Essay On Realism

The essay written by George Levine " Frankenstein and the Tradition of Realism" is published in a
scholarly journal called Novel: A Forum on Fiction in 1973. As from what we can assume from the
title is that the journal focuses exclusively on novels that are a work of fiction. It does not deal with
poetry or even short stories.It is most likely that the audience are those who focus their research
interests on the novel form. Levine's essay focuses on how Frankenstein fits into two different
traditions of novel writing, the realistic novel and the Gothic novel.
Levine's main argument is that although Frankenstein is a gothic novel, it is not a typical gothic
novel with many realistic ideas. It aims to generate terror in the reader like other gothic novels but
does not involve the supernatural. The events that Mary Shelley writes out in Frankenstein are not
far from ordinary and the commonplace. Levine's more interesting argument is that Mary Shelley's
use of the Gothic tradition allows her to dip in the imaginative and subjective inner truths that a
realistic novel would not allow. For example how the characters reflect or double each other. Also
most of the characters represent aspects of Victor Frankenstein
Stone 2
in some way. Therefore, as Levine shows, their similarities may suggest the importance of
relationships that bind us to each other...show more content...
For instances, the scene when Frankenstein dies and the Creature is heart broken. As the story
progresses the Creature and Frankenstein become dependent on each other.The only connection he
had was Frankenstein and now that he is go he has nothing to live for. The Creature feels regret and
the weight of Frankenstein's death is like part of him dying. This is similar to when the Creature
killed Clerval and Frankenstein feels that part of him has
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Essay on The Reality of Political Realism
When discussing whether or not a nation–state should enter a war and when to do so, three beliefs
on foreign policy and war exist. The three different diplomatic stances are that of pacifism, just war
theory, and political realism. Political realism, or realpolitik as it is often referred to, is the belief
war should only occur when it is in the national interest of the particular nation–state. Henry
Kissinger, a political realist, in his book Diplomacy argues that realism is the only logical answer.
Just war theorists, along with pacifists, on the other hand oppose these arguments and therefore
critique of this form of diplomatic action. To construct a valid understanding of the realist
perspective the arguments Kissinger puts forth in...show more content...
Darwin's survival of the fittest was a strong belief Roosevelt held and theorized all life followed the
ideas of natural selection. Natural selection and survival of the fittest are theories that the strong will
naturally survive by both, eliminating the weak and having greater likelyhood to pass on.
With the German invasion of Luxenbourgh and Belgium directly breaking treaties previously
signed stating peace Roosevelt stated to not take sides. Roosevelt's reaction was that of no
concern at first, yet he was concerned once war erupted in Europe. Mainly concerned that the war
would disrupt the balance of power in Europe and the German invasions would lead to German
invasions pressing forward into Latin and South America. German military occupations in Latin
America would pose a direct threat for the US if this were to be true. Roosevelt felt the problem
would inevitably resolve itself prior to occupations in Latin America based on the principles that a
balance of power still exists. A balance of power is the way the European government had operated
for quite sometime now. If one nation–state became all powerful and started campaigns to take over
other nation–states in Europe, a coalition of nation–states would form to put down the aggressing
nation–state to insure the stability of their own nation–state. Therefore, according to Roosevelt and
his political realist views, a country

Essay about Realism
Realism – The State is the Most Important Actor
Introduction
During the latter half of the 20th century, the realist theory has been criticized as an outdated method
which can no longer sufficiently explain the actions of the global community. Critics point to
liberalism, another widely accepted theory, as the successor of realism as the dominant theory of
international relations. Opponents of realism assert that the Democratic Peace theory is evidence
that the theory of realism is no longer complete. If realism were to stand alone, this accusation might
have some validity. The development of neorealism helps to explain what realism could not,
accounting for global developments since the creation of the theory of realism. Thus, the...show more
content...
Odershook). Thus, the continued survival and autonomy of each state is the most important factor in
the international decision making process, and the foundation of the realist theory. This claim
becomes the driving force for the international relations of every country when evaluated by the
realist paradigm. The realist theory has developed as a theory of state autonomy, emphasizing
individual state survival, as a consequence of the perceptions of theorists about the nature of states
and progress in the global system. Robert Powell define this perception, reasoning that "if one state
can turn a relative gain to its advantage and the disadvantage of others, then [the system's
constraints] will induce a concern for the relative gains and this may impede cooperation absent any
superior authority to ensure that these gains not be used in this way" (Powell qtd. Ordershook 213).
This emphasizes the concept that states are chiefly concerned with the relative gains that they are
capable of achieving, and [states] are acutely aware that other states intend to take advantage of any
relative gain that they are capable of achieving in order to further protect their security and
sovereignty. To better understand the realist perception, it is of fundamental importance to recognize
that the global system is perceived to be in a state of international anarchy, as realists recognize no
power greater than that of the nation–state (Grieco 607).

