kjnk.j

1. Environmental Evaluation of
Contamination in San Salvador
Community and its Bases of
Sustainability
Geo Explorer Project

2. Geo Explorers 2008

3. Salvador is a community like any other in
Puerto Rico which confronts environmental
problems like:
Water Pollution
Soil Pollution
Waste Management
Others

4. Outline
Pollution
Water
Soil
Waste Management
Sustainability
Alternate Energy: -Biogas
- Wind Energy
-Hydroponic System
Small Business:
-Worm Compost
-Eco-Café

5. Inhabitants:
3272
Houses: 730
1st
community
museum
Pirucho:
highest
elevation in
Caguas
Main Creeks:
Maracal
Morena
Hato

6. Pollution

7. Water Quality Assessment
Water Sampling
Quebrada Maracal
Quebrada Morena
Rio Turabo
Quebrada El Yunque
(Control)
Visual Assessment
Possible Pollution Sources

8. Water Sampling Location

9. Parameters:
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
pH (acid or alkaline)
Nitrate
Phosphate

10. In Puerto Rico water Temperature
should be between 20 to 30 °C.
Dissolved Oxygen in water
Above 5ppm is good
Below 5ppm is bad
1 Acid < < 6.5 good water 7.5 >> Alkaline 14
Nitrate and Phosphate in water
Above 5ppm is bad
Below 5ppm is good

11. Pollution Composition
Organic
Compounds
Heavy Metals
Nitrate
Phosphate
Nutrients
Many Others

12. Creek Elevation Coord. Temp(ºC) DO pH Phosp. Nitrate
Morena 1,383 ft 18º 07.8N
65º 02.1W
23 8ppm 7.5 .2ppm .5ppm
Morena 1,187 ft 18º 08.2N
65º 02.2W
24 7ppm 7.5 2ppm .5ppm
Creek Elevation Coord. Temp(ºC) DO pH Phosp. Nitrate
Maracal 1,208 ft 18º 08.5N
66º 01.8W
24 7ppm 7 .2ppm .5ppm
Maracal 1,062 ft 18º 08.3N
65º 02.4W
25 7ppm 7.5 2ppm .1ppm
River Elevation Coord. Temp(ºC) DO pH Phosp. Nitrate
Turabo 146 ft 18º 14.5N
66º 0.68W
29 8ppm 7.5 .5ppm 1ppm
Turabo 170 ft 18º 14.4N
65º 0.68W
29 6ppm 7 .5ppm .5ppm
Creek Elevation Coord. Temp(ºC) DO pH Phosp. Nitrate
El
Yunque
684 ft 18º 19.9N
65º 45.6W
24 7ppm 7 0 ppm 0 ppm
El
Yunque
684 ft 18º 19.9N
65º 45.6W
24 7ppm 7 0 ppm 0 ppm
Results

13. Possible Pollution Sources

17. Main Effects of Water Pollution
Eutrophication Poisoning

18. What could we do to minimize
the water pollution?

19. Grey Water Management

20. Grey Water ?
Dish washing
Laundry
Car washing
Shower
Cleaning residual
waters
Pool water
other

21. Main Composition
Nutrients
Nitrate
Phosphate
Potassium
Microorganisms
Pathogenic
Nonpathogeni

22. Survey
San
Salvador
Community

23. 19
23
0
5
10
15
20
25
People
Does your grey water go to your
septic tank?
Yes
No

24. 36
6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
People
Are you willing to yield your
grey waters ?
Yes
No

25. Hydroponic System
Hydroponic is the form of cultivating
plants without ground or soil
It can apply to any type of plants, either as a
food source or for ornamental purpose
It can be practiced in open or closed spaces
The are diverse methods of cultivations of
hydroponic

28. San Salvador Hydroponic System
Lettuce
Tomato
Pumpkins
Coriander
Pepper
Sweet Chili
Onions
Cabbage
Roses
Tulips
Clove Pink
Lilies
others

29. Product Price($)
Construction Charges 132,000
Charge in the purchase of the
seeds
93
Inventary Rotation 5 months aprox.
Charges Total

