulphuric acid diammonium salt, mascagnite
Short description
White crystals, for example used to make bread dough
stronger and stable so that the texture doesn’t change
Sources
Natural substance, extracted from mascagniet. Now made
synthetically from ammonium salt and sulphuric acid (E513)
Function Stabilizer
Products Bread cream, baking goods, baking powder
Anthocyanins – E163
Also known as Enociania, eno
Short description
Red to blue colour powder. There are nine different types of this
additive, a, b, c, d, e, f, (i), (ii) and (iii)
Sources Natural pigment, derived from many different plants
Products
Berry juice, pudding, custard, soft drinks, lemonade, milkshake,
ice cream, yoghurt drinks, candy, ketchup
Suitability
Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians, except Jews
because the juice can come from grapes

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Arabic gum – E414
Also known as Acacia gum, gum Arabic
Short description
Yellow-white substance, for example used against crystals
forming in sugar
Sources
Natural carbohydrate, produced from the Axacia tree
(Acacia senegal)
Function Thickener, emulsifier, stabilizer
Products Chewing gum, confectionery, jelly, fondants
Argon – E938
Also known as Ar, atomic number 18
Short description
Colourless gas, for example used to keep the product well
preserved in packaging
Sources Natural inert gas
Function Propellent gas
Products Canned products
Ascorbic acid – E300
Also known as
Vitamin C (however, it cannot be added as a vitamin
supplement when labelled E300)
Short description
White to slightly yellow, odourless crystalline powder, for
example used to prevent discolouration of fruit and meat
after cutting
Sources
Natural acid, which occurs naturally in most fruits and
vegetables. Commercially produced by bacterial fermentation
of glucose
Products
Milk powder, buttermilk, meatloaf, lemonade, wheat flour,
beer, apple juice, grape juice, meats, jam, candy, canned
mushrooms, soup, egg products
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Aspartame-acesulfame salt – E962
Also known as Salt of Aspartame-acesulfame, twinsweet
Short description
Sources Synthetic salt, made of aspartame and acesulfame
Function Sweetener
Products Jam, canned fruit, aromatized alcoholic beverages
Azodicarbonamide – E927b
Also known as ADA, azoformamide, carbamide, carbonyldiamide, aquadrate
Short description
Yellow powder, for example used to optimize the dough
of baked goods
Sources Synthetic substance, made of ammonia and carbon dioxide (a gas)
Function Flour treatment agent, raising agent
Products White bread, wine
Aspartame – E951
Also known as APM, aspartyl phenylalanine methyl ester
Short description
White powder, for example used to make the taste of
a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value
Sources
Synthetic substance, made of asparaginic acid and
phenylalanine (both natural amino acids). Also made
of genetically modified bacteria
Function Sweetener
Products
Lemonade, soft drinks, yoghurt drinks, chewing gum, sweeteners,
coffee creamer, instant pudding powder, chocolates, candy

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Bees wax – E901
Also known as Bees wax, white or yellow
Short description
Wax, for example used to make a product shine on the outside.
Also used for citrus fruit to prevent the affect of fungus and
against drying out. There are two different types of this additive,
901(i) and 901(ii)
Sources
Natural wax, produced by bees. The white wax is bleached
by sunlight or hydrogen peroxide
Function Glazing agent
Products
Coffee, citrus fruit, candy, lemonade, ice cream, chewing gum,
baked goods, cheese, honey
Suitability
Can be used by all religions and vegetarians. Some vegans
won’t want to eat this additive because it is made by bees
Azorubine – E122
Also known as Carmoisine, CI Food Red 3, CI (1975) No. 14720
Products
Fruit brandy, soft drinks, lemonade, strawberry quark,
ice cream, cake, pastries, yoghurt drinks, milkshake, custard,
jam, candy, marzipan
Beet red – E162
Sources Natural pigment, derived from the roots of red beet
Products
Strawberry pudding, soft drinks, lemonade, jam, ketchup, candy,
liquor, pastry filling

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Benzoic acid – E210
Also known as Benzenecarboxylic acid, dracylic acid, phenylcarboxylic acid
Short description
Acid, for example used against the growth of fungi and yeast
in food products
Sources
Natural substance, present in many fruits. In addition to fruits,
benzoates occur naturally in mushrooms, cinnamon, cloves and
some dairy products (as a result of bacterial fermentation). For
commercial purposes, it is prepared chemically from toluene
Products
Sambal, ice cream, lemonade, mustard, vegetables in jars,
jam, mayonnaise, margarine, egg yolk products
Benzoylperoxide
Also known as Benzoylsuperoxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, lucidol, oxy-5
Short description
Colourless substance, for example used to optimize the flour
in baked goods and to bleach flour or oil
Sources
Synthetic substance, made of benzoylchloride (an organic
compound) and sodium peroxide (a synthetic compound
made when sodium is burned with oxygen)
Products White bread, white cheese (such as gorgonzola)
Bentonite – E558
Also known as Bentoniteicum, aluminium silicate
Short description
Cream-white powder, for example used to prevent ingredients
clumping together in a product and to make a solution clear
Sources Natural substance, derived from volcanic clay
Function Anti-caking agent and emulsifier
Products Cacao butter, fruit juice, fruit wine

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Benzyl alcohol
Also known as
Benzenemethanol, alpha-hydroxytoluene, phenylcarbinol,
phenylmethyl alcohol
Short description
Liquid, for example used to optimize the taste of an aroma
in a product
Sources
Natural substance, present in yasmin-, hyacinth- and ylang-ylang
oil. Mostly synthetically produced
Function Flavour agent
Products
Lemonade, soft drinks, ice cream, soup, pudding powder,
chewing gum
Beta-Apo-8’-carotenal – E160e
Also known as CI Food Orange 6, CI (1975) No. 40820, beta carotene
Sources Natural pigment, derived from plants or made of beta-carotene
Products Soft drinks, ice cream, candy, baked goods, pudding, soup, cheese
Beta-Cyclodextrin – E459
Also known as BCD, cyclodextrin B, beta-cyclodextrin, beta-schardinger dextrin
Short description
White substance, for example used to stabilize unstable
compounds in a product
Sources Synthetic compound, produced from starch
Function Stabilizer, thickener, emulsifier
Products Sugar-free candy, frozen meals, snacks, sport drinks

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Bone phosphate
Also known as Edible bone phosphate
Short description
Cream-white powder, for example used to clear syrups
and to prevent ingredients clumping together
Sources
Substance made from the residue of animal bones,
this method is approved by authorities
Function Anti-caking agent and emulsifier
Products Cane sugar syrup
Suitability
Because of the animal origin of this additive, vegans and
vegetarians won’t eat these products. Muslims, Jews and Hindus
also can’t eat this additive because of its animal origin
Bleached starch
Also known as Partially oxidized starch, starch E
Short description
White substance, for example used to make a product thicker
Sources
Synthetic substance, made by bleaching starch (also indicated
as modified starch)
Function Thickener
Products Salad dressing, custard, fruit yoghurt, pudding powder, ice cream
Brilliant black PN – E151
Also known as Black PN, CI Food Black 1, CI (1975) No. 28440
Short description Black colour powder
Products Custard, soft drinks, candy, liquor