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Realism
When trying to comprehend international politics, current events, or historical context, having a
firm grasp on the various international relations theories is essential to understanding patterns when
looking at interstate affairs. Realism, liberalism, constructivism, and marxist radical theory are used
to provide a framework by which we can dissect international relations.
Classical realist theory is based upon the idea that human nature is inherently bad and selfish, the
international system is anarchic, and the state is the most important actor in international affairs.
Basing policy decisions on human nature, the state looks to maximize it's power and security within
its geographic location. Realist theory sees all conflict deriving from power struggles between states,
though it is not about fostering wars; rather the opposite.
One of the stronger points that classical realist theory made is the idea that war is inevitable. For the
time period upon which classical realism was thriving, it was much more likely for interstate conflict
to arise as there was no strong central system of collective security like the United Nations. A state
and a neighboring state could and would co–exist with each other, but realist theory assumes that
eventually conflict will arise from power conflicts between them. The real achilles heel of this
theory shows here; this just is not the case in the world anymore with worldwide collective security.
Structural realist thought compensates for

Political Realism Essay examples
People's ideas and assumptions about world politics shape and construct the theories that help
explain world conflicts and events. These assumptions can be classified into various known
theoretical perspectives; the most dominant is political realism. Political realism is the most
common theoretical approach when it is in means of foreign policy and international issues. It is
known as "realpolitik" and emphasis that the most important actor in global politics is the state,
which pursues self–interests, security, and growing power (Ray and Kaarbo 3). Realists generally
suggest that interstate cooperation is severely limited by each state's need to guarantee its own
security in a global condition of anarchy. Political realist view...show more content...
The declining use of military force is the questionable aspect of this perspective because throughout
the years it has been demonstrated that this is not true. Military engagements in the nations states
continue to be a problem and a violation to the state's sovereignty established by the Peace of
Westphalia in 1648. Although both of these theoretical perspectives have their flaws, they can both
be used to analyze current issues of today, thus establishing different interpretations for the same
events, such as the oil crisis, global warming, and the most recent issue the occupy movements. To
begin with, one of the issues in today's society that has remained a dilemma for many years has
been the oil crisis. The oil crisis is the problems where the major industrial countries of the world,
particularly the United States, faced substantial shortages of petroleum. As mentioned in Maxine's
presentation in my Pols–311 class, the two worst crises of oil have been the 1973 oil crisis, caused by
the Arab Oil Embargo of OAPEC, and the 1979 energy crisis, caused by the Iranian Revolution. The
issue of the oil crisis has lead many nations to seek petroleum by violating states sovereignty and
using the military in many occasions to do so. It has also lead nations like the United States to
military support monarchies and dictatorships that would allow the United States to

Examples Of Realism In Realism
The present paper is a discussion of Anita Desai's novel In Custody in the light of various
dimensions of realism as pointed out by Raymond Williams, a dominion literary personality in his
essay Realism and The contemporary novel taken from his book The Long Revolution. Here
Williams makes a cultural inquiry in literary composition. The word realism is not new. In fact,
literary realism is the trend, beginning with mid nineteenth century French literature and extending
to late nineteenth and early twentieth century authors, towards depictions of contemporary life
and society as it was, or is. Yet realism is not some specific object to be pinned down. In fact it is a
way of describing certain method and attributes used in the development of experience. Williams
sets out to drive some generalizations and gives his versions of realism keeping in mind the
techniques used in the contemporary fiction. Williams fourfold classification of realism in
contemporary novel, into social documentary, social formula, personal documentary and personal
formula can be aptly applied to Desai's novel In Custody which although being a fictional work is
grounded to expose realities. It portrays the life experiences not only through the enrichment of the
locales with natural beauty and the depiction of social, political, religious or economic dilemma or
diversity in contemporary living but also by exploring the psyche of the character....show more
content...
Raymond Williams in his essay Realism and The contemporary novel reconsiders the various
descriptions of realism and sets out to drive some generalizations on the methods and substance of
contemporary fiction. Williams gives an insight on the existing variations of the term realism, his
views on the development of the modern novel and lastly a possibly new meaning of