30. Products
Product Quanti
ty
Quantity of product for each
plant
Total
quantity
Price($)
Lettuce 60 1 60 1.27
Tomato 60 10 600 (3) 1.02
“Morron”
Pepper
60 5 300 2.97
“Recao” 60 20 (leafs) 60 1.07
Coriander 60 20(leafs) 60 1.74
Cabbage 60 1 60 0.95
Onion 60 5 300 (3) 1.50
Pepper 60 5 300 1.37
Sweet chili 60 10 600 2.50 pkg.
Pumpkin 60 4 240 .50 lb.
Tulip 60 10 600 12.00
Clavel 60 10 60 3.50

31. Location

32. Soil Pollution

33. In San Salvador Community there are several
septic wells that are in bad shape, by this reason
our investigation:
“Comparison of Physical-chemical Properties of San
Salvador’s and Yunque’s Soil and Contamination
Impact on Its Fertility”
It was generally
based in this
problem.
San Salvador community

34. Contaminated waters expelled by a septic well affects
the San Salvador’s soil fertility affecting its physical-
chemical properties.

35. Soil samples were taken from Yunque National
Rainforest, San Salvador Community, and soil near a
septic well.
The samples are brought to the lab to analyzed the soils
physical-chemical properties like texture, water holding
capacity, pH, Phosphorous, Nitrogen, Conductivity,
Temperature and soil composition.
In addition, beans were planted in the different types of
soils to determine its fertility. The data is compared to
observe changes.

36. Physical Properties and Water Holding Capacity

39. Septic Well Plant?!?!
San Salvador PlantsYunque Plant

40. Our results can establish that there is a negative
impact of the water residues of septic wells in the soils
fertility.
Considering that San Salvador Community has a very
fertile soil, the town authority should give constant
mantainment to these facilities to protect this
resource.

42. In Puerto Rico:
Reducing the use of landfills is the principal alternative of
waste managment and disposal of solid wastes. In the
present PR 87%

43. Waste Solid Composting in Puerto
Rico
Solid waste composition is the reflection of
the actual consuming society who’s habit is
focused on the buy of products of “use and
throw away” that, far from offering a better
life because of the job comforts, is guiding
us to an unstoppable waste generation.
Waste composting
43.6 %

44. Recycling
Recycling is one way to reduce the amount of solid
waste and use of landfills, to protect the environment.
You can reuse paper and plastic bags. You can also
reuse the containers of lard, butter, among others to
store food and other things.
Some of the recyclable materials are:
-Glass,
-Metal,
-Plastic,
-Organic material and Paper
WORMCOMPOST

45. Understanding that recycling is an alternative to
help diminish the problem that solid wastes
generate in Puerto Rico including the San Salvador
who has a great field extension that can be used
for the “horticultura”, our investigation:
“Worm compost, as an alternative recycling
and improvement of soil, in the community of
San Salvador”
This offers great benefits that contribute to the
solution to this problem.

46. The soils of San Salvador will respond in a positive
way to the addition of worm compost and will also be
an effective way in increasing the recycling rate.

47. The worm compost is a biotechnology that uses worm
to recycle of organic matter and newspaper and
obtaining humus

48. Humus- produces growth promotion for plants so that
they can absorb and promote nutrition and resistance:
vitamins, growth regulators (auxins, giberalinas,
cytokines) and properties of substances with antibiotics.
The roots are better in a soil rich in humus that one poor
in this substance
It retains water and nutrients in the soiland Improving
soil structure by providing aeration.
It reduces the amount of solid waste that are deposited in
Landfills

49. A survey was made in the community to determine
the knowledge that the people have about recycling
A group was made to go to the community and collect
the materials
Elaboration of Humus
•Samples of the
Yunque and San
Salvador to
determine the impact
of humus in the
fertility of the soil. San Salvador community

50. In the first image, Carlos
made the survey in 25
houses in San Salvador
Community
This is the newspaper
obtained in the community
the day Recycling
Campaign
Results : Survey and Recycling
Campaing
San Salvador community
Lab

51. Process of Humus Elaboration
Turabo Lab
Turabo Lab

52. Characteristic Humus
Conductivity 975us
Temperature 23.5 C
pH 5
N Medium
P Medium
k Medium
60 days19 days
Turabo Lab

53. The seeds planted the first
day: June 20, 2008
The plants four days after
planted
The plants in their last stage,
these last ones were
planted with humus and
he results were known
twelve days after planted
The Effect of Humus on San Salvador’s Soil
Turabo Lab

