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How do alpine mountain communities adapt to the
      environment in an era of resource scarcity and
constraints? Forest and pastures management, socio
  economic practices and development models in Val
                                   di Ledro, Trentino


 Orsatti C. Gretter A. Scolozzi R. Marelli B.
Outline of the presentation
        Research question
        Background of Field work in Val di Ledro
        The valley as a complex net of relations
        Interdisciplinary approach, mixed methods
        research
        Documenting  the context, mapping skills and
        practices mapping the landscape
        Development   practices with regard to forest and
        pastures
        Towards a topology of practices and decision-
        making support guidelines?
OPENLOC project “Public policies and local
    development: innovation policy and its effects on
          locally embedded global dynamics”
        WP “Social and natural capital: the possible contribution
                to local development in a global context”


                Obstacles
                                    Which role?
                potentials      How do we measure?        Competitive
             Social Natural                              local system
             capital capital
                                 Sustainable Development
Role of                                 (policies)
tacit                        Which resources?
knowledge?
        Limiting             Which use of resources and practices
        factors?             Within which models of development
        Opportunities?       Which assessments?
Study area




       LEDRO: 156 Kmq;
       5.600 residents;
       800.000 overnights
The valley as a complex system
 of networks of relations

 Different and complex development models respect to     what
    is perceived as traditional or innovative
 Parochialism, mindset and waste of resources. Mutual work
    practices carried out by grazers and tourism entrepreneurs
 Multiple scales of governance create contradictions
 Tensions and conflicts are between a certain type of
    economic development models and preservation of natural
    assets





Interdisciplinary approach

Ecology
Socio-economics
Anthropology
Economics
                  .



CONTEXTUALISE DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES (USE,
PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION OF
RESOURCES)
           Deer family
Documenting the context, mapping
skills and practices, mapping the
landscape
        People develop their own ways of doing things but in
        environmental contexts structured by the presence
        and activities of their predecessors
        (Ingold and Kurtila 2000)


        Context (Dilley, 1999) needs to be considered also a
        site of creativity and “place making”
        (Raffles, 2002)
How do alpine mountain communities adapt to the environment in an era of resource scarcity and constraints? Forest and pastures management, socio economic practices and development models in Val di Ledro, Trentino [Cristina Orsatti]
How do alpine mountain communities adapt to the environment in an era of resource scarcity and constraints? Forest and pastures management, socio economic practices and development models in Val di Ledro, Trentino [Cristina Orsatti]
How do alpine mountain communities adapt to the environment in an era of resource scarcity and constraints? Forest and pastures management, socio economic practices and development models in Val di Ledro, Trentino [Cristina Orsatti]
How do alpine mountain communities adapt to the environment in an era of resource scarcity and constraints? Forest and pastures management, socio economic practices and development models in Val di Ledro, Trentino [Cristina Orsatti]
F       O       R       E      S       T

 Until XVIII C the wood production of Ledro Valley was flourishing.
 1980s: Locals invest in new wood transformation processes
   90% raw material is external & immigration flows of external
  workers.
 Leading wood production districts in Trento (13 sawmills, 250
  workers). Within 6 km, 130,000 m³ of round wood are produced
  annually.



MANAGEMENT
 Collective vision  Associative tendency or individualism
 Internal  sustain “extra-local” processes
P A S T U R E

 Grassland (and buildings) are community’s properties since XIV C.
 From 1950s crisis in the sector (then biodiversity has declined?)
 In the past each family had interest in their management.
 Nowadays decrease in relations of reciprocity transcending the
 work being done by malga keepers.
 Once “vertical transhumance”. Nowadays increased residence at
 valley floor for diary production purposes  potential of
 producing negative goods and services (water, milk quality).
 Risk of lack of knowledge and cultural transmission between
 generations as well amongst stakeholders and not enough human
 resources in managing them. Loss of Social Capital intuitive and
 tacit forms of indigenous and sustainable knowledge are
 disappearing
 A new consciousness on the value of ecosystems has emerged
 quite recently e.g. areas of priority interest conservation (EU
PASTURE MANAGEMENT


 “Malghe” (traditional alpine grassland
  farming structure) are underused and
  undervalued
 Risk of lacking of human resources,
 Lack of communication, accountability
  and evaluation in relation to governance
  scale.
 Community’s relevance  relevance
  of community (of “malgari”)
 Herder/sheperd  Manager
 Internal processes  inglobate
  “extra-local” processes
Towards a topology of practices
and decision-making support
guidelines?
       The multiple methods/practices aim at offering more
          dimensions to space. As a social and political construct:
          identifying places, perceptions and practices of use and
          production of resources in places. Then providing ways
          of interpreting their mutual relationship with dwellers,
          administrators, planners at different scales of
          “governance”, revealing complexity of dynamics.
      •   Without an holistic approach embracing all the inter-
          relations it is impossible to understand what is likely (to
          be) sustainable within a specific territory (and suggest
          policies for Local Development).
      •   The need of sustainability assessments of practices to
          promote what is already sustainable and strategically
          think for the future appears more and more urgent.
Thank you very much for your attention

alessandro.gretter@iasma.it
cristina.orsatti@iasma.it
                                             Knautia baldensis
                                              Ledro endemism
                                    (dependent on grassland and pasture!)