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Brilliant blue FCF – E133
Also known as CI Food Blue 2, CI (1975) No. 42900, FD&C Blue No.1
Short description Blue colour powder
Sources Synthetic pigment
Products Ice cream and a few other food products
Brown FK – E154
Also known as CI Food Brown 1
Short description Brown colour powder
Sources Synthetic pigment, mixture of azo dyes
Products Fish products
Brown HT – E155
Also known as Chocolate brown HT, CI (1975) No. 20285, CI Food Brown 3
Short description Brown colour powder
Products Pasties, chocolate, cake, candy, toffees
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Butylated hydroxyanisole – E320
Also known as
BHA, antracine 12, sustane 1-F, tenox BHA, embanox,
nepantiox 1-F
Short description
White or slightly yellow substance, for example used
to prevent rancidity in fats and fatty products
Sources Synthetic antioxidant
Products
Biscuits, cake mix, pretzels, chips, cookies, oil, salad oil,
chewing gum, instant soup, pudding powder
Butane, isobutane – E943 a,b
Also known as n-Butane, 2-methyl propane; methyl propane
Short description
Gas, for example used to make the product come out of the
packaging, such as aerosols. Also used to freeze products
Products Aerosols
Butylated hydroxytoluene – E321
Also known as BHT, vianol, DBMP, impruvol, antracine 8
Short description
White substance, for example used to prevent rancidity
in fats and fatty products
Sources Synthetic antioxidant
Products Cake mix, chewing gum, pretzels, instant sauce and soup
Suitability
Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians. Soy-lecithin
can cause an allergic reaction in people who are allergic to
soybeans or eggs
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Calcium 5’-guanylate – E629
Also known as Calcium guanylate
Short description
Substance, for example used to increase the taste intensity
of a product
Sources
Synthetic substance, made of guanylic acid (E626) and
calcium salt
Function Flavour enhancer
Products Bouillon cube, sprinkle flavour
Suitability
Can be used by all religions. Cannot be used by vegans and
vegetarians because the origin can come from sardines
Calcium 5’-inosinate – E633
Also known as Calcium inosinate
Short description
Substance, for example used to increase the taste intensity
of a product. Can also be used in salt reduced products
Sources Synthetic substance, made of inosinic acid (E630) and calcium salt
Products
Soup, bouillon cubes, sausages, corned beef, hot dogs,
hamburger, ham
Suitability
This additive cannot be used by vegans and vegetarians as it is
made from meat or fish. The origin of the meat isn’t always clear,
so Muslims, Jews and Hindus can’t use this additive unless the
origin is known
Calcium 5’-ribonucleotides – E634
Also known as Calcium ribonucleotides
Short description
White substance, for example used to increase the taste intensity
of a product
Sources
Synthetic substance, made of guanylic acid (E626), inosinic acid
(E630) and calcium salt
Products
Loempia, soup, bouillon cubes, sprinkle flavour, prepared minced
meat, sausages, hamburger, corned beef, hot dogs, ham, low salt
meat products
Suitability
This additive cannot be used by vegans and vegetarians because
it is made from meat or fish. The origin of the meat isn’t always
clear, so Muslims, Jews and Hindus can’t use this additive unless
the origin is known
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Calcium alginate – E404
Also known as Alginic acid calcium salt
Short description
White to yellowish brown substance, for example used
to prevent crystals forming in frozen products
Sources Calcium salt of alginic acid (E400)
Products Ice cream, frozen bakery products
Calcium acetate – E263
Also known as Brown acetate of lime, grey acetate of lime
Short description
White substance, for example used against the growth
of micro-organisms in bread
Sources Synthetic salt, made of acetic acid (E260) and calcium
Products Bread, instant pudding powder, cake mix
Calcium aluminium silicate – E556
Also known as
Aluminium calcium silicate, calcium aluminosilicate,
calcium silicoaluminate, sodium calcium silicoaluminate
Short description
White powder, for example used to prevent ingredients
clumping together
Sources Natural substance, derived from natural minerals
Products
Noodles, powdered sugar, instant coffee, salt, milk powder,
dried egg yolk, rice

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Calcium ascorbate – E302
Also known as Calcium L-ascorbate
Short description
White-yellow powder, for example used to prevent
discolouration of fruit and meat
Sources Natural calcium salt of ascorbic acid
Products Soup, egg products, ready-to-eat meat products
Calcium benzoate – E213
Also known as
Benzenecarboxylic acid calcium salt, dracylic acid calcium salt,
phenylcarboxylic acid calcium salt
Short description
White powder, for example used against the growth of yeast,
bacteria and some fungi in food products
Sources Synthetic salt made of benzoic acid and calcium
Products
Brandy, sauces, margarine, cheese, steak tartare, chips, ketchup,
sambal, mayonnaise, ice cream, marmalade, cake mix
Calcium carbonate – E170
Also known as Chalk
Short description White colour powder
Sources Natural mineral
Function Anti-caking agents, stabilizer
Products Ice cream, candy, salt, flavours and fragrances, soya milk

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Calcium citrates – E333
Also known as Monocalcium citrate, dicalcium citrate, tricalcium citrate
Short description
White powder, for example used to improve the structure of
canned vegetables. There are three different types of this
additive: 333(i), 333(ii), 333(iii)
Sources Calcium salt of citric acid (E330)
Products Few products, due to limited solubility
Calcium di-L-glutamate – E623
Also known as Calcium glutamate
Short description
White powder, for example used to increase the taste intensity
of a product. Can be used in salt reduced products
Sources Synthetic substance, made of glutamic acid (E620)
Products Sprinkle flavour, soup, minced meat, meat
Calcium chloride – E509
Also known as Calcium chloride anhydrous
Short description
Powder, for example used to optimize the structure
of vegetables and fruit
Sources Natural salt, part of sea salt and rock salt
Products
Apple cake mix, cheese, chocolate, candy, tomatoes, kidney beans,
cream, milk powder, quark, instant pudding powder

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Calcium ferrocyanide – E538
Also known as Hexacyanoferrate of calcium, yellow prussiate of lime
Short description
Yellow substance, for example used to prevent ingredients
Sources Synthetically made of calcium hydroxide (E526)
Products Dietary salt
Suitability Can be used by all religions and vegetarians
Calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate – E385
Also known as Calcium disodium edetate, calcium disodium EDTA
Short description
White powder, for example used to optimize the structure
of a product
Sources Synthetic compound, calcium/sodium salt of EDTA
Function Stabilizer, sequestrant (metal binder)
Products
Mayonnaise, cauliflower, kidney beans, lentils or beans in jars,
liquor, peanut butter, canned shrimps, canned crab
Calcium gluconate – E578
Also known as
Calciumdigluconate, calcium-di-D-gluconate
monohydrate, calciofon
Short description
White powder, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping
together in a product and to improve the structure of a product
during processing
Sources
Synthetic substance, made of gluconic acid (E574) and
calcium carbonate
Products
Cheese, pudding powder, sugar replacers, chocolate,
candy, chocolate cake, dried apples, canned tomatoes
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Calcium hydroxide – E526
Also known as Slaked lime
Short description
White powder, for example used to control the pH value in
a product. Also used to improve the structure of vegetables
and fruit during processing
Sources Synthetic substance, extracted from calciumoxide
Products
Cheese, cacao products, wine, sweet frozen products,
dried fish, chips
Calcium lactate – E327
Also known as Calcium dilactate
Short description
White to cream coloured powder, for example used against
the growth of fungi and yeasts
Sources Calcium salt of lactic acid (E270)
Products
Whipped cream, cheese spread, ice cream, soup,
industrial baking powder
Suitability
Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians. Although
the name refers to milk, it is not made from milk and so suitable
for people with a milk allergy or lactose intolerance
Calcium hydrogen sulphite – E227
Also known as Calcium bisulphite solution
Short description
Green-yellow liquid, for example used as a preservative
in beer production
Sources Synthetic calcium salt of sulphurous acid
Products Beer

