Dr. James Seong-Cheol Kang, Country Manager Principal Transport Specialist, GGGI

1. Global Green Growth Institute and
Mongolia Country Program
James Seong-Cheol Kang
Country Manager/Principal Transport Specialist
Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI)
Business Council of Mongolia’s Environment Working Group Meeting
January 22, 2014, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

2. Green Growth
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3. Global Risks 2013
Rising greenhouse
gas emissions
Failure of climate
change adaptation
Food shortage
crises
Persistent extreme
weather
Water supply crises
Species
overexploitation
Irremediable pollution
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4. Global Challenges: Need a New Growth Paradigm
 “Brown growth” failed in most of the world for more than a century
• Industrialized by the end of the 19th century
• No new developed country since then
 New constraints & challenges
• Resource constraints: depleting natural resources, diminishing space per capita
• Deepening economic & social inequality
• Climate Change: unprecedented
• Degraded Earth’s carrying capacity: food & water security, biodiversity loss,
deforestation, ocean and soil acidification
 The changing globalized world
• Accelerating increase in demand for resources by connecting the world real
time
• Aggravating frustration and anger of the poor
• Social, political, economic instability increases
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5. Global Challenges: Need a New Growth Paradigm
 Need a new development paradigm to simultaneously address new
constraints and challenges
 Urgent, strong, collective efforts required
• Decisive and strong action is urgent
• Delay means greater risks and higher costs for human development, economies
and the environment
• Collective actions of the global community required
 “Green growth” as a new solution simultaneously targeting key aspects of
• Economic performance
• Environmental sustainability
• Social inclusiveness
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6. Green growth is the new revolutionary development paradigm that
sustains economic growth while at the same time ensuring climatic
and environmental sustainability. It focuses on addressing the root
causes of these challenges while ensuring the creation of the
necessary channels for resource distribution and access to basic
commodities for the impoverished (social inclusiveness).
A green economy is one that results in improved human well-being
and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks
and ecological scarcities. It is low carbon, resource efficient, and
socially inclusive.
Green growth means fostering economic growth and development,
while ensuring that natural assets continue to provide the resources
and environmental services on which our well-being relies.
New Paradigm of Economic Growth: Green Growth
“The significant
challenges we face
cannot be resolved
at the same level of
thinking we were at
when we created
them.” – Albert
Einstein
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7. Tunneling Through the Traditional Development Path
Mohan Munasinghe (1995, 2007)
Following the “develop first, clean up later”
path of developed countries will widen the
gap and not be able to catch up.
Old Path : A  B  C  E
International cooperation through technology
transfer and fund supports for measures
against climate change will enable developing
countries to choose the new path and act
wisely from the beginning.
New Path : A  B  D  E
Economic Development
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8. Growth Paths to Sustainable Economy
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9. Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI)
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10. Green Growth as a National Agenda
 Declaration of a New Vision (August 15, 2008): “Low Carbon, Green Growth”
as a new paradigm of development
Past 60 Years
Quantitative, Fossil-Fuel
Dependent Economic Growth
Coming 60 Years
Qualitative Economic Growth
through Green Innovation, Technology,
Knowledge, etc.
 National Strategy for Green Growth : Solving Triple Crunch
Korea as a Green Growth Model
Climate
Challenge
Economic
Slowdown
Energy
Challenge
A New
Path is
Needed!
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11. Legal & Institutional Framework for Green Growth
National
Framework
Act on Low
Carbon,
Green
Growth
Presidential
Committee
on Green
Growth
(PCGG)
National
Strategy for
Green
Growth &
its Five-Year
Plan
Regional
East Asia
Climate
Partnership
(EACP)
Inter-
national
Global
Green
Growth
Institute
(GGGI)
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12. Vision
Mission
GGGI was founded on the belief that economic growth and
environmental sustainability are not merely compatible objectives;
their integration is essential for the future of humankind.
1. To support developing and emerging countries in the design and
implementation of green growth economic development plans
at the national or provincial level
2. To promote a new paradigm of economic growth through
research on green growth theory and practice
3. To accelerate the transition to green growth by facilitating
public-private cooperation
4. To disseminate the results of our research and activity on green
growth globally through capacity building and knowledge
sharing
GGGI’s Vision and Mission
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13. Core Programs of GGGI
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14. Seoul, Korea
June 2010
Copenhagen, Denmark
December 2009
GGGI launched at the East Asia
Climate Forum
The Creation of GGGI
announced by President
Lee Myung-Bak at the
UNFCCC COP-15
“GGGI will significantly
contribute to a variety of UN’s
activities regarding climate
change”
- UN Secretary General
Ban Ki Moon
Copenhagen, Denmark
May 2011
Opening of
Copenhagen Office
Key Milestones of GGGI
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Abu Dhabi, UAE
July 2011
Opening of
Abu Dhabi Office