The worst part about an overbearing parent is the powerless child. In some regards international
relations are parallel to family dynamics. In familial relationships, we compile history, current roles,
and personal viewpoints all together to understand our family, and to interact with them more
effectively. The same is true when explaining how or why international crises occur.Russia, the
overbearing parent, invaded Ukraine, the powerless child. In order to understand these roles and
explain the crisis as a whole, we look at historical context, political and social factors, and the
reasoning that dictates an actor's behavior. After thorough research, a realist perspective shows
Russia's power tactics over Ukraine as advancing the polarization of the East, thus allowing us to
create policy recommendations to face it.
Russia, Ukraine, and Crimea are the direct actors of the Ukraine crisis, who are all involved at
different capacities. Realism explains that actors behave selfishly because humans are inherently
evil. Actors, also, work to obtain security through power and fear, but realism also leaves space for
weak states to "accept what they must." Realism relies on the anarchic international system because
states are sovereign, and states cannot be persecuted for breaking international law. The realist
theory describes the past actions of Russia, Ukraine, and Crimea, and can be used to predict future
actions. Each actor has different political and social factors that

Idealism and Realism Essay
"In the place where idealism and realism meet, that is where there is the greatest evolutionary
tension." Idealism prioritizes ideals, social reforms and morals, by wanting to benefit not just
yourself, but the world around you, believing people are generally good. On the contrary, realism
gives priority to national interest and security with emphasis on promoting one's own power and
influence by assuming that people are egocentric by nature. Based on the definitions stated above,
idealism and realism are significantly different from each other and their divergence of thought is
more apparent when various proponents of each such as Woodrow Wilson, Henry Lodge, Barack
Obama and George W. Bushhave varied outlooks on comparable issues in...show more content...
His idea of the League of Nations was significant because he believed if various countries worked
together, there were fewer chances of violent conflicts such as wars. However, Wilson's goals
were long term, but for the most part he did not present a clear way to achieve those goals.
Tragically, his Fourteen Points were not accepted by Congress. Congress did not pass the proposal
to join the League of Nations because Wilson had not included Congress in the negotiations. More
importantly, the US did not join the League of Nations because the Senate was strictly against it,
since they were more realists than idealists in the Senate and most people did not agree with
Wilson's ideas. Ultimately, Wilson did come up with the idea of the League of Nations, but the US
never joined, which some say contributed to its' failure.
The biggest opposition to the US joining the League of Nations came from Senator Henry Cabot
Lodge. His being a realist was very opposing to many of Wilson's idealist concepts, which is why
he was out front against the League of Nations. In particular, Lodge believed involvement in the
League would compromise US sovereignty by necessitating the US to take part in international
conflicts while it was not in the national interest of the US to do so. In addition, he also believed
that being a part of the League of Nations would threaten the political freedom because the United
States would be constricted by

Realism is one of the main theories within International Relations. It provides the view that all actors
within the international system act on their own self–interests to gain power. This essay intends to
discuss its usefulness as a theory and the reasons for and against it being used to analyse world
affairs. Firstly, it shall discuss how the theory is advantageous as it explains how shifts in the
balance of power can lead to conflict however it is unable to explain why the distribution of
power changes. Second, it will portray how it is useful because states do not need to be labelled
as good or bad to fit the theory although it disregards the idea of Natural law and gives a cynical
view of human morality. Finally, it will suggest that as the theory is very parsimonious, it can be
applied to multiple situations within the world system. On the other hand, it will be said that it fails
to look at individuals within a state and their influence on the actions of the state. These costs and
benefits will be conveyed through the current tensions between the USA and North Korea to link the
theory in with current world politics.
It can be said that in the case of the USA and North Korea, the current tensions developed further
because of the start of nuclear weapons programmes in North Korea which created panic in US
government (Pevehouse and Goldstein, 2017, p. 31). Realism highlights how this shift in the
balance of power threatens US security as they are no longer a more