145
Calcium lignosulfonate (40-65)
Also known as Lignosulfonic acid, calcium salt (40-65)
Short
description
Brown powder, for example used to optimize the taste
of an aroma in a product
Sources
Natural substance, extracted from the sulphite pulping
of softwood
Function Flavour solvent
Products Fruit drinks, vitamin drinks
Calcium malate – E352
Also known as Calcium hydrogen malate, calcium malate
Short description
White powder, for example used to thicken and give strength
to the product. Also used to prevent colour reduction
Sources Calcium salt of malic acid (E296)
Function Thickener
Products Fried products, ice cream, marmalade
Calcium oxide – E529
Also known as Lime
Short description
Grey-white powder, for example used to clear the juice in sugar
production and to stabilize ingredients in bakery goods. Also
used as a food source of yeast
Sources Synthetic powder, extracted from limestone or chalk
Products Cacao, ice cream mix, chocolate, sour cream, waffles
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Calcium polyphosphate
Also known as
Calciumpolymetaphophate, calciummetaphosphate,
calciumhexametaphosphate
Short description
Colourless powder, for example used to prevent demixing
in melted cheese
Sources Synthetic substance, made by heating calciumphosphate
Products Cheese spread, cheese without crust
Calcium phosphate – E341
Also known as
Monocalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate,
tricalcium phosphate
Short description
White powder, for example used to prevent clumps forming
in powders
Sources
Natural salt, present in our body. Commercially produced
from phosphoric acid (E338)
Function Acidity regulator, anti-caking agent, sequestrant (metal binder)
Products
Bakery products, baking powder, pastry filling, candy, breakfast
cereals, soup
Calcium propionate – E282
Also known as Calcium propanoate, calcium-mycoban
Short description White substance, for example used against fungus
Sources Natural calcium salt, derived from propionic acid (E280)
Products Rye bread, baked goods with chocolate, frozen pizza

147
Calcium sorbate – E203
Also known as Calcium salt of sorbic acid
Short description
White powder, for example used against the growth of fungi
and yeast in a food product
Sources
Natural salt, present in the fruit of mountain ash trees.
Commercially made by a synthetic process
Products
Rye bread, fruit yoghurt, concentrated fruit juice, frozen pizza,
jam, meat and fish salads, meatballs, dairy products
Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate – E482
Also known as Calcium stearoyl lactylate, calcium stearoyl lactate
Short description
White-yellow powder, for example used to optimize
the baking process in bread
Sources
Synthetic mixture of calcium, stearic acid (a natural saturated
fatty acid) and lactic acid (E270)
Function Emulsifier and stabilizer
Products Bread, cream, candy, potato flakes
Suitability
Although this additive is mostly made of vegetable oil, the use
of animal fat can’t be excluded completely. So this additive
cannot be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians
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Calcium silicate – E552
Also known as Micro-cell, silene, sil-ka
Short description
White powder, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping
together in a product and to improve shine, such as candy
Sources Natural substance, derived from chalk and special sand
Products
Salt, baking powder, chewing gum, candy, glace of sugar, instant
sauce and soup

148
Calcium sulphite – E226
Also known as Calcium salt of sulphurous acid
Short description
White powder, for example used against the growth of bacteria,
fungi and some yeast in food products
Sources Synthetic calcium salt of sulphurous acid
Products Cider, fruit juice, granulated sugar
Calcium peroxide
Also known as Calcium superoxide
Short description
White-yellow powder, for example used to bleach flour
and optimize flour in baked goods
Sources Synthetic substance, made of calcium
Products White bread, pastry
148
Calcium sulphate – E516
Also known as Gipsum, annaline, alabaster, sleniet, terra alba, satin spar
Short description
Yellow-white powder, for example used to optimize the function
of gelling agents and the structure of vegetables and fruit during
processing. Also used to make bread dough stable
Sources
Synthetically produced from calcium salts and sulphuric acid
(E513). Natural mineral
Function Stabilizer
Products Danish blue cheese, gorgonzola, beer, tomatoes, pepper, potatoes

149
Calcium tartarate – E354
Also known as DL-calcium tartarate
Short description
White powder, for example used in seaweed to mask
the odour of fish
Sources Calcium salt of tartaric acid (E334)
Function Acidity regulator, preservative
Products Fish and fruit preserves, seaweed products
Candilla wax – E902
Also known as Candilla cera, euphorbia wax
Short description
Brown-yellow wax, for example used to make
a product shine on the outside
Sources Natural wax, made of plants
Products Coffee, candy, chewing gum, fruit
Canthaxanthin – E161g
Also known as CI Food Orange 8, CI (1975) No. 40850
Short description Orange colour powder
Sources
Natural pigment, present in many plants and birds. Commercially
prepared from catharelles (mushroom) or flamingo feathers.
However, it is mainly produced synthetically from carotene
Products Imported egg yolk (from outside EU), salmon, canned shrimp
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150
Carmine and carmine acid – E120
Also known as CI (1975) No. 75470, CI Natural Red 4, Cochineal carmine
Sources
Natural pigment, derived from the coccus insect
(Dactylopius coccus)
Products
Fruit dessert, strawberry sauce, soft drinks, lemonade,
yoghurt drinks, milkshake, lipstick, eye shadow
Suitability
NOT for all religions, vegans and vegetarians because this
additive comes from insects.
150
Carbon dioxide – E290
Also known as Dry ice
Short description
Colourless gas, for example used in carbonated drinks for the
sparkling effect
Sources Natural gas, part of air
Products
Carbonated soft drinks, sparkling alcoholic drinks, spray whipped
cream, freeze dried vegetables, pre-packed foods
Caramel – E150 (a,b,c,d)
Also known as
Sugar couleur, burnt sugar, alkaline caramel, Class I caramel,
alkali-sulphite caramel, Class II caramel, ammonia caramel,
Class III caramel, sulphite-ammonia caramel, Class IV caramel
Short description
Brown colour powder, there are four different types of this
additive, 150a, 150b, 150c and 150d
Sources
Natural pigment, made by heating sugar. There are four different
methods to make this colour, so there are four subadditives
(a, b, c and d)
Products
Beer, liqueur, whisky, cognac, vinegar, pudding, bouillon, soft
drinks, ice cream, cookies, candy, toffee, ketjap, peanut sauce

151
Carnauba wax – E903
Also known as Brazil wax
Short description
Green wax, for example used to make a product shine
on the outside
Sources
Natural wax, made from palm leaves of the Canauba palm
or related trees
Products Citrus fruit, coffee, baked goods, chewing gum, chocolate
Carob bean gum – E410
Also known as Locust bean gum, visco gum
Short description
Yellow-white powder, for example used to make gels
or to make products thicker
Sources
Natural carbohydrate, extracted from the seeds of the
Carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua)
Function Stabilizer, emulsifier, thickener
Products
Frozen desserts, cultured dairy products, cream cheese, sauces,
chocolate spread
Carotenes – E160a
Also known as
CI Food Orange 5, CI (1975) No. 40800, carotenes-natural,
CI (1975) No. 75130, CI (1975) No. 40800 (beta-Carotene),
Natural beta-carotene
Short description
Yellow-orange colour powder. There are two different types
of this additive 160a(i) and 160a(ii)
Sources
Natural (160a(ii)) and synthetic (160a(i)) pigment, derived
from plants and carrots
Products
Cheese, margarine, soup, mayonnaise, pudding, custard,
soft drinks, candy
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Castor oil
Also known as Ricinus oil
Short description
Light-yellow oil, for example used to optimize the taste
of an aroma in the product
Sources
Natural oil, extracted from the seeds of the Ricinus tree
(castor bean)
Products Sugar candy
Cassia gum – E427
Short description
Pale yellow-white powder, for example used to make
products thicker
Sources Natural substance, extracted from the seeds of the Cassia plants
Function Thickener, emulsifier
Products Cheese, frozen dairy desserts, meat and poultry products
Carrageenan – E407
Also known as
Eucheuman, furcellaran or Danish agar, hypnean, iridophycan,
Irish moss gelos
Short description
Yellow-white powder, for example used to form gels or make the
product thicker. There are three different types of this additive,
the most common one is 407a, processed Eucheuma seaweed
Sources Natural carbohydrate, produced by seaweeds
Products
Ice cream, flavoured milk, bakery products, salad dressings,
cheese