15. Global Green Growth
Summit 2012
Formal launch as an
international
organization
Signing ceremony to
convert into international
organization at Rio+20
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
June 2012
Seoul, Korea
October 2012
Key Milestones of GGGI
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Seoul, Korea
May 2012
Seoul, Korea
June 2013
Mongolia joined GGGI

16. Governance Structure of GGGI
 Assembly (20 member countries)
• Australia, Cambodia, Costa Rica, Denmark, Ethiopia, Guyana, Indonesia, Kiribati,
Mexico, Mongolia, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Philippines, Qatar,
Republic of Korea, Rwanda, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Vietnam
 Council
• Contributing Members: Australia, Denmark, Norway, Qatar, United Arab
Emirates
• Participating Members: Costa Rica, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Kiribati, Papua New
Guinea
• Experts or Non-State Actors: Mr. Las Løkke Rasmussen, Mr. Montek Ahluwalia,
Mr. Suh-Yong Chung
• Host Country: Republic of Korea
 Secretariat
• Director-General: Mr. Howard Bamsey
• Headquarters at Seoul, Korea
• Hubs: Copenhagen, Abu Dhabi, London
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17. Countries Institutions Private Sector
Partners
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18. Green Growth Planning Program Portfolio
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Mongolia
Kazakhstan
ChinaIndia
Indonesia
Philippines
Cambodia
Vietnam
Morocco
UAE
Ethiopia
Rwanda
Brazil
Project Implementation
South Africa
Thailand
Jordan
Peru
Scoping
Set-up
Amazon Basin
Mekong River
Kenya & EAC
Aral Sea Basin
Mexico
Investment Planning

19. Mongolia Country Program
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20. Background of Mongolia Country Program
 Mongolia’s economy has grown substantially since 1991 when Mongolia began a
transition to a free market-oriented economy.
• Double-digit GDP growth rates for 2011-2012
• Identified by Citigroup as one of “Global Growth Generators” for 2010-2050
 The “natural resource based brown economy” has been degrading environment
and vulnerable to outside shock.
• Mining sector accounts for about 20% of GDP
• Mongolia’s emissions intensity per unit of GDP among the world’s highest
• From 1940 to 2008, the annual mean air temperature increased by 2.14℃ (about 3 times
the global average increase)
• Mongolia’s Initial National Communication to UNFCCC projected nearly five-fold
emissions growth between 1993 and 2020 under BAU
 Mongolian government is seeking diversified, green, and sustainable economic
growth.
• Concept of green development as a new economic development strategy
• Established Ministry of Environment and Green Development and made it one of the
core ministries
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21. Background of Mongolia Country Program
 For cooperative pursuit of green growth in Mongolia, GGGI and the Ministry of
Environment and Green Development* signed an MOU in November 2011.
 Mongolia signed the “Agreement on the Establishment of the Global Green Growth
Institute” on June 9, 2013 and became the 19th Member State.
 GGGI aims to assist the Mongolian government in developing and implementing a
national green growth plan, with a top-down strategic approach, while also to
promote sectoral green growth strategies that are tailored to specific needs of
Mongolia, with a bottom-up practical approach.
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* Then Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism

22. Government of MongoliaGlobal Green Growth Institute
 Objective
• Based on the partnership with MEGD, GGGI has been supporting the Mongolian government in its
efforts to develop and implement green growth strategies in the transport and energy sectors that
are tailored to the specific needs of Mongolia.
 Key Stakeholders
• Ministry of Environment and Green Development
• Ministry of Roads and Transportation
• Ministry of Energy
• Ulaanbaatar City Government
 Projects
• Strategies for Green Public Transport in Mongolia
• Strategies for Development of Green Energy Systems in Mongolia
GGGI signed an MOU with the Ministry of Environment and Green Development
(MEGD) of Mongolia in November 2011 to cooperate in programs and joint activities
that foster the promotion of green growth in Mongolia.
Overview of Mongolia Country Program
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23. Partnership
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Primary
Government
Counterpart
Transport Sector Project Energy Sector Project
Ministry of
Roads &
Transportation
Project Advisory Committee Project Advisory Committee
Ministry of Environment &
Green Development
Key
Government
Counterparts
Mongolian
Local Partners
Ministry of Energy
Ulaanbaatar
City
Government
GGGI
MOU Signed
UN
ESCAP,
UNDP,
UNEP
WB,
ADB,
TNC,
GIZ,
BCM
Local Consulting Firm Team of Local Consultants
Potential
IO/MDB/NGO
Partners