54. What can be observed is that people in the
community have a great interest in recycling and
we ask for containers that are needed to be used
for recycling.
68%
28%
0 5 10 15 20
Houses
Y es
No
Interest
Interested in Recicling

55. By this method we would like to ask the town major,
one hundred (100) containers for recycling because
this community counts with 730 houses who would
like to recycle

56. Humus is a good alternative to better the soil in San
Salvador Community and its an excellent way to
recycle in the community.
Conclusion

57. Basics for a Sustainable
Future in San Salvador
Community

58. Domestic Waste Management
Water Pollution
 Eutrophication
Air Pollution
 Global Warming
Alternate Energy

59. Biogas to Energy
Septic tanks are places where most human
waste ends-up. In these places many gases
are generated, among them we find methane
gas (CH4).
If this Methane gas is recuperated and then
processed, we could obtain biogas.
Once we obtain the Biogas, this could be
utilized to generate electric power.
This Energy could be distributed through
the community, as well as sold to The
Electric Power Authority.

60. Survey
San Salvador
Community

61. 15
27
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
People
Have you ever emptied your septic
tank?
Yes
No
Not know

62. 3 2
10
24
0
5
10
15
20
25
People
Month
How often do you empty your
septic tank?
1 to 5
6 to 12
13 or more
Never

64. Product Value
($)
Quantit
y
Total
Value($)
Truck 1987 Mack RD 690 Septic Vac
Tank
32,100 5 160,500
1,500 gal. Septic Tank Pre-Plumbed
Single
Compartment 20”MW Bruiser
1,900 10 18,140
Septic tank external Pump box 3,000 3 9,000
Pipe Aluminum 10’ x 13” (each) 120 200 24,000
Sigma Mixer 125 Liters to 2000 Liters 2,500 3 7,500
MECHATRON Feeder -- Model HC
(Volumetric)
3,000 2 6,000
Total 170,500 223 230,150
Material Costs

65. Currently the oil is being used so exaggerated. The
price of this has increased to reach $ 140 a barrel.
Faced with this problem we must be aware and
inclinations toward alternate energy. Puerto Rico is an
island with large renewable resources which gives us a
great power as a result on energy renewable.

66. The wind is a good alternative for the community of
San Salvador because of its natural resources and
geographical features.

67. The energy that can be drawn from wind is the kinetic
energy of this low-density fluid in motion. The wind
generator tour not just by the push of wind but by
force aerodynamics their blades.
The wind turbines are composed of several
components: the rotor blade, generator and batteries
for storage.

68. The rotor transforms force wind energy rotating shaft.
The gearbox raises the speed.
The generator converts energy into electrical energy
axis.
The ideal places for the installation of these in places
where there is constant wind about 13 miles.

69. Costs of wind generator for the entire community
Amount of houses= 730
Amount and price of wind generator= 4 millions
Maintenance= 200,000 anually
Total= 4,200,000
Amount to pay per house= 5,755 dollars
Amount to pay monthly= 100 dollars ( loan to 5 years)
Costs for personal wind generator
Price of wind generator for one house= 15,000 dollars
Amount to pay monthly= 250 dollars
Energy that produce= 240 volts

70. 480
980
1,480
1,980
2,480
2,980
3,480
2008 2009 2010 2013 2014
Wind generator
Electric Energy

72. After investigation we realized that the introduction
of wind turbine in the San Salvador community is
viable. This community meets the requirements such
as wind and space for the implementation of the
same.

73. Small businesses

74. The small businesses have contributed a lot to the
generation of jobs, increasing the economy and
the production of Latin America and the
Caribbean.
The small businesses give the families of low
resources possibilities that they can better their
economic status. San Salvador Community
possesses a great potential to be the mother of a
good worm compost small business, because it’s a
big extension of fertile land that can have great
benefits with this humus.

75. In San Salvador Community there are no small
businesses, including worm compost, although there
are a great percentage of people that are interested in
recycling.

76.  General Objectives
-Better the job opportunities in San Salvador
Community by the development of small
businesses that helps the sustainability of this
community, with the help of the government.
Promote the worm compost small business.
Specific Objectives
-Offer knowledge to the people that live in the
community so they can build their own business.
-Get town funds that promote the development of
small businesses.
-Develop a leading small business in the area.

