The best assembled ppt for transportation and circulation in plants and animals.

1. MECHANISMS OF INTERNAL TRANSPORT
Several types of internal transport have
evolved in animals
• In cnidarians and
flatworms, the
gastrovascular cavity
functions in both
– digestion
– internal transport
Figure 23.2A
Mouth
Circular
canal

2. Simple organisms
When your body is only 2-cell layers thick, you can get
supplies in and waste out just through diffusion
– all cells within easy reach of fluid
Jellyfish Hydra

3. Circulatory systems
• All animals have:
– muscular pump = heart
– tubes = blood vessels
– circulatory fluid = “blood”
open closed
hemolymph blood

4. • Most animals have a separate circulatory system,
either open or closed
• Open systems
– A heart pumps blood through open-ended
vessels into spaces between cells
Figure 23.2B
Pores
Tubular heart

5. • Closed systems
– A heart pumps blood through arteries and
capillary beds
– The blood returns to the heart via veins
Artery
(O2-rich blood)
Arteriole
Capillary beds
Venule
Vein
Atrium
Ventricle
Heart
Artery
(O2-poor blood)
Gill
capillaries

6. Two-chambered heart
• The simplest vertebrate
heart is the two-chambered
heart, seen
in fishes.
• A single atrium receives
blood from the body
cells. A ventricle sends
blood to the gills to
collect oxygen.

7. Three-chambered heart
• Separate atria allow
some separation of
oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood,
which was an advantage
for land organisms
(reptiles, amphibians).
• Though blood can mix in
the ventricle, mixing is
minimal. Some reptiles
have partial separation of
the ventricle.

8. Four-chambered heart
• The four-chambered
heart, seen in birds and
mammals, allows
complete separation of
oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood.
• Complete separation is
necessary to support a
fast metabolism found
in homeotherms.

9. Evolution of circulatory system
fish amphibian reptiles birds & mammals
2 chamber 3 chamber 3 chamber 4 chamber
A A
V
A A A A
V V V V
V
A
Not everyone has a 4-chambered heart

10. • The cardiovascular system of land vertebrates
has two circuits
• The pulmonary circuit
– conveys blood between
the heart and gas-exchange
tissues
• The systemic circuit
– carries blood between
the heart and the rest
of the body
Lung capillaries
PULMONARY
CIRCUIT
A
V
Right
SYSTEMIC
CIRCUIT
A
V
Left
Systemic capillaries

12. Blood clots plug leaks when blood vessels
are injured
Figure 23.16B
• When a blood vessel
is damaged, platelets
respond
– They help trigger the
formation of an
insoluble fibrin clot
that plugs the leak

13. Figure 23.16A
1 2 Platelet plug forms 3 Fibrin clot traps
Injury to lining of blood
vessel exposes connective
tissue; platelets adhere
Platelet releases chemicals
that make nearby platelets sticky
blood cells
Connective
tissue
Platelet
plug
Clotting factors from:
Platelets
Damaged cells
Calcium and
other factors
in blood plasma
Prothrombin Thrombin
Fibrinogen Fibrin

14. Connection: Stem cells offer a potential cure for
leukemia and other blood cell diseases
Figure 23.17
• All blood cells develop
from stem cells in bone
marrow
– Such cells may prove
valuable for treating
certain blood disorders

15. BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM

16. The Rh Factor
Rh-Positive Rh-Negative
Contains the Rh antigen No Rh antigen
Will make antibodies
if given Rh-positive blood
Agglutination can
occur if given Rh +ve blood
Clinically, it is
very important
for a female to
know her Rh type
if she becomes
pregnant.

17. Circulatory System
Blood Vessels

19. Blood vessels
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules arterioles
venules
artery
veins
veins

20. Arteries: Built for their job
• Arteries
– blood flows away from heart
– thicker walls
• provide strength for high pressure
pumping of blood
– elastic & stretchable
• maintains blood
pressure even
when heart relaxes

21. Major arteries
to brain & left arm to right arm
pulmonary
artery
aorta carotid = to head
pulmonary
artery =
to lungs
coronary
arteries
to body

22. Coronary artery bypass
bypass surgery

23. Veins: Built for their job
• Veins
– blood returns back to heart
– thinner-walled
• blood travels back to heart
at low speed & pressure
• why low pressure?
– far from heart
• blood flows because muscles
contract when we move
– squeeze blood through veins
– valves in large veins
Blood flows
toward heart
Open valve
Closed valve
• in larger veins one-way valves
allow blood to flow only toward heart
• Presence of deoxygenated blood imparts bluish black
color to veins