153
Cellulose – E460
Also known as Microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose gel, powdered cellulose
Short description White powder, with many uses
Sources
Natural carbohydrate, present in plants and wood.
Commercially prepared from wood
Function Thickener, anti-caking agent, emulsifier
Products
Frozen pudding, canned whipped cream, chocolate, candy,
chewing gum, meats, bread, ice cream
Chlorine
Also known as Chloor, chlor, chlore, cholo, monocular chlorine
Short description
Yellow-green gas, for example used to bleach flour and optimize
flour in baked goods
Sources Natural gas obtained from salt
Products Cake flour, walnuts, mushrooms, white bread
Chlorophyll – E140
Also known as
CI Natural Green 3, CI (1975) No. 75810, magnesium phaeophytin,
magnesium chlorophyll
Short description Green colour powder
Sources
Natural pigment, present in all plants and algae.
Commercially extracted from nettle, grass and alfalfa
Products
Feta cheese, mayonnaise with herbs, concentrated green
vegetables, soft drinks, lemonade, ice cream, fruit yoghurt
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154
Copper complexes of chlorophyll – E141
Also known as
CI (1975) No. 75810, CI Natural Green 3, Copper chlorophyll,
Copper phaeophytin
Sources
Synthetic pigment, extracted from the green colour agent
chlorophyll (E140, made of plants and algea)
Products Custard, pudding, soft drinks, lemonade, ice cream, wine gums
Cholic acid
Also known as Cholate, choleate
Short description
Colourless substance, for example used to combine ingredients
in a product that normally wouldn’t mix
Sources
Natural substance, present in the bile of vertebrate animals.
Also made synthetically
Function Emulsifier
Products Protein powder
Suitability
Cannot be used by all vegans, vegetarians and religions, because
of its origin (chicken egg)
Citric acid – E330
Also known as
Citric acid monohydrate, citric acid anhydrous,
B-hydroxytricarballic acid
Short description
White or colourless powder, for example used to decrease
enzymatic browning of fruit and fruit products
Sources
Natural acid, found in citrus fruits, kiwi, strawberries and many
other fruits. It is commercially prepared by fermentation of
molasses with the mould Aspergillus niger
Products
Meat, jam, marmalade, canned vegetables and fruit, soft drinks,
lemonade, margarine, mayonnaise, salad dressing, mustard,
cheesecake, beer, wine, cider, ice cream, candy

155
Cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose – E468
Also known as
Crosscarmellose sodium, cross-linked carboxymethyl
cellulose, cross-linked sodium CMC, cross-linked cellulose
gum, cross-linked CMC
Short description White to greyish-white powder
Sources
Synthetic salt, made of sodium and carboxymethyl cellulose
(E466, a synthetic substance of cellulose)
Function Stabilizer and thickener
Products
Cheese, canned vegetables, breakfast cereals, pre-cooked pasta
and noodles, baked goods
Cupric sulphate
Also known as Copper sulphate, blue stone
Short description
Blue powder, for example used against the growth
of bacteria and to add colour to a product
Sources Natural substance, extracted from sulphuric acid (E513)
Function Preservative and colour agent
Products Meat, cereals, vegetables, grapes, melons, berries
Curcumin – E100
Also known as Kurkum, turmeric yellow
Short description Yellow-orange colour powder
Sources Food colour
Products Curry powder, curcuma, salad dressing, mayonnaise
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Cyclotetraglucose
Also known as
Cycloalternanotetraose, cyclotetraose, cycloalternan, cyclic
nigerosyl-(1→6)-nigerose
Short description
White powder, for example used to optimize the taste of
an aroma in a product
Sources
Natural substance, present in sake leeks. Synthetically produced
from acetic acid
Products Bread, dairy products, fruit juice, canned soup, candy
Curdlan
Also known as beta-1,3-Glucan
Short description
White powder, for example used to make products thicker
and stable
Sources Natural substance, produced by bacteria
Function Thickener, stabilizer, firming agent, gelling agent
Products
Cheese, fat spread, canned vegetables and fruit, breakfast
cereals, chocolate products
Cyclamates – E952
Also known as Cyclohexylsulfamic acid, sodium cyclamate, calcium cyclamate
Short description
White substance, for example used to make the taste of a product
sweeter without increasing the caloric value and to make the
taste of fruit stronger. There are three different types of this
additive, 952(i), 952(ii) and 952(iii)
Sources Synthetic salt of cyclamic acid (a sweet/sour acid)
Function Sweetener
Products Canned fruit and fruit cocktail, baked goods, jam, pudding

157
Delta-Tocopherol – E309
Also known as Vitamin E, DL-delta-tocopherol
Short description Oily liquid, for example used to prevent rancidity of fatty products
Sources
Natural extract of vegetable oils (especially derived from soybean
oil), also made synthetically
Products Oils and fats, particularly olive oil, soup
Dextrin
Also known as British gum, white or yellow dextrin, roasted starch
Short description
White-yellow powder, for example used to make a product
thicker and to let the outside of a product shine
Sources
Natural substance, made by heating starch (also indicated as
modified starch)
Function Thickener
Products Custard, beer, liquor, candy, chewing gum, low energy products
Dicalcium pyrophosphate
Also known as Calcium pyrophosphate
Short description
White powder, for example used in dough to make the texture
stable and bread or baking goods rise
Sources Synthetic salts of phosphoric acid (E338)
Function Emulsifier, acidity regulator and raising agent
Products Cookies, cheesecake, cheese without crust, frozen bread, pretzels
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Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
Also known as Docusate sodium, DSS
Short description
Waxy substance, for example it prevents a product from drying
out, used to make a firm structure
Sources
Synthetic substance, made of octane (a hydrocarbon), malic acid
(E296) and sodium
Function Emulsifier
Products Sweetener tablets, bouillon cubes, instant cacao powder
Dimethyl dicarbonate – E242
Also known as Dimethyl pyrocarbonate, DMDC
Short description Colourless liquid, for example used to prevent spoiling
Sources Synthetic liquid
Products Soft drinks
Dilauryl thiodipropionate
Also known as DLTDP, didodecyl ester, thiodipropionic acid dilauryl ester
Short description White powder, for example used to prevent rancidity
Sources Synthetic compound
Products Fats and oils

159
Dipotassium 5’-guanylate – E628
Also known as Potassium guanylate, potassium 5’-guanylate
Short description
Colourless substance, for example used to increase the taste
intensity of a product
Sources
Synthetic substance, made of guanylic acid (E626) and
potassium salt
Products Sprinkle flavour, soup, meat, bouillon cubes
Suitability
Dipotassium 5’-inosinate – E632
Also known as Potassium inosinate, potassium 5’-inosinate
Short description
White substance, for example used to increase the
taste intensity of a product
Sources
Synthetic substance, made of inosinic acid (E630)
and potassium salt
Products Soup, meat, bouillon cubes
Suitability
the origin is known
Diphenyl – E230
Also known as Diphenyl, 1,1-Biphenyl, bibenzene, phenyl benzene
Short description
White-yellow powder, for example used against fungi (mostly
used on citrus fruit)
Sources Synthetic substance, derived from heating benzene
Products Oranges, lemons, grapefruit, fruit in syrup, jam of citrus fruit
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160
Disodium 5’-inosinate – E631
Also known as IMP, sodium 5’-inosinate, sodium inosinate, I-nucleotide
Short description
White substance, for example used to increase the taste intensity
of a product
Sources Synthetic substance, made of inosinic acid (E630) and sodium salt
Products
Soup, sprinkle flavour, bouillon cubes, sausages, hamburger, ham,
corned beef, chips
Suitability
the origin is known
Disodium 5’-guanylate – E627
Also known as GMP, sodium guanylate, sodium 5’-guanylate, G-nucleotide
Short description
White powder, for example used to increase the taste
intensity of a product
Sources Synthetic substance, made of guanylic acid (E626) and sodium salt
Products
Sprinkle flavour, bouillon cubes, soup, corned beef, hamburger,
sausages, hot dogs
Suitability
Disodium 5’-ribonucleotides – E635
Also known as Sodium ribonucleotides, sodium 5’-ribonucleotides
Short description
of a product
Sources Synthetic mixture of inosinic acid (E630) and guanylic acid (E626)
Products
Sprinkle flavour, bouillon cubes, soup, meat, canned corned beef,
hot dogs, hamburger
Suitability
the origin is known