77. Selection of entrepreneurs
Training
Microenterprise Pilot

78. In these photos Eliu and
Carlos realized the survey
in some of the residents of
the community of San
Salvador.
Survey
San Salvador community

79. • In result of the visits and surveys, we can establish
that San Salvador has the qualities (attitude and
commitment of the community and the materials) to
establish a small business.
Interested in Recycling

80. The activity realized in
the 30 of June of 2008
the community of San
Salvador were attended
by around 28 people we
teach them to prepare
worm compost.
San Salvador community
San Salvador community

81. Name: “Worm compost for soils of San Salvador "
Location: Quarter San Salvador (Caguas)
Number of Employees: 3 people
Products: Product main manufacturing humus
(natural fertilizer)
Market: At community
Characteristic Humus
Conductivity 975us
Temperature 23.5 C
pH 5
N Medium
P Medium
k Medium

82. Environmental Aspects
Agricultural
Social
Economic

83. Our product in Puerto Rico does not have much
competition as it is not as recognized as
elsewhere. Our competitors in Puerto Rico are
actually three, but in other countries like Mexico
are really a great competition, competition is
more than five businesses

84. Budget required for the implementation of Microenterprise of worm compost in San Salvador
Material Price
Old newspaper $0.00
Fruit and vegetable skin $0 $0.00
Plastic container 2x3 $5.95
Worm red Calif. 1lb. (1200 worms) $24.99
Bag of dirt $3.00
Food proseser $10.50
Guillotine $8.99
Balance $25.00
Spray botle $1.25
Bag sealling machine $29.99
Paper shreder $21.99
Total $131.66
30 Microenterprise $3,949.80
Municipal Aid

85. Eco-Café
Cafeteria Ecotourism
Center

86. Ecotourism
Ecotourism is an approach to tourism activities in
which tends toward sustainability, preservation and
appreciation of the environment (both natural and
cultural) that welcomes travelers:
Pirucho Peak
Museum
Biogas Plant
Rappelling
Botanic Garden
Hydroponic System
Camping
Archeological Site
Caves
Wind Energy System

90. Survey
San Salvador Community
Palmer Plaza and
Catalinas’Mall

91. San Salvador43
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
People
Would you support our projects?
Yes
No
43
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
People
Do you agree with the construction of an Eco-
Cafeteria?
Yes
No

92. 7
10
7
0
2
4
6
8
10
People
Type pf food
What kind of menu you prefer?
Meals
Sandwich
and snacks
Candy and
bakery
34
5
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
People
Dollar amount
How much are you willing to pay?
$ 1 to 10
$ 10 to 15
$ 15 to 20

93. Las Catalina's Mall
33
28
24
26
28
30
32
34
People
Do you know the San Salvador community?
Yes
No

94. 1 1
0
8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
People
Days
If you said no, how often do you visit Caguas?
1 to 2
3 to 5
6 to 10
10 or more
17
42
0
10
20
30
40
50
People
Do you know that the San Salvador community is
an eco-turistic place?
Yes
No

95. 28
33
24
26
28
30
32
34
people
Do you practice any eco-turistic activity?
Yes
No
57
3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
People
Would you support an eco-turistic center in
Caguas?
Yes
No

96. 0
15
30
45
60
75
90
Activity
Which of these activities would you prefer?
Pirucho Peak
Museum
Bio-Gas Plant
Rappelling
Botanic Garden
Hydroponic System
Camping
Archeological Site
Cave
All
%

97. Equipment and Material Price ($)
--Local or ground 5,000
--Painting, slabs, fans or air, lay down power
lines, doors, windows, cement, seek connections
water, etc...
4,000
--Stove, cabinets, sink, dishwasher, microwave,
refrigerator, toaster, coffee shop, oven, tables,
chairs, carpets, cash register, telephone,
bathroom accessories, ecotourism information
center (furniture).
26,000
Creole food:
-- Meals Fuertes
-- Sweets and Entrees
-- Snacks and Sandwiches
-- Juices, soft drinks, milk and bread
1,000
--Number of Employees 8 1,160
Total 38,000
Estimated Costs

98. San Salvador community
Ismael González
Awilda Pérez
NOAA

99. Any
Question