24. Major Veins
pulmonary
vein =
from lung
superior
vena cava =
from
upper body
pulmonary
vein =
from lung
inferior
vena cava = from lower body

25. Structure-function relationship
• Capillaries
– very thin walls
– allows diffusion of
materials across capillary
• O2, CO2, H2O,
food, waste
• Very slow movement
• Artery—arterioles—
capillaries--veins--venules
body cell
O2
food
waste
CO2

26. Location of Heart in Thorax

27. Layers of
Heart
• Epicardium (most superficial)
– Visceral pleura
• Myocardium (middle layer)
– Cardiac muscle
– Contracts
• Endocardium (inner)
– Endothelium on CT
– Lines the heart
– Creates the valves

28. Pulmonary
artery
Superior
vena cava
RIGHT
ATRIUM
Pulmonary
veins
Semilunar
valve
Atrioventricular
valve
Inferior
vena cava
Aorta
Pulmonary
artery
LEFT
ATRIUM
Pulmonary
veins
Semilunar
valve
Atrioventricular
valve
RIGHT
VENTRICLE
LEFT
VENTRICLE

29. Aorta
3 2
RIGHT VENTRICLE
1
Capillaries
of right lung
Capillaries
of left lung
3
4
LEFT ATRIUM
5
LEFT VENTRICLE
6
7
Capillaries of
Head and arms
8
Capillaries of
abdominal organs
and legs
9
Superior
vena cava
10
Inferior
vena cava
11
RIGHT ATRIUM
Pulmonary
vein
Aorta
Pulmonary
vein
Pulmonary
artery
Pulmonary
artery

32. The heart contracts and relaxes rhythmically
• Diastole
– Blood flows from the
veins into the heart
chambers
SYSTOLE
Figure 23.6
Heart is
relaxed.
AV valves
are open.
1 2
3
Atria
contract.
Ventricles
contract.
Semilunar
valves
are open.
DIASTOLE
0.4 sec
0.1 sec
0.3 sec
• Systole
– The atria briefly
contract and fill the
ventricles with blood
– Then the ventricles
contract and propel
blood out

33. Mammalian Conducting Pathways
SA node initiates the action potential
◦Depolarization spreads rapidly via internodal
pathway through the walls of the atria.
• Depolarization reaches atrioventricular (AV)
node which communicates signal to the
ventricle.
• AV node causes signal delay
◦allows atrium to finish contracting before
ventricles contract.

34. Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output (CO) = the amount of blood
that the heart pumps per unit time.
• CO = HR x SV
• Heart rate (HR) =(72) beats per minute
• Stroke volume (SV) = (80cm3)amount of
blood pumped per beat

35. Circulation of Blood
• 2 part system
– Circulation to lungs
• blood gets O2 from lungs
• drops off CO2 to lungs
• brings O2-rich blood from lungs to
heart
– Circulation to body
• pumps O2-rich blood to body
• picks up nutrients from digestive
system
• collects CO2 & cell wastes
lungs
heart
body
Circulation
to lungs
Circulation
to body

36. Cardiovascular Blood Flow
• HeartArteries(conducting-distributing)
ArteriolesCapillaries of tissues
• At Capillaries O2 is delivered and CO2 picked up
• CapillariesVenulesVeinsHeart
• Portal System: Special vascular circulation where blood
goes through 2 capillary beds before returning to the heart
to achieve other function. Begins and end in capillaries.
– (eg) Hepatic Portal System: aids digestion by picking up digestive
nutrients from stomach + intestines and delivers to liver for
processing/storage
– Pick-up occurs at capillaries of stomach and intestine
– Via Hepatic Portal Vein goes to capillaries of liver
– Via Hepatic Vein blood goes back to heart

37. Hepatic Portal System

38. Tissue Fluid

39. Tissue Fluid
• What is the role of tissue fluid?
It is the fluid which allows the exchange of
substances between the blood and cells
• What substances are found in tissue fluid?
glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, salts and
oxygen = all delivered to the cells.
carbon dioxide and other waste substances =
removed from the cells.

40. Return of tissue fluid
• Most tissue fluid is returned to the blood
plasma via the capillaries.
– Hydrostatic pressure at the venule end of the
capillary is higher outside the capillary and tissue
fluid is forced back in.
– Osmotic forces (resulting from the proteins in the
plasma) pull water back into capillaries.
• Remaining tissue fluid enters the lymph
vessels – drain back into the veins close to the
heart.