161
Di-starch phosphates – E1412
Also known as Starch I
Short description Substance, for example used to make a product thicker
Sources
Synthetic substance, made of starch and phosphoroxychloride
(a synthetic liquid, made of phophor and chloride)
Function Thickener
Products Frozen pastry and cake, mayonnaise, ice cream, pudding
Dodecyl gallate – E312
Also known as Lauryl gallate, gallic acid dodecyl ester, gallic acid lauryl ester
Short description
White or creamy-white solid, for example used to prevent
rancidity
Sources Synthetically made of lauryl (an alcohol) and gallic acid
Products Oils and fats, milk powder, soup, biscuit, margarine
Suitability
Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians. However,
there is the possibility that the lauric acid used for lauryl
alcohol is obtained from animal fat, although the main
source is vegetable fat. Use of animal (incl. pork) fat cannot
be ruled out
Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate
Also known as Disodium EDTA, disodium edetate
Short description
White powder, for example used to optimize the
structure of a product
Sources Synthetic compound
Function Stabilizer, sequestrant (metal binder)
Products
Mayonnaise, cauliflower, kidney beans, lentils or beans in jars,
liquor, peanut butter, canned shrimps, canned crab
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Erythorbic acid – E315
Also known as Iso-ascorbic acid
Short description
White-yellow powder, for example used to prevent
change of colour
Sources Synthetic variant of vitamin C
Products Sliced meat, beverages, baked goods
Erythrosine – E127
Also known as CI (1975) No. 45430, CI Food Red 14, FD&C Red No. 3
Sources Synthetic dye
Function Emulsifier
Products
Cocktail cherries, custard, chewing gum, candy, glacé-biscuits,
strawberry sauce (all imported from outside the EU)
Esters of glycerol – E472
Also known as
Acetic and fatty acid esters of glycerol, acetylated mono-
and diglycerides, acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides,
acetoglycerides, citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol,
citroglycerides, CITREM, citric acid esters of mono- and
di-glycerides
Short description
Waxy substance, for example used to improve the volume and
texture of a product (such as bread). There are seven different
types of this additive, 472a to 472g
Sources
Compound of synthetic fats, extracted from glycerol and
natural fat
Products
Pudding powder, pastry, cake mix, bread, cookies, chocolate milk,
frozen pizza, soup, margarine, coffee creamer
Suitability

163
Ethyl ester of beta-apo-8’-carotenoic acid – E160f
Also known as CI (1975) No. 40825, CI Food Orange 7
Sources
Natural pigment, derived from plants or made synthetically
of beta-apo-8’-carotenal (E160e)
Products
Soft drinks, ice cream, candy, baked goods, pudding, soup,
processed cheese
Ethyl cellulose – E462
Also known as Ethocel
Short description
White-grey powder, for example used to equally distribute
the colour over the whole product and to prevent ingredients
clumping together
Sources Synthetically made of wood-pulp or cotton
Products Aromatic substances
Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose
Also known as
Bermocoll EBS 481 FQ, cellulose ethyl hydroxyethyl ether, ethyl
2-hydroxyethyl ether cellulose, etulos, bermocoll E 511 FQ
Short description
White-yellow powder, for example used to make the product thicker
and stable
Sources Synthetic substance, extracted from cellulose
Function Preservative and colour agena Emulsifier, stabilizer and thickener
Products
Cheese, canned vegetables, breakfast cereals, pre-cooked pasta
and noodles, baked goods
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Ethyl lauroyl arginate
Also known as Lauric acid ester
Short description White powder, for example used against the growth of bacteria
Sources Synthetic salt
Products
Cheese, dried fruit, fruit filling for pastries, chewing gum,
egg products
Ethyl maltol
Also known as 3-Hydroxy-2-ethyl-4-pyrone; 2-Ethyl pyromeconic acid
Short description
White substance with a sweet taste and the smell of candyfloss,
for example used to give taste to a product and make the taste
of a product stronger
Sources Synthetic substance, made of maltol
Products Chocolate, candy, pastry, pudding powder, fruit sauces
Suitability
This additive cannot be used by vegans because the origin can
be milk. Although this additive can be made of the milk sugar
lactose it doesn’t contain any lactose, so people who are lactose
intolerant can use it
Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate – E214
Also known as Ethylparaben, ripagin A, solbrol A
Short description
White powder, for example used against the growth of yeast
and fungi in food products
Sources Synthetic substance
Products Candied fruit, pasty filling, dessert sauce, fruit candy, fruit juice

165
Ferric ammonium citrate
Also known as
Ammonium iron citrate, ammonium ferric citrate,
iron ammonium citrate
Short description
Brown or green salt, for example used to enrich the amount of
iron in a product and to prevent salt from caking together. There
are two different types of this additive, 381(i) which has a brown
colour and 381(ii) which has a green colour
Sources Mixture of ammonium, iron and citric acid (E330)
Products Bread flour, salt
Fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid, Ascorbyl palmitate,
Ascorbyl stearate – E304
Also known as Ascorbyl palmitate, Ascorbyl stearate
Short description
White or yellowish-white solid, with a citrus-like odour. There
are two different types of this additive, 304i (Ascorbyl palmitate)
an 304ii (Ascorbyl stearate)
Sources
Syntethically made of a combination of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C,
E300) and palmitic acid (a fatty acid) or stearic acid (a fatty acid)
Products Oils and fats, margarine, chewing gum
Suitability
Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians. However, it is
possible the palmitic acid is obtained from animal fat (incl. pork)
Ferro carbonate
Also known as Ferro (II) carbonate, ferrous carbonate
Short description Powder, for example used to enrich products with iron
Sources Natural mineral, present in natural mineral water
Products Fruit lemonade, dietary products
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Ferrohexacyano manganate – E537
Also known as Ferrous hexacyanomanganate
Short description
Powder, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping
together in a product
Sources Synthetic substance, made of iron hydroxide
Products Salmiac salt, licorice
Ferrous gluconate – E579
Also known as Iron(II)gluconate, fergon, ferlucon, iromon, irox
Short description
Yellow-grey powder, for example used to enrich the
product with iron and to add colour
Sources Synthetic salt, made of gluconic acid (E574) and iron
Function Colour agent
Products Olives
Ferrous lactate – E585
Also known as Ironlactate, iron(II)lactate
Short description
Green-white powder, for example used to enrich food
products with iron
Sources Synthetic substance, derived from lactic acid (E270)
Function Nutrient
Products Baby nutrition

