1. Hereditary And
Acquired Causes Of
Infertility
Submitted by: Tushar m. Watane
M.V.Sc. 1st year
Dept. Of Veterinary Reproduction,
Gynaecology And Obstetrics.
Submitted to:: Dr. Chinchkar
Head of Dept Of Veterinary Reproduction,
Gynaecology And Obstetrics.

2. Hereditary Causes Of Infertility-
•1.Freemartin
•2.Hermaphrodites
•3.White Heifer Disease
•4.Ovarian aplasia
•5.Ovarian Hypoplasia
•6.Paraovarian Cyst
•7.Developmental
Abnormalities

3. 1. Freemartin
• *Feremartin are sterile heifers(905) born co-twin with males.
• *most of twin births are dizygotic(90-99%).
• *This condition is a unique form of intersexuality characterized
by abnormal developmental changes during sexual
differentiation.
• Symptoms and clinical findings_
• 1-Fremartins are phenotypicaly similar in appearance
andnever comes in heat despite passing age of puberty (Ox
horn massive shoulder , high limbs ,narrow pelvis, small
narrow vulva, large prominent clitoris, prominent tuft of
coarse hair arises from yhe ventral vulval commissure, and
udder is underdeveloped with small rudimentary teats).
• 2- Clinical examinaition reveals that the measurements of alll
reproductive organs are markdly decreased (size & weigght).

4. • 3- The length of both vagina and vulva is
markdly decreases (6-8 cm) and reveals
blind vestibule as detected by Fincher
pencil test .
• 4-Gonads are either aplastic or hypoplastic
and detected as firm noduar structure.
• 5- Uterus , uterine horns, cervix and
anterior vagina are uncanalized (can be
detected as cord like structures).
• 6.testicular structure and male accesory
glands (seminal gland) can also be
detected in some cases.

5. 2. Hermaphrodites
• .Hermaphrodite is a term applied to individuals whose genital
organs exhibiting both sexes.
• .hermaphroditism has been recorded in all animal species , but high
frequently in goats(6-14.9%) and in pigs.
• .Hermaphroditism in goats caused by an autosomal recessive gene
linked to an autosomal dominant gene polledness or hornlessness.
• .This gene have variable penetrations, and be responcible for sex
reversal of genetic females to phenotypic males (because all
hermaphrodites are genetipically females, 60XX kariotype).
CLASSIFICATION OF HERMAPHRODITISM-
. They are classified according to the dominating genital organs into:
1. True hemaphrodite (low incidence).
2. Pseudo-hermaphrodites( high incidence.)

6. Morphological features of masculine
type male pseudohermaphrodite
kids
• 1.pseudohemaphrodites kids are hornless, and
develops an abnormal pouch at the terminal part
of urethra that filled with urine.
• 2 such a condition suffer urine incontinence that
was treated by surgical dilatation of the external
urethral orifice.
• 3. External genetalia reveals absence of scritum,
the penis is abnormally short, and the external
urethral orifice opens just cranial to the ischial
arch.

7. Marphological featurs of
pseudohermaphrodies:
• 1. older cases are hornless and exhibiting either
masculine or feminine appearance.
• 2. The external genetalia consists of small
subcutaneously located testes and the scrotum
is seldom developed.
• 3.The penis is short and exhibits no sigmoid
flexure.
• 4. The free end of the penis is bent upwards that
makes urine stream directed upwards.

8. Marphological featires of true
Hermaphrodites:
• 1. Phenotypically , those cases were either
feminine or masculine in appearance (depending
upon the dominating sex gonads).
• 2. Enlarged clitoris and small underdeveloped
vulva make the urine directed upward in those
cases.
• 3.Both genital tract were present and
underdeveloped.
• 4.They are infertile , but some cases may
becomrs pregnant.

9. 3. White Heifer Disease-
• 1. It is caused by single recessive sex linked to
the gene of white color of Short Horn Breed.
• 2. Such gene induces arrest in the development
ofMullarian ducts with different degrees.
• 3. Three classes of the disease can be detected :
• A-class:segmental aplasia of Mullarian ducts.
B-class: Uterus unicornis.
C-class: Impeforated hymen.

10. 4- Ovarian Aplasia (Gonadless
condition)
• 1. The condition denotes absence of gonads (
unilateral or bilateral).
• 2. In bilateral cases , the affected heife is steer
like and never cycle despite passing age of
puberty. The genital tract is infantile and the
heifer must be discarded from breeding (sterile).
• 3. In unilateral casas , compensatory
hypertrophy can be detected in the existed ovary
and heifer can cycle normally, but the fertility is
theoreticallu decreased to50%.Detected

11. 5. Ovarian Hypoplasia.
• 1.the condition means underdevelopment of the ovary
(failure in the migration of germinal cells). It is due to a
single recessive autosomal gene with incomplete
penetreation. Adverse envioronmental condition may
also affect ovarian development,
• 2.It may be complete or incomplete and may affect
either ovaries (unulateral ) or both ovaries (bilateral).
• 3. In case of complete bilateral ovarian hypoplasia , the
affected heifer is steer like and never cycle despite
passing age of puberty. Both ovaries are small , firm
, smooth structuresless, and the genital tract is infantile.

12. 6. Paraovarian Cyst-
• 1. These cysts develop as cystic dilatation
in vestige of wolffian ductin broad
ligament around the ovary.
• 2. These cysts sre either rounded , oval or
ovoid in shape and measure about 2-10
cm in diameter.
• 3.Adverse effect on reproduction could
not detected in the presence of these
cysts.

13. 7.Developmental
Abnormalities ( Uterus, cervix
or vagina)
• 1.Uterus didylphis.
• 2.Double cervix.
• 3.Double vagina.
• 4.Fleshy pillars.

14. ACQUIRED CAUSES OF
INFERTILITY-
• .These causes fall into several
categories like somatic
diseases, genital infections, feeding
faults, climatic factors and
management factors.

15. Somatic Diseases-
• When an animal is sick or suffering from a
serious ailment or disease, conception will
not occur.
• . Somatic diseases, like FMD, Johne's
disease, brucellosis, lymphadenosis, meta
bolic disturbances, intestinal
parasites, gastro-intestinal
intoxications, deficiency and metabolic
diseases etc., can cause infertility.

16. • Genital infections, like puerperal
infections (endometritis, pyometra),
venereal infections, ovarobursal
adhesions of the uterus, parturition
trauma of the tubular genital tract
and rupture of the peritoneum, are
important.

17. Feeding Faults-
• .over feeding
• .under feeding
• .unbalanced diet
• Deficiency of minerals , vitamins or
traces elements
• .Lack of TDN , Energy, proteins, dry
matter, etc. in diet.

18. Climatic factors-
• .sunlight
• .Temperature
• .Changes in vegetation.

19. Managmental factors-
• .Detection of estrus
• .Timing of insemination
• .Handling of Animal at Breeding

20. Tumors-
Granulose cell tumour of
• .
ovary commonly cause
infertility in females

21. • Anestrus, subestrus or silent
heat, ovulatory
dysfunction, delayed
ovulation, ovulatory failure on
ovulation, cystic ovarian
conditions, failure of fertilization
and dysfunction of the fallopian
tube and death or loss of the
conceptus fall under this category.

22. •Thank you!