41. Lymph
• Lymph is moved by:
– Light yellow viscous fluid formed from tissue fluid
by special lymph capillaries for passage into
venous blood.
– No venous blood, no platelets, lymphocytes and
WBC present.
– Contraction of body muscles (aided by valves in
the lymph vessels)

42. 42
Lymphatic System
• One way system: to the
heart
• Return of collected
excess tissue fluid
• Return of leaked protein
• “Lymph” is this fluid
• Edema results if system
blocked or surgically
removed

43. Lymph System

44. 44
Lymphoid Organs
• Lymph nodes
• Spleen
• Thymus
• Tonsils
• Small intestine &
appendix aggregated
lymphoid nodules

45. 45
• Lymph capillaries
– Have one way minivalves allowing
excess fluid to enter but not leave
– Picks up bacteria and viruses as well as
proteins, electrolytes and fluid
(lymph nodes destroy most pathogens)

46. 46

47. 47
• Lymph capillaries
– Absent from bone, bone marrow, teeth, CNS
– Enter lymphatic collecting vessels
• Lymphatic collecting vessels
– Similar to blood vessels (3 layers), but thin & delicate
– Superficial ones in skin travel with superficial veins
– Deep ones of trunk and digestive viscera travel with deep
arteries
– Very low pressure
– Distinctive appearance on lymphangiography
– Drain into lymph nodes

48. 48
• Lymph nodes: bean shaped organs along
lymphatic collecting vessels
• Up to 1 inch in size
• Clusters of both deep and superficial LNs

50. Congenital Heart Disease
• One of most common congenital
abnormalities
– 8 in 1000 live births
• Cause usually unknown
• Defects develop in 1st 10 weeks
• Malrotation defects
• Expansion defects
• Septal defects

57. Malformations with Obstruction to Flow
• Embryonic vessels fail to expand properly
• Coarctation of the aorta
– high BP in arms but low BP in legs
– low blood flow to kidneys
– 50% of cases also have PDA

58. Pericardial Disease
• Pericarditis
– usually viral infection
– atypical chest pain
– friction rub
• Pericardial effusion
– may occur in noninflammatory conditions
– hemopericardium

60. Complex Permanent Tissue
Vascular Tissues -:
 Specialized for long-distance transport of water and dissolved
substances.
 Contain transfer ceIIs, fibers in addition to parenchyma and
conducting ceIIs
 Location- the veins in Ieaves
A. XYLEM or WOOD
GW xyIos w/c means “wood”
 transports water and dissolved nutrients from the roots to aII parts of a plant.
direction of transport is upward.
Tracheids
Vessels
Xylem fibres or collenchyma
Xylem parenchyma
Living
Dead

61. • Tracheids
– Characteristics
 tapered elongated cells
dead at functional maturity
connect to each other through pits
secondary cell walls strengthened with lignin
– Functions
 transport of water & dissolved minerals(?) from cell to cell via pits.
Support
• Vessel Elements
– Characteristics
Long tube like and wider than tracheids
possess thinner cell walls than tracheids
Aligned end-to-end to form long water-pipes
dead at functional maturity
– Functions
 transport of water plus dissolved minerals
support

62. • Xylem fibre:
 Dead, lignified sclerenchymatous cells supportive in funtion.
• Xylem Parenchyma:
 Living parenchymatous cells – helps in storage of food
 Lateral conduction of sap.

63. B. PhIoem
 Greek word phloios meaning, “bark”
 transports dissolved organic / food materials from the Ieaves to the
different parts of the plant
 glucose in phloem moves in aII directions
• Sieve tubes
• Companion cells
• Phloem parenchyma
• Phloem fibres
Living
Dead

64. • Sieve-tube Members
– Characteristics
 living cells arranged end-to-end to form food-conducting cells of
the phloem
 lack lignin in their cell walls, perforated walls made sieve plate
mature cells lack nuclei and other cellular organelles
 alive at functional maturity
– Functions
transport products of photosynthesis
• Companion Cells
– Characteristics
• living cells adjacent to sieve-tube members
• connected to sieve-tube members via plasmodesmata
– Functions
• support sieve-tube members
• may assist in sugar loading into sieve-tube members

66. Transport in plants
• Water and mineral nutrients
must be absorbed by the roots
and transported throughout the
plant
• Sugars must be transported from
site of production, throughout
the plant, and stored

67. Osmotic potential, solutes, and water
movement

68. Low Ψp High Ψp

70. lower ψ
lower ψ
low ψ
Transpiration
creates tension
higher ψ
cohesion
higher ψ
higher ψ
lower ψ higher ψ highest ψ