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Gellan gum – E418
Also known as Amylopektine
Short description
White powder, for example used to make products thicker
and stable
Sources Natural carbohydrate, produced by bacteria
Products Milk products, sauces, fruit juice
Gamma-Tocopherol – E308
Also known as Vitamin E, DL-gamma-tocopherol
Short description Oily liquid, for example used to prevent rancidity of fatty products
Sources Natural extract of vegetable oils, also made synthetically
Products Oils and fats, particularly olive oil
Fumaric acid – E297
Also known as Allomaleic acid, boletic acid
Short description Acid with many functions
Sources
Natural acid, present in many fruits and vegetables. Commercially
made by fermentation of sugar by fungi or synthetically
Function Acid, antioxidant and stabilizer
Products Baking powder, pudding powder, candy, marmalade
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Gluconic acid – E574
Also known as
D-gluconic acid, dextron acid, maltn acid, glycon acid,
glyconene acid
Short description
Substance, for example used to prevent lemonade turning
brown because of the reaction with oxygen
Sources Synthetic substance, made of glucose by fungi
Products Fruit lemonade, pudding powder, fruit juice
Glucose oxidase and catalase from Aspergillus Niger
Also known as
Aero-glucose dehydrogenase, glucose aerodehydrogenase,
glucose oxyhydrase, notatin
Short description
White-brown substance, for example used to prevent spoilage
due to oxidation
Products Milk, cheese, eggs, salad, canned vegetables
Glucono delta-lactone – E575
Also known as GDL, glucono-delta-lactone, delta-gluconolactone, gluconolactone
Short description
White powder, for example used in the production of beer
and to speed up the ripening of dried sausages
Sources Synthetic substance, made of glucose by bacteria
Products
Pudding powder, canned corned beef, ham, hot dog, milk, beer,
cake mix, baking powder, canned vegetables and fruit

169
Glycerol – E422
Also known as Glycerin, trihydroxypropane, IFP
Short description Clear syrupy liquid, for example used to make products sweeter
Sources
Natural substance, compound of fat. This additive is commercially
produced either synthetically from propene (organic compound),
or by bacterial fermentation of sugars; it is not produced from fat
Function Sweetener, humectant
Products Baking and confectionery products
Glycerol ester of wood rosin – E445
Short description
Yellow to pale amber solid, for example used to mix the
ingredients of a product. There are three different types of this
additive: glycerol ester of gum rosin (445(i)), glycerol ester of tall
oil rosin (445(ii)), glycerol ester of wood rosin (445(iii))
Sources Synthetic mixture of glycerol and wood resin
Products Energy drinks, sport drinks, water based drink
Glycerol diacetate – E1517
Also known as Diacetin
Short description
Clear oily liquid, for example used to dissolve flavouring agents
in a product
Sources
Synthetic substance, made of acetic acid (E260) and glycerol
(a type of alcohol)
Products
Ice cream, chewing gum, candy, marshmallows, cola, chocolate,
wine, beer
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Glycines – E640
Also known as Glycine, sodium glycinate
Short description
Sweet substance, for example used to increase the taste intensity
and sweetness of a product
Sources Mainly produced from gelatin, partly synthetic
Function Bread enhancer
Products Bakery products
Suitability
it is made from animal bones. The origin of the meat isn’t always
the origin is known
Green S – E142
Also known as CI Food Green 4, CI (1975) No. 44090, Food Green S
Sources Synthetic pigment
Products
Custard, pudding, cake mix, instant sauces, soft drinks,
lemonade, candy, ice cream, milkshake, fruit yoghurt
Gold – E175
Also known as CI 77480
Short description Gold-yellow colour powder
Sources Natural metal, derived from pulverized gold ore
Products Pastry decoration

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Guaiac gum
Also known as Guaiacum, guaiac resin
Short description Brown powder, for example used against rancidity
Sources
Natural resin of the tree Guajacum officinale and
some related tropical trees
Products Cola
Guar gum – E412
Also known as Gum cyamopsis, guar flour, Jaguar, cyamopsiggum, Mazaca
Short description
White to yellowish-white powder, for example used to make
gels or make products thicker
Sources
Natural carbohydrate, produced from the guar shrub (plant)
found in Pakistan and India
Products Processed meat, dressings, sauces, instant soup
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5’-Guanylic Acid – E626
Also known as GMP, guanylic acid
Short description
White powder. Guanylic acid and guanylates do not have the
specific umami taste but strongly enhance many other flavours,
thereby reducing the amount of salt needed in a product
Sources
Natural substance, present in all living organisms. Mostly
synthetically derived from sardines and yeast-extract
Products Meat, canned fish
Suitability

172
Hexamethylene tetramine – E239
Also known as Hexamine, methenamine
Short description White powder, for example used against fungi
Sources Synthetic acid
Products Caviar, pickled herring, canned fish
Hydrochloric acid – E507
Also known as Muriatic acid
Short description Clear liquid, for example used to control the pH value of a product
Sources
Synthetically produced from rock salt and sulphuric acid (E513).
Natural acid, present in gastric juice
Products Cheese spread, beer
Helium – E939
Also known as He, atomic number 2
Short description
Colourless gas, for example used to keep the product well
preserved in packaging
Products Food transported in containers with pressure
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Hydrogenated poly-1-decene – E907
Also known as Hydrogenated poly-alpha-olefin
Short description
Colourless substance, for example used to prevent cheese
becoming dry and the formation of foam in a product. Also used
to make a product shine on the outside
Sources
Synthetic mixture of hydrocarbons (an organic compound
of hydrogen and carbon)
Function Glazing agent, preservative and anti-foaming agent
Products Crust of cheese, chewing gum, candy
Hydroxypropyl cellulose – E463
Also known as
Cellulose hydroxypropyl ether, modified cellulose, klucel,
cellulose HPC
Short description
White powder, for example used to make the product thicker
and to combine ingredients which normally wouldn’t mix
Sources
Synthetic substance, extracted from cellulose (of wood)
by high temperature
Function Emulsifier, thickener and stabilizer
Products Sugar glazes, canned whipped cream, frozen desserts
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Hydrogen – E949
Also known as Protium
Short description Gas, for example used to maintain the shelf life of a product
Sources Natural gas
Products Gas packed food products

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Hydroxypropyl-di-starchphosphate – E1442
Also known as Starch R
Short description
Substance, for example used to make a product thicker
Sources
Synthetic substance, made of starch with propylene oxide
(an organic compound) and phosphoric acid (E338)
Function Thickener, stabilizer, binding agent and gelling agent
Products Frozen pudding, ice cream
Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose – E464
Also known as Hypromellose
Short description
White powder, for example used as filler and to prevent
ingredients clumping together
Sources
or chemically modified
Function Gelling agent, stabilizer and thickener
Products Instant pudding powder, instant mousse, frozen ice cream, waffles
Hydroxypropylstarch – E1440
Also known as Starch K
Short description Substance, for example used to improve the texture
Sources
Synthetic substance, made of starch and propylene oxide
(an organic compound)
Function Emulsifier, thickener and binding agent
Products
Coffee creamer, caramel chocolates, dried plums, kidney beans,
almonds, nuts

175
Insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone – E1202
Also known as
Cross linked polyvidone, crosspovidone, cross linked
homopolymer of 1-ethenyl-2-pyrrolidone, insoluble cross linked
homopolymer of N-vinyl-1-pyrrolidone,polyvinylpolypyrrolidone,
insoluble PVP
Short description
White powder, for example used to prevent discolouration and
colour loss
Sources Synthetic substance, a polymer (a chain of identical molecules)
Function Stabilizer and colour agent
Products Dairy products, cheese, canned vegetables, breakfast cereals
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5’-Inosinic acid – E630
Also known as IMP, inosinic acid
Short description
Colourless or white powder. Inosinic acid and inosinates do not
have the specific umami taste but strongly enhance many other
flavours, thereby reducing the amount of salt or other flavour
enhancers needed in a product
Sources
Natural substance, present in all living organisms. Synthetic
process by extraction from meat or fish (sardines). May also
be produced by bacterial fermentation of sugars
Products Soup, spiced minced meat, meat
Suitability
the origin is known
Indigotine – E132
Also known as
CI Food Blue 1, CI (1975) No. 73015, FD&C Blue No. 2, Indigo
Carmine
Short description Blue colour powder
Sources
Natural pigment, derived form the shrub Indigofera tinctoria.
However commercially it is produced synthetically
Products Custard, ice cream, mustard, soft drinks, lemonade, candy
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Iron oxides – E172
Also known as
CI (1975) No. 77499, I (1975) No. 77492, CI pigment black 11, CI
(1975) No. 77491, CI pigment yellow 42 and 43, CI pigment red 101
and 102, Iron oxide black, Iron oxide red, Iron oxide yellow
Short description
Black, brown-red and yellow colour powder. There are three
different types of this additive; 172(i) (black), 172(ii) (brown-red),
172(iii) (yellow)
Sources Natural minerals, but commercially made of iron powder
Products
Candy, salmon pasta, cake mix, ready-to-eat desserts,
chewing gum
Invertase from Saccharomyces Cerevisiae – E1103
Also known as Invertin, saccharase, sucrase
Short description
White powder, for example used in bakery goods
to optimize the texture
Function Stabilizer
Products Baked goods, chocolate
Isomalt – E953
Also known as Hydrogenated isomaltulose
Short description
Substance, for example used to make the taste of a product
Sources Synthetic substance, made of saccharose
Function Sweetener
Products Candy, jam