The Pros And Cons Of Realism
Realism is a theory that depicts world politics as a ceaseless repetitive struggle for power. In other
words, political realism seeks to explain international relations between states in terms of power.
Realist "views that nation–state as the most important actor...because it answers to no higher
authority;" in other words, it is an anarchic system (Kegley, 27). Some traits of realism are that states
are sovereign, non–cooperation among states, and the exclusion if morality in policies. In a realist
world, states have "supreme power" over its territory and population, there is an absence of a higher
authority. The fact that there is no higher authority has its consequences. States become
self–interested, they compete for power and security. It can lead states to continuously struggle for
power "where the strong dominate the weak (Kegley, 28)." This ultimately creates a system in which
each state is responsible for its own survival, making them cautious towards their neighboring states.
In addition, a realist world is a self–help system; "political leaders seek to enhance national security"
by building armies and forming alliances (Kegley, 28). Economic and military power are key
components to a state sovereignty and to national security. Furthermore, according to realist, it is
not possible for "rival powers [to] cooperate on...security issues of common interest" (Kegley, 28). In
fact, cooperation among states is rare because the distribution of relative gains deriving

Comparison Between Idealism And Realism
Introduction
The history of modern day international relations is to a great extent the continuing struggle
between two school of thought: idealism and realism, each is believed to establish order and
stability in the international system. The main argument of this paper is based on idealism, an
approach that is advancing many foreign policies but few acknowledge it contrary to its rival
approach realism, yet it is an approach (idealism) frequently used by realist states to advance their
foreign policy agenda (U.S) when the need arises. This will lead to the central question: why such
a move? In answering this question, the paper will do a brief summary of idealism, followed by an
analysis which will take a comparison between idealism and realism, and it will conclude with a
discussion in relation to current events in the...show more content...
Analysis
This section in chapter two with a link in chapter three (liberalism) defines what idealism means in
the field of international relations. Idealism is an approach in IR that could be traced back to
liberalism from 19th century (Kant) to World War I(Woodrow Wilson) to Post–World War II.
Idealism believes in dialogue and corporation in solving the collective goods problems without
employing force to do so. While realism is based on the use of power (dominance principle) in
international relations. These are two approaches in international relations that go hand in hand
because at times the realists use idealist approaches in solving their collective goods problems
(United States and Iran Nuclear Deal). In a few words Goldstein summarizes the key main concepts
in the idealist approach i.e. international law, morality and international organizations. Universal
principles like human rights are deeply rooted in international law. The aim of idealism is to
establish institutions geared towards peace in the world contrary what some realist would say
"unless we pursue our idealistic goals through realistic means peace will not

Essay about Realism, Liberalism and Feminism
Realism, Liberalism and Feminism
In our modern world we can communicate instantly worldwide, cook a full meal in under a
minute, and have enough weapons to destroy not only our planet but just about any planet that
gives us a funny look. Of course while technology progresses at its incredible rate, we squabble
and argue over who gets what, and what they can or cannot do with it, whether or not that is what
it is or if it is something that it truly isn'tВ… and frankly it's all very confusing. Luckily all of the
crazy talk is sorted into convenient theories from which we can pick and choose. In this paper
liberalism, realism and feminism will be examined and compared. One of the more predominant
theories, realism, gained a lot of support...show more content...
Many of the players who helped make the decision had personal goals tied into the outcome;
thusly it is hard to distinguish if certain players were acting in the best interest of the state as a
whole, or if they were trying to accrue their own personal rewards. The states themselves as a
whole do not in fact make decisions, the leaders of each country do and while it is easy to say that
we hope they act rationally many times this is untrue. An example of irrational behavior is found in
the actions of both Lyndon B. Johnson and George W. Bush. Both of these men were president of the
United States during a period of war, Johnson had the Vietnam War and Bush has Iraq. What the
two have in common is their attitude towards negative information, specifically ignorance. Two
men who both were given the task of bringing peace to a small В‘defenseless' country which were
ruled by new forces of В‘evil' and neither of them wanted to hear anything to the contrary. As both
operations seemed to require far more resources then the United States was willing to commit,
warnings from several sources were ignored clearly illustrating irrational behavior. The state then
pursued courses of action based on irrational decisions with one–sided facts and clearly was doomed
from the start.
At the other end of the spectrum is liberalism. Liberalism takes the