71. Cells turgid/Stoma open Cells flaccid/Stoma closed
Radially oriented
cellulose microfibrils
Cell
wall
Vacuole
Guard cell
Changes in guard cell shape and stomatal opening
and closing (surface view). Guard cells of a typical
angiosperm are illustrated in their turgid (stoma open)
and flaccid (stoma closed) states. The pair of guard
cells buckle outward when turgid. Cellulose microfibrils
in the walls resist stretching and compression in the
direction parallel to the microfibrils. Thus, the radial
orientation of the microfibrils causes the cells to increase
in length more than width when turgor increases.
The two guard cells are attached at their tips, so the
increase in length causes buckling.
(a)
H2O
H2O
H2O
K+
H2O H2O
Role of potassium in stomatal opening and closing.
The transport of K+ (potassium ions, symbolized
here as red dots) across the plasma membrane and
vacuolar membrane causes the turgor changes of
guard cells.
(b)
H2O H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O

72. How do plants regulate the transport of xylem sap?
Stomata
K+ is actively transported into and out of guard cells

73. How do plants regulate the transport of xylem sap?
Stomata
When [K+] is high, the amount of H20 is high,
and guard cells open stomata

74. How do plants regulate the transport of xylem sap?
Stomata
When [K+] is low, the amount of H20 is low,
and guard cells close stomata

75. How do plants regulate the transport of xylem sap?
Stomata
Light stimulates the uptake of K+ by
guard cells, opening stomata

76. How do plants regulate the transport of xylem sap?
Stomata
Low [CO2] stimulates the uptake of K+ by
guard cells, opening stomata

77. How do plants regulate the transport of xylem sap?
Stomata
Low H2O availability inhibits the uptake of K+ by
guard cells, closing stomata

78. Adhesion and Cohesion Theory
• Cohesion: polar
water molecules
tend to stick
together with
hydrogen bonds.
• Adhesion: water
molecules tend to
stick to polar
surfaces.

79. • Cohesion and
adhesion cause
water to “crawl”
up narrow tubes.
The narrower
the tube the
higher the same
mass of water
can climb.
• Maximum
height: 32 feet.

81. How do roots absorb water and minerals?
• Roots absorb water and minerals in a 4-step
process:
– Active transport of minerals into root hairs.
– Diffusion to the pericycle.
– Active transport into the vascular cylinder.
– Diffusion into the xylem.

84. How do roots absorb water and minerals?
Symplastic route:
Active transport occurs through
proton pumps, that set up
membrane potentials, that
drive the uptake of mineral ions

85. How do roots absorb water and minerals?
Apoplastic route:
Some water and dissolved
minerals passively diffuse into
cell walls

86. How do roots absorb water and minerals?
Solutes diffuse through the cells (or cell walls) of
the epidermis and cortex (the
innermost layer of which
is the endodermis)

87. How do roots absorb water and minerals?
The final layer of live cells actively transports
solutes into their cell walls
Solutes then diffuse into
xylem vessels to be
transported upward

88. How do roots absorb water and minerals?
The final layer of live cells actively transports
solutes into their cell walls
The final layer may be an
endodermal cell…

89. How do roots absorb water and minerals?
The final layer of live cells actively transports
solutes into their cell walls.
… or a cell of the pericycle
(outermost layer of stele)

90. Water transport

91. How does phloem transport phloem sap?
Companion cells actively transport sugars into sieve-tube
members (elements)

92. How does phloem transport phloem sap?
Food (sugars) are then
translocated from
sources to sinks
according to the
Pressure-Flow Theory:
1. At sources, sugars
are actively
transported into
phloem

93. How does phloem transport phloem sap?
Food (sugars) are then
translocated from
sources to sinks
according to the
Pressure-Flow Theory:
2. Water follows by
osmosis from source
cells and xylem;
this creates high
pressure

94. How does phloem transport phloem sap?
Food (sugars) are then
translocated from
sources to sinks
according to the
Pressure-Flow Theory:
3. At the sink, sugars
diffuse out of the
phloem and water
follows by osmosis;
this creates low
pressure

95. How does phloem transport phloem sap?
Food (sugars) are then
translocated from
sources to sinks
according to the
Pressure-Flow Theory:
Sugar solution flows
from high to low
pressure

96. How does phloem transport phloem sap?
Food (sugars) are then
translocated from
sources to sinks
according to the
Pressure-Flow Theory:
4. Water may be taken
up by the transpiration
stream in the xylem

97. How does phloem transport phloem sap?
Pressure-Flow Theory