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How do alpine mountain communities adapt to the environment in an era of resource scarcity and constraints? Forest and pastures management, socio economic practices and development models in Val di Ledro, Trentino [Cristina Orsatti]

  • 1. How do alpine mountain communities adapt to the environment in an era of resource scarcity and constraints? Forest and pastures management, socio economic practices and development models in Val di Ledro, Trentino Orsatti C. Gretter A. Scolozzi R. Marelli B.
  • 2. Outline of the presentation  Research question  Background of Field work in Val di Ledro  The valley as a complex net of relations  Interdisciplinary approach, mixed methods research  Documenting the context, mapping skills and practices mapping the landscape  Development practices with regard to forest and pastures  Towards a topology of practices and decision- making support guidelines?
  • 3. OPENLOC project “Public policies and local development: innovation policy and its effects on locally embedded global dynamics” WP “Social and natural capital: the possible contribution to local development in a global context” Obstacles Which role? potentials How do we measure? Competitive Social Natural local system capital capital Sustainable Development Role of (policies) tacit Which resources? knowledge? Limiting Which use of resources and practices factors? Within which models of development Opportunities? Which assessments?
  • 4. Study area LEDRO: 156 Kmq; 5.600 residents; 800.000 overnights
  • 5. The valley as a complex system of networks of relations  Different and complex development models respect to what is perceived as traditional or innovative  Parochialism, mindset and waste of resources. Mutual work practices carried out by grazers and tourism entrepreneurs  Multiple scales of governance create contradictions  Tensions and conflicts are between a certain type of economic development models and preservation of natural assets 
  • 6. Interdisciplinary approach Ecology Socio-economics Anthropology Economics . CONTEXTUALISE DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES (USE, PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION OF RESOURCES) Deer family
  • 7. Documenting the context, mapping skills and practices, mapping the landscape People develop their own ways of doing things but in environmental contexts structured by the presence and activities of their predecessors (Ingold and Kurtila 2000) Context (Dilley, 1999) needs to be considered also a site of creativity and “place making” (Raffles, 2002)
  • 12. F O R E S T  Until XVIII C the wood production of Ledro Valley was flourishing.  1980s: Locals invest in new wood transformation processes  90% raw material is external & immigration flows of external workers.  Leading wood production districts in Trento (13 sawmills, 250 workers). Within 6 km, 130,000 m³ of round wood are produced annually. MANAGEMENT  Collective vision  Associative tendency or individualism  Internal  sustain “extra-local” processes
  • 13. P A S T U R E  Grassland (and buildings) are community’s properties since XIV C.  From 1950s crisis in the sector (then biodiversity has declined?)  In the past each family had interest in their management. Nowadays decrease in relations of reciprocity transcending the work being done by malga keepers.  Once “vertical transhumance”. Nowadays increased residence at valley floor for diary production purposes  potential of producing negative goods and services (water, milk quality).  Risk of lack of knowledge and cultural transmission between generations as well amongst stakeholders and not enough human resources in managing them. Loss of Social Capital intuitive and tacit forms of indigenous and sustainable knowledge are disappearing  A new consciousness on the value of ecosystems has emerged quite recently e.g. areas of priority interest conservation (EU
  • 14. PASTURE MANAGEMENT  “Malghe” (traditional alpine grassland farming structure) are underused and undervalued  Risk of lacking of human resources,  Lack of communication, accountability and evaluation in relation to governance scale.  Community’s relevance  relevance of community (of “malgari”)  Herder/sheperd  Manager  Internal processes  inglobate “extra-local” processes
  • 15. Towards a topology of practices and decision-making support guidelines?  The multiple methods/practices aim at offering more dimensions to space. As a social and political construct: identifying places, perceptions and practices of use and production of resources in places. Then providing ways of interpreting their mutual relationship with dwellers, administrators, planners at different scales of “governance”, revealing complexity of dynamics. • Without an holistic approach embracing all the inter- relations it is impossible to understand what is likely (to be) sustainable within a specific territory (and suggest policies for Local Development). • The need of sustainability assessments of practices to promote what is already sustainable and strategically think for the future appears more and more urgent.
  • 16. Thank you very much for your attention alessandro.gretter@iasma.it cristina.orsatti@iasma.it Knautia baldensis Ledro endemism (dependent on grassland and pasture!)