Realism In Victorian Literature
REALISM Realism is a literary movement which tries to show things, actions or social
circumstances in point of fact without presenting them in the influence of feelings or other artistic
ideas. (Duerksen, R. A. (1966). Shelleyan ideas in Victorian literature. The Hague: Mouton.)
Realism as a word comes from Greek word "Res" which means real. Realism emerged in France
during the mid– 19th centuary. (Realism (late 1800s–early 1900s). (n.d.). Retrieved March 26, 2017,
from http://www.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3753924) HonorГ© de Balzac was credited
for creating literary realism in French literature with his description of French society in his novel La
Comedie Humaine. (HonorГ© de Balzac. (2017, March 25). Retrieved March 26, 2017,...show more
content...
These are: faithfully representing life as it is, rejecting idealizing conventions, taking subjects from
contemporary life, representing middle class attitudes, referring to work of a particular period. (Ltd,
F. M. (n.d.). Visual Arts Gr11 Learner's Guide. Retrieved March 26, 2017, from https:/
/www.scribd.com/doc/101022170/Visual–Arts–Gr11–Learner–s–Guide) Realism is strongly marked
in these poems: Geoffrey Chaucer: The Miller's Tale, William Shakespeare: My Mistress's Eyes,
Thomas Hardy: Friends Beyond.(REALISM IN POETRY. (n.d.). Retrieved March 26, 2017, from
http://www.textetc.com/traditional/realism.html)
To sum up, Realism is a movement whose effects are seen in literature, poetry and art. Realism has
some characteristics in literature and writers from all around the world used these features in their
works. (Realism (late 1800s–early 1900s). (n.d.). Retrieved March 26, 2017, from http:/
/www.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3753924) Poetry and art are also affected by Realism
and they give us the picture of lower class people and their everyday lives. (Realism Movement,
Artists and Major Works. (n.d.). Retrieved March 26, 2017, from

Realism in Theatre Essay
The theatrical plays of "Angels in America" and "August: Osage County" both of the playwrights
create a heart wrenching, tear jerking, and amazing work. Each character is developed to have its
own sets of values, beliefs, and attitudes towards life and so there are no two characters alike. With
each character having its own identity, it brings a sense of excitement and unpredictability in the
plays. Tracy Letts the writer for "August: Osage County" establishes a sense of reality in his play
by developing characters that everyone can relate too. His play is about family, the use of drugs,
cancer, and suicide, subjects that people go through during their lifetime. Tony Kushner the
playwright of "Angels in America" provides the same feeling...show more content...
Even though the actors are well rehearsed when it comes to moving around the stage, they do it so
effortlessly that it's not a distraction for the audience. The movement of actors may be considered
a small thing, but it's what make a play realistic or not. For a realistic play, the way the actors
behave makes it seem they are not worried about the audience and being in their way. They talk,
walk and act in a manner similar to that of our everyday behavior. In "August: Osage County" the
actors are so believable that we as spectators forget it's a play but rather seeing a glimpse into
someone's family. The realistic play of "August: Osage County" has everyone relating to someone or
something during the course of the production. The topics of cancer, marijuana, molestation, drug
addiction, and much more have audience members connecting to these characters in a way that a
play has never done before. This play is considered a dark comedy and it has people experiencing
both laughter and discomfort, sometimes simultaneously (Black Comedy). They address topics that
are taboo in society, issues that theatrical plays never dream of dedicating an entire show to. Tracy
Letts is a fierce writer who doesn't back away from subject matters that are controversial and not the
norm for a traditional play. The topic of prescription drug abuse engulfs the entire

The realism theory describes World War One the best because it is "based on the view that
describes the individual as primarily fearful, selfish and power seeking" (Mingst, 2011). WWI was
initially a war between two countries, Austria–Hungary and Serbia; but due to assassinations, the
strength of alliances, binds by treaties, and increasing security dilemma, more and more countries
entered the war until it manifested into a complete World War. Countries increased their weaponry
and made other nations apprehensive. Even countries that felt compelled to stay neutral became
fearful of the ever increasing power of countries in the war. Countries began to struggle for a
balance of power, and the war outbreak was a product of the...show more content...
Allies bound by treaty, as well as compelled by defensive nature, began to acquire mass weaponry.
Once these countries entered the war, they had to keep gaining power; i.e. spending money, and
building on to military, thus putting financial burden on their countries for the benefit of their
alliance. Britain and Germany especially, began an arms race, acquiring submarines as well as
conventional weaponry. Powers were participating in naval warfare. This force of action
solidified alliances. Countries chose sides and entered into alliances for personal benefit and
gain. They pledged their allegiance to stronger countries in a "gang like" mentality which stressed
an ideology of work with me, or be destroyed by me. This describes an effort to create a balance of
power. However, the security dilemma was in full effect as everyone accumulated weaponry. It was
hard for any nation, especially Germany, to keep tabs on the power that everyone had gained.
According to Mingst, "when threatened, states tend to balance against aggressors, eventually
overwhelming and reversing whatever initial gains were made. States act in a unitary system to
secure their own national interest, in terms of power" (Mingst, 2011). The outbreak of the war was a
result of the multi–polar systems between Austria–Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Italy, Germany, Serbia,
and Russia. It is argued that Germany encouraged Austria to wage war, while the powers were
seemingly equivalent, out of