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Konjac flour – E425
Also known as Konjac gum, konjac glucomannane, konnyaku, conjac, yam flour
Short description White powder, for example used to make products thicker
Sources
Natural substance, extracted from the tubers of the
Amorphophallus
Function Emulsifier, stabilizer, thickener, gelling agent
Products Desserts, confectionery
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Karaya gum – E416
Also known as
Gum sterculia, gum karaya, karaya, katilo, kadaya, kullo,
kuterra, sterculia
Short description
Yellow-brown substance, for example used to prevent crystals
forming in ice
Sources
Natural carbohydrate, obtained from the tree Sterculia urens
found in India, as well as some related trees
Products
Salad dressing, soup, sauces, snacks, cheese spreads, bakery
products, desserts, egg-based liqueurs
Isopropyl citrate mixture
Also known as Isopropyl citrates
Short description
Colourless syrup, for example used in fatty products
to prevent rancidity
Sources Mixture of the alcohol propanol and citric acid (E330)
Function Antioxidant and preservative
Products Fat spreads, vegetable oil and fat

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Lactitol – E966
Also known as Lactobiosit, lactit, lactositol
Short description
Sources
Synthetic substance, produced by milk sugar derived
from whey (milk)
Function Sweetener
Products
Sugar free candy, chewing gum, chocolates,
hard baked goods like cookies
Suitability
Can be used by all religions and vegetarians. Cannot be used
by vegans, because the origin is milk. Although this additive
can be made of milk, it doesn’t contain the milk sugar lactose,
so people who are lactose intolerant can use this additive
Lactic acid – E270
Also known as
DL-Lactic acid; 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, lactovagan, racemic
lactic acid, tonsilosan
Short description
White liquid, for example used against the growth of yeast
and fungi
Sources
Natural acid, produced by bacteria in fermented products like
sour milk
Function Preservative and acid
Products
Spicy tomato sauce, carbonated drinks, beer, sangria, buttermilk,
margarine, mayonnaise, candy, fish, bread, pastry, fried snacks
Suitability
Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians. It doesn’t
contain milk or lactose, so people with a milk allergy or lactose
intolerance can use this additive as well
L-Cysteine – E920
Also known as Cysteine, L- and its hydrochlorides – sodium and potassium salts
Short description Substance, for example used in bread to optimize the dough
Sources Synthetic substance, derived from proteins
Products Beverages without gas, wholewheat bread, wholewheat cookies
Suitability
it is made from animal sources. The origin of the meat isn’t
always clear, so Muslims, Jews and Hindus can’t use this additive
unless the origin is known

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L-Glutamic acid – E620
Also known as Glutamic acid
Short description
of a product so less salt is needed
Sources Synthetic substance, made of carbohydrates or vegetable proteins
Products Soup, spiced minced meat, meat
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Lecithin – E322
Also known as Phospholipids, phosphatides
Short description Waxy substance, for example used to make chocolate softer
Sources
Natural compound found in all living organisms. Commercially
derived from egg yolk and soy beans
Products Cookies, biscuits, coffee creamer, margarine, desserts
Suitability
The lecithin is not only derived from soy beans but also from
chicken eggs. The origin of this compound should be checked
to ensure suitability for all religions, vegans and vegetarians
L-Cystine – E921
Also known as Cystine, L-and its hydrochlorides sodium and potassium salts
Short description
White powder, for example used to optimize the flour of baked
goods
Sources Synthetic substance, derived from proteins
Products Bread, cream
Suitability
The use of animal products cannot be excluded completely, so
this additive can’t be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

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Lutein – E161b
Also known as Bo-Xan (lutein), vegetable luteol, vegetable lutein, xanthophylls
Short description Yellow colour powder
Sources
Natural pigment, present in many plants. Commercially prepared
from grass, nettles or Tagetes species
Products Soup, liquor
Lipase from animal
Also known as Lipase, triglycerin lipase, tributyrase
Short description
White powder, for example used in the fermentation of cheese
and yoghurt products. This additive has many functions
Sources
Natural enzyme, extracted from fungi and animals (forestomach
and pancreatic)
Function Stabilizer
Products Cheese, yoghurt
Suitability
The use of animal products can’t be excluded completely, so this
additive cannot be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians
Lithol Rubine BK – E180
Also known as
Brilliant carmine 6B, carmine 6B, CI pigment red 57, CI (1975)
No. 15850, FD&C red No. 7, litholrubintoner BKL, permanent
rubin L6B, rubinpigment
Products Cheese
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Magnesium carbonates – E504
Also known as
Magnesium hydroxide carbonate, hydrated basic magnesium
carbonate, magnesium subcarbonate (light or heavy),
magnesium carbonate hydroxide
Short description
Substance, for example used against colour loss or to extract
water from the product
Sources
Synthetically produced from magnesium hydroxide or derived
from magnetite, lansfordiet, limestone or dolomite (all natural
substances). Also occurs as a natural mineral
Function Acidity regulator and anti-caking agent
Products Salt, chewing gum, sour cream, butter, ice cream, raw cacao
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Lysozyme hydrochloride – E1105
Also known as
Lysozyme, muramidase, N-acetyl muramidase, globulin G1,
delvozyme
Short description White powder, for example used to prevent decay of the product
Sources
Natural substance, present in body fluids like tears and blood.
Mostly made of chicken eggs or produced by bacteria
Products Baby nutrition
Suitability
Cannot be used by vegans, because it is made from animal
sources. Vegetarians and all religions can use this additive
Lycopene – E160d
Also known as y-caroteen, lycopine
Short description
Dark red colour. There are three different types of this additive;
160d(i), 160d(ii) and 160d(iii)
Sources
Natural pigment, present in many yellow and red plants and
fruits. Commercially isolated from tomatoes
Products Cheese, salad dressing, custard

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Magnesium di-L-glutamate – E625
Also known as Magnesium glutamate
Short description
Products Low salt meat products
Magnesium chloride – E511
Also known as Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, magnogene
Short description
Powder, for example used to make vegetables and
fruit stronger during processing and to prevent colour loss
Sources Natural salt, part of sea salt and rock salt
Products Peas in jar, carrots with peas in jar
Magnesium gluconate
Also known as d-Gluconic acid magnesium salt
Short description
of a product
Sources Synthetic salt, made of magnesium and gluconic acid (E574)
Function Flavour enhancer and acidity regulator
Products Cheese, fat spread, canned vegetables and fruit, breakfast cereals