24.  Main Tasks
• Technical and economic assessment for converting diesel
buses to eco-friendly buses
• Enhancement of inspection rules and regulations for
vehicle emission control
• Effective management and operation strategies for the
public transport system
• Future extension to eco-station development for green
transport
 Background & Motivation
• 20% of the total air pollution is due to the increasing number of automobiles and their emission
of greenhouse and toxic gases
 Project Goal
• To promote green (i.e., low carbon) public transport in Ulaanbaatar City and thereby contribute
to reducing GHG emissions and improving the air quality
 Project Team
• Global Green Growth Institute, The Korea Transport Institute, DEBUHDE Co., Ltd. (Mongolian
Local Consulting Firm), and Advisory Committee
Strategies for Green Public Transport in Mongolia
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25. Converting Diesel Buses to CNG Buses
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Diesel Bus CNG Bus
CNG Stations
Construction Cost
Vehicle Purchasing
Cost
Fuel Cost
Maintenance Cost
Air Pollutants Reduction
GHG Emissions Reduction

26. Scenarios for B/C Analysis
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Annual fuel prices increase
Diesel
1%
2%
3%
1%
2%
3%
Percentage of diesel buses converted into CNG buses
CNG
5% converted 10% converted 15% converted 20% converted
3 stations 6 stations 9 stations 12 stations

27. Ways to Promote Public Transport Systems
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Bus Route
Reform
• Economize Bus
Routes by
introducing Trunk
and Feeder
System
Fare System
• Provide Rider
Incentives to Use
Bus/Public
Transport
Smart Card
• Enhance Fare
Collection
Transparency/
User Convenience
ITS
• BMS/BIS
• Enhance Traffic
Management
Efficiency and Bus
Info
Exclusive
Median Bus
Lane
• Improve Bus
Traffic Speed
Ownership
Issues
• Introducing Quasi-
Public Operation
System
Transfer Center
• Connects
Transport Modes
to Improve User
Convenience

28. Potential Impact on CO2 Reduction
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 Bus Route Reform
 When the rate of modal shift to buses is 33% ,
the expected reduction of CO2 emissions is
about 16,000 t-CO2/year
 Improvement of ITS
 If the travel speed is improved to 40km/h through
improvement of ITS, the expected reduction of CO2
emissions is about 49,000 t-CO2/year

29. Knowledge Sharing and Capacity Building
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30. Sharing Outcomes
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31.  Main Tasks
• Assessment of the current status of Mongolian energy sector
• Identification, elaboration, and evaluation of key energy
scenarios for Mongolia
• Proposal of key green energy/green growth initiatives for
Mongolia
 Background & Motivation
• With long cold winters and an annual average temperature of -3℃ and being the world’s most
scarcely populated country, Mongolia faces considerable challenges to provide sufficient
energy in terms of both quantity and quality
• Mongolia has a great potential for developing different types of renewable energy, and its
abundant coal can be cleanly and effectively used
 Project Goal
• To develop strategies for promoting the implementation of
green energy systems in Mongolia
 Project Team
• Global Green Growth Institute, Stockholm Environment Institute US Center, Team of
Mongolian Local Consultants, and Advisory Committee
Strategies for Development of Green Energy Systems
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32.  Reference
• Continuation of largely coal-based energy supply for a rapidly expanding economy
driven by mining exports, particularly coal and copper. Gradual improvement in
energy intensity of demand
 Recent Plans
• Same economic and demographic forecast, but with accelerated introduction of
priority technologies reflecting recent developments and priorities. These include
large hydro and wind plants, advanced coal combustion technology, and efficient
lighting and apartment building insulation improvements
 Expanded Green Energy
• Same economic and demographic drivers, however with more rapid buildup of all
proposed renewable energy projects accompanied by extensive implementation of
energy efficiency measures economy-wide
 Shifts in Energy Exports
• Same as expanded green energy scenario but with an additional shift in the types
of fuel and energy exported from coal to renewable electricity (wind and solar)
Four Scenarios
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33.  Use of Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) software tool for
integrated energy supply-demand modeling and scenario evaluation
 Bottom-up techno-economic analysis of energy and GHG-reduction
scenarios assembled using the LEAP model
 Calculation of GHG emissions reduction and abatement costs
Project Final Presentation on January 23
(1:30 pm at the Blue Sky Hotel & Tower)
Scenario Analysis
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34.  Project Consultation and Capacity Building
• 1st: March 13-15, 2013 in Ulaanbaatar
• 2nd: June 18-26, 2013 in Seoul
• 3rd: October 15-18, 2013 in Ulaanbaatar
Knowledge Sharing and Capacity Building
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35. Path to Green Mongolia
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36. Баярлалаа
Thank you
jsc.kang@gggi.org
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