Essay on Magical Realism
Magical Realism
The idea of a genre of art that is called magical realism is less a trend than a tradition, an evolving
genre that has its waxings and wanings, where each evolving form expresses an idea that may
overlap another, yet at the same time branches off and creates something very different. What began
in the visual arts has become a contemporary literary genre due to divergences. Contemporary Latin
American writers of this mode include Alejo Carpentier, Jorge Luis Borges, Isabel Allende,Gabriel
Garcia Marquez, Octavio Paz, Pablo Neruda, and Majorie Agosin. At the same time there are many
writers of the genre world wide, though every form may take one new meaning. The magical realist
does not depend on the natural or physical...show more content...
Still, through Roh's conception of the term magical realism, he wished to infer that there is not
necessarily any ancestry or chronology that a name such as Post–Expression would imply; he wanted
to break from designating it as an aspect of a movement (Zamora 5; 15–16). With a more
contemporary view of magical realism that brings it into not only the literary circles, but more
specifically the Latin American literary circles, and also overlaps with magical realism initial
meanings, Alejo Carpentier called magical realism "lo real maravilloso americano."
He initiates a uniquely American form of magical realism that opposes the European Surrealist
meaning. Magical realism was not to imply a conscious assault on conventionally depicted reality
but, rather, an amplification of perceived reality required by and inherent in Latin America nature
and culture (Zamora 75). Carpentier speaking on behalf of Latin American magical realism argued:
"The fantastic is not to be discovered by subverting or transcending reality with abstract forms and
manufactured combinations of images. Rather, the fantastic inheres in the natural and human
realities of time and place, where improbable juxtapositions and marvelous mixtures exist by virtue
of Latin America's varied history, geography, demography, and politics– not by manifesto."
The understanding of the different forms of magical realism that have developed, and the
contradictions within those forms, allows us to

Essay on Film Realism
Response Paper: The Complete Film
The introduction of sound films in the late 1920's was a divisive issue among those involved and
interested in the emerging motion picture industry. Even though it wasn't the sudden breakthrough it
is often perceived to be, the addition of sound and voice to mainstream cinema revolutionized movie
making and led to conflicting viewpoints as to whether or not this innovation was a positive
progression for film as an art and as an industry.
While the addition of sound to films was generally perceived as an advancement, some critics and
filmmakers believed that it takes away from the artistic essence of the medium. Among these
traditionalists was Rudolph Arnheim, an art critic who thought the technological...show more
content...
While Arnheim's views on the future of film and the idea of a complete film can be somewhat
insightful, I disagree with his conclusion that the introduction of sound and color diminishes the
creative quality and originality of movies. He states his belief that eventually film will develop to
the point where we "we have nothing to look forward to" (Arnheim , 184).
In all forms of art there is a natural inclination to explore and experiment within the medium. The
resulting methods and formats can be seen as alternatives and additions to existing ones. I do not
believe that, in terms of technical decisions, there is a superior style of film making that the
industry progresses to on a set path. I agree with Arnheim's statement that "there is no objection to
the complete film as an alternative to the stage" if it exists with the other types of films (Arhheim,
186). In some cases advances in method and technique are used to fix the problems of technological
limitations. In other cases these advances provide alternatives. The introduction of color is
described by the latter. Color was introduced as an alternative to black and white movies but never
completely replaced them and didn't stop the use of black and white as an effective technique in
modern cinema.
The use of sound, on the other hand, was a solution rather than an alternative. Since the early