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Magnesium oxide – E530
Also known as Magnesia, magnesia usta, magcal, maglite
Short description
White powder, for example used to control the pH value
of the product and to prevent ingredients clumping together
Sources
Natural substance, derived from minerals. Also made
synthetically
Function Acidity regulator and anti-caking agent
Products Cacao products, waffles, bakery products
Magnesium hydroxide – E528
Also known as Marinco H, hydro-magma
Short description
Powder, for example used to control the PH value of a product
and to prevent colour loss
Sources
Natural substance, derived from minerals. Also made
synthetically
Products Cheese, canned vegetables, cacao products
Magnesium L-lactate
Also known as L-Lactic acid magnesium salt
Short description
White powder, for example used against the growth of bacteria,
fungi and yeasts
Sources Magnesium salt of lactic acid (E270)
Products
Cheese, dried vegetables, canned vegetables, baked goods, egg
based desserts
Suitability
Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians. Although
the name refers to milk, it is not made from milk and so suitable
for people with a milk allergy or lactose intolerance
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Magnesium phosphate – E343
Also known as
Monomagnesium phosphate, dimagnesium phosphate,
trimagnesium phosphate
Short description
Sources
Natural salt, present in our body. Commercially produced
from phosphoric acid (E338)
Function Anti-caking agent, emulsifier
Products Bakery products
Magnesium sulphate
Also known as Epsom salt (heptahydrate)
Short description
Powder, for example used to improve the texture of vegetables
and fruit during processing. Also used to optimize the quality
of beer
Sources
Natural substance, present in some minerals like limestone.
Mostly made synthetically from magnesium salts and
sulphuric acid (E513)
Function Stabilizer
Products English beer, mineral water, mineral salt
Magnesium silicate – E553
Also known as Magnesium silicate (synthetic), magnesium trisilicate, talc
Short description
clumping together and to let a product shine, like candy.
There are three different types of this additive, 553a(i),
553a(ii) and 553b (or sometimes called 553(iii))
Sources
Natural and synthetic substance, made of magnesium sulphate
and sodium silicate or directly from minerals such as talcum,
sepiolite and steatite
Function Anti-caking agent and glazing agent
Products
Vanilla powder, salt, herbal salt, candy, chewing gum,
milk powder

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Maltol
Also known as Larixin acid, platone, veltol, corps praline
Short description
and sweetness of a product without increasing the sugar level
Sources
In general, commercially extracted from the bark of lark trees
or roasted malt. Also made synthetically by heating the sugars
lactose and maltose
Products
Lemonade, ice cream, candy, baked goods, bread, chewing gum,
pudding powder
Suitability
This additive cannot be used by vegans because the origin can
be milk. Although this additive can be made of the milk sugar
lactose it doesn’t contain lactose, so people who are lactose
intolerant can use it
Maltitol – E965
Also known as Hydrogenated maltose, D-maltitol
Short description
White powder or colourless liquid, for example used to make the
taste of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value.
Also used as a stabilizer and to prevent a product from drying out
Sources
Synthetic substance, made of the carbohydrate maltose or corn
starch-glucose solution
Function Sweetener
Products Chocolate, candy, chewing gum, sugar free products
Malic acid – E296
Also known as 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid, malate
Short description
Acid, for example used as a flavour compound
and colour stabilizer in apple- and grape juice.
Sources
Natural acid, present in many fruits and vegetables.
Also made synthetically
Function Acid, flavour and colour stabilizer
Products
Canned soup, (sugarless) soft drinks, canned tomatoes, apple
juice, grape juice, candy, chips, frozen vegetables, spaghetti sauce

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Metatartaric acid – E353
Short description Acid, for example used against the growth of yeasts in fruit juice
Sources Acid, present in sugar cane and produced from glucose
Products Wine, fruit juice
Methyl cellulose – E461
Also known as
Cellulose methyl ether, cologel, cellumethe, hydrolose, nicel,
tylose, cethytine, methocel, cellothyl, syncelose, bagolax
Short description
For example used to replace natural vegetable gums.
Often used in dietary products
Sources Synthetically made of cellulose or wood-pulp
Function Thickener, emulsifier and stabilizer
Products
Mayonnaise, cocktail sauce, ice cream, canned hot dogs,
instant pudding powder, potato products, dietary products
Mannitol – E421
Also known as
D-Mannitol, mannite, manicol, mannidex, diosmol,
osmitrol, osmosal
Short description
White powder, for example used to optimize the structure
of products and to prevent drying
Sources
Natural substance, present in many plants like conifers,
seaweed and mushrooms. Commercially produced from glucose
Function Anti-caking agent, sweetener, bulking agent
Products Chewing gum, baking and confectionery products
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Microcrystalline wax – E905
Also known as
Mineral oil, petroleum jelly, vasiline, microcrystalline wax,
petroleum wax
Short description
Colourless oil, for example used to make a product shine on
the outside and to prevent foam forming in a product. There
are three different types of this additive, 905a, 905b and 905c
Sources
Oily mixture of hydrocarbons (an organic compound of hydrogen
and carbon)
Products
Pre-packed meat, dried protein, raisins, dried plums, citrus fruit,
candy, chewing gum, cookies
Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate – E218
Also known as Methyl p-oxybenzoate, methylparaben
Short description
White powder, for example used against the growth of fungi,
yeast and some bacteria in food products
Sources Synthetic substance
Products Beer, pastry filling, pickles in sour, canned fish
Methyl ethyl cellulose – E465
Also known as MEC, ethylmethylcellulose
Short description
White-yellow powder, for example used as a filler or to prevent
ingredients clumping together
Sources
or chemically modified
Products Fruit glaze mix, fruit cake mix, mayonnaise

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Monoammonium L-glutamate – E624
Also known as Ammonium glutamate
Short description
White powder, for example used to increase the
taste intensity of a product. Can also be used in
salt reduced products
Products Sprinkle flavour, soup
Monopotassium L-glutamate – E622
Also known as MPG, potassium glutamate
Short description
Sources Synthetically made of vegetable protein or carbohydrates
Products Sprinkle flavour, soup, minced meat, meat
Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids – E471
Also known as
Glyceryl monopalmitate, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl
monooleate, Dimodan, GMS (for glyceryl monostearate),
monoolein, monostearin, monopalmitin
Short description
White waxy substance, for example used to combine ingredients
which normally wouldn’t mix and to make a firm mixture
Sources Synthetic fat, extracted from glycerol and natural fatty acids
Products
Instant cacao, chocolate drinks, apple cake, ice cream, biscuits,
toast, baguettes, pretzels
Suitability
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Mono-starch phosphate – E1410
Also known as Phosphate starch, starch P, F starch
Short description Substance, for example used to improve the texture
Sources
Synthetic substance, made of starch by treating
it with phosphoric acid (E338)
Products
Instant pudding, meat sauces, cream soups, ice cream,
mayonnaise, mustard
Montan acid esters – E912
Also known as Montan wax, lignite wax, OP wax
Short description
Clear wax, for example used to make the outside of fruit shine
and to extend the shelf life of fruit
Sources Natural substance, extracted from brown coal
Function Glazing agent and preservative
Products Citrus fruit
Monosodium L-glutamate – E621
Also known as MSG, sodium glutamate, ve-tsin, chinese salt, glutacyl, glutavene
Short description
of a product
Sources
Natural substance, present in seaweed. Often made synthetically
from vegetable protein or carbohydrates
Products
Sausages, hamburgers, meatballs, bouillon powder, soup,
ketchup, peanut sauce

190
Neohesperidine DC – E959
Also known as Neohesperidine dihydrochalcone
Short description
Substance, for example used to make the taste
of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value
Sources Synthetic substance, made from the residue of citrus fruit
Function Sweetener
Products Candy, chewing gum
Neotame – E961
Also known as Nutrasweet
Short description
Sources Synthetic substance, made of aspartame
Function Sweetener and flavour enhancer
Products Chewing gum, aromatized alcoholic beverages
Natamycin – E235
Also known as
Pimiricin, antibiotic A 5283, tennecetin, myprocin,
pimafucin, mycophyl
Short description White powder, for example used against the growth of fungi
Sources Natural substance, produced by bacteria
Function Preservative and antibiotic
Products Cheese crust, meat, residue on apples, pears and citrus fruit

Food additives appendix

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Food additives appendix