Why and how did globalization occur? Different perspectives have different explanations as to why
and how globalization evolved. Realists argue that international trade is most effective when there is
hegemony in the world market, whereas liberalists believe that it is a matter of how countries use
the idea of reciprocity in their decision about trade. I agree with the realist perspective because
hegemony allows the global economy to enhance and international trade functions the best when a
hegemon dominates the world market. Realist perspective explains globalization in terms of the
relative distribution of power (Nau 2007, 278). In their opinion, trade and economic activities thrives
"only under favorable security...show more content...
According to the hegemonic stability theory, "a hegemonic power is necessary to support a highly
integrated world economy." (Nau 2007, 280) Nau explains that as long as there is a relative
distribution of power, no one power can affect the system as a whole (280). When there are several
equally competitive countries, the global economy reaches the model of a perfect market. Each state
acts according to their self–interest, and such behavior leads to higher gains for everyone because
"competition maximizes efficiency" (Nau 2007, 280) in a perfect market. However, there is no
place for violence in a perfect market because a hegemon assures security by deploying a police
force (Nau 2007, 280). Since there is usually no such force in the international system, many
competitive nations have to fear violence. This is what the realists meant when they stated that in
the multipolar world, nations cannot be sure about alliances. In addition, the United States and the
Soviet Union were the two great powers after World War II; thus, they developed an example of a
bipolar world, in which there are separate and self–governing "half–world" economies that includes
very little trade with each other (Nau 2007, 280).
On the other hand, liberalists emphasize "the technological change, specialization, trade and
increasing interdependence, and the strengthening of global

On the other hand, they also share similar qualities and characteristics. Both theories realize how
our world is more than capable of being a dangerous place and we should not assume we are safe
at all times. Military power is recognized as being important and pragmatic, and it is understood this
power can easily be abused, as much as it can be functional. Another common realization between
idealist and realist approaches is because there is no absolute government having power over all
countries, countries can essentially do whatever they want to each other, which includes inflicting
terror, because there really isn't anything stopping them.
While it is true the two approaches to international relations share some common beliefs, these
beliefs are greatly outweighed by their differences. Their fundamental beliefs about how the world
should function are in opposition, and they place varying levels of importance on power. Yes,
military power is seen as crucial for both – but realists see the military as being the sole, relevant
type of power, while idealists see the opposite. They do not think military power is the most
important type, and it even takes a backseat to moral and economic powers. Another major
difference is their view on total world government. On one hand, idealism seeks to create a united
world government, which would help create peace around the globe. On the other hand, realism
believes this would not be successful as it is impossible to coerce all countries to cooperate and
participate in this. Realists realize countries will be primarily looking out for themselves, and unless
it greatly benefitted them, would probably not do something just to help out other countries.
The term "anarchy" is often associated with realism along with the concept of no international
government. When people hear the term, anarchy, a very negative and violent image most likely
comes to mind, but that is not what the realist approach represents. Realists argue the absence of a
common government simply pushes countries to be independent and to help themselves, it does not
fuel conflict or terror. Another difference between the two is who they think the states are concerned
about, and what they want. Idealists

Essay on Naturalism and Realism
Beginning in the late 19th century, two separate movements spread across America know as realism
and naturalism. While the two were very similar in their beliefs and ideals there were still many
apparent distinctions to differentiate the two. Realism and naturalism showed themselves in many
aspects of life, from art and sciences to new math techniques and even religion. However, above all
else these movements may have been most evident in the literature of this time. Reading through
American literature of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it becomes perceptible which short
stories portray realism and which represent nationalism. Mark Twain's humorous tale, "The
Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras Country," clearly shows Twain's...show more content...
As Bierce explains, "The man who was engaged in being hanged was apparently about thirty–five
years of age. He was a civilian, if one might judge from his habit, which was a planter." An
attention to specific details is given especially in Part I when the setting is being described.
Countless adjectives are used, giving the reader the understanding of the scene so that they can
feel as if they are sitting in and watching everything mentioned take place. Again, diction is used
although not in the same way as Twain had used it. Instead, a type of southern slang is used,
denoting people from the North as "Yanks" and to flax as "tow." Finally, the last part of this story is
made up on the lead character's daydream which shows that Bierce was focusing on the psychology
of the character, another very realist thing to do in literature. Stephen Crane's ideas varied from those
of Twain and Ambrose as shown in hisshort story, "The Open Boat." In the story, the crewmates of a
diminutive boat are caught in a storm. This is clearly more depressing than the stories of the other
two authors cited but it also sanctions nature to play a substantial role. In naturalism, nature often
acts as a force that humanity cannot control. The storm represents Crane's belief in

Essay On Realism

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