Zoonotic Diseases Affecting International Trade - Paul Clayton, U.S. Meat Export Federation, from NIAA's One Health: Implications for Animal Agriculture, March 15 - 17, 2010, Kansas City, MO, USA.

1. Zoonotic Diseases Affecting
International Trade
NIAA Annual Meeting
March 16, 2010
Paul Clayton
U.S. Meat Export Federation

3. Technical Barriers To Trade
30% 500
Number of AD Measures in Place
450
25%
400
Average Tariff rate
350
20%
300
15% Avg. Tariffs 250
Measures in Force 200
10%
150
100
5%
50
0% 0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Source: Cato Institute

4. Trade Concerns Reported Solved
After 10 Years
Solved
27% Partially
Solved
7%
Not
Solved
66%
Source: WTO

5. SPS Trade Concerns by Subject
- last 10 years -
Other
Food Concerns
Safety Animal
4%
27% Health &
Zoonoses
40%
Plant
Health
29%
Source: WTO

6. USDA FSIS Export Certificate
9060-5

7. USDA FSIS Export Certification
• FMD
on Diseases
• Rinderpest
• Contagious Bovine (Caprine)
Pleuropnaumonia
• Peste des Petitis – Ruminants
• Anthrax
• Tuberculosis
• Brucellosis
• Vesicular Stomatitis
• Blue Tongue
• Lumpy Skin
• Rift Valley Fever
• Theileriosis Hemorrhagic Septicemia
• Bovine Babesiosis
• African Swine Fever
• Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera)
• Swine Vesicular Disease
• Teschovirus Encephalomyelitis
• Pseudo Rabies/Aujesky Disease
• Swine Erysipelas
• NIPAH Virus
• Vesicular Exanthema
• Sheep (Goat) Pox
• Contagious Agalactia

8. Alternative Language
• The United States has been free of foot and mouth
disease for the past 12 months and has been free of
rinderpest, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, lumpy
skin disease, Rift Valley fever for the past 24 months.
Vaccination has not been carried out against the
aforementioned diseases (Korea).
• The animals from which the meats originate come
from healthy herds under State supervision for the
diseases regulated by the State and/or the United
States Department of Agriculture, including OIE listed
diseases which affect the species and may be carried
through meat, and were not slaughtered as a result of
any infectious, contagious, or parasitic disease
eradication program. The meat is deemed by USDA to
not pose a risk of transmission of brucellosis or
tuberculosis (Dominica).

9. Current Restrictions
• Beef
– BSE
– Vesicular Stomatitis
• Pork
– Trichinae
– PRRS/PCVAD
– H1N1
• Lamb
– Scrapies
– Full Bans – Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Russia
– Partial Bans Require EV programs
• Mexico and Canada

10. Vesicular Stomatitis
• Beef products originating from animals
raised in states with counties which have
had confirmed bovine cases of vesicular
stomatitis within the last 12 months.
• Russia and Saudi Arabia

11. BSE Restrictions
• Full Bans – 20 Countries
– South America – 6
– Pacific Rim – 7
– Africa/Middle East – 5
– Eastern Europe – 2
• Partial Bans – Require Export Verification
– Mexico, Egypt, Hong Kong, Korea, Japan, Lebanon,
Singapore, Taiwan, Russia, Thailand, Vietnam,
Columbia, Malaysia, Panama, Peru, Chile, Dominican
Republic, El Salvador, St. Lucia, Ukraine and UAE.

12. Summary of U.S. BSE
Mitigation Procedures
Pre- Beef Slaughter & Carcass
Production Rendering
Slaughter Carcass Chilling Disassembly
FDA Exclusion of No air injection Carcass MBM
Mammalian Downer stunning Identification Labeling
to Ruminant Cattle & Segregation
Feed Ban Age [30 Months of
Determination Inedible
FSIS Age & Older] Processing
Feed Antemortem Age Segregation of SRM’s
Affidavits inspection & Carcass SRM Removal
Identification & Disposal
MBM sales
Animal Test & Hold [30 mo. of age & designation
Identification Policy older] Equipment
Sanitation
SRM Removal & Handling
Feed Mill APHIS Disposal Product Equipment
Reviews Surveillance Separation & Clean-out
Sanitation & Labeling Procedures
Feed Testing Dedicated
Equipment FDA
AMR & MSM
FSIS Postmortem Policies Verification
Inspection

13. BSE Certification Language
• The feeding of ruminants with meat and bone meal and greaves derived from
ruminants has been banned and the ban has been effectively enforced."
• "The meat comes from cattle that were not rendered insensible by a device
injecting compressed air or gas into the cranial cavity prior to slaughter, or by any
method that cuts the spinal cord."
• "The meat or meat products were not derived from the following specified risk
materials: the brain, skull, eyes, trigeminal ganglia, spinal cord, vertebral column
(excluding the vertebrae of the tail, the transverse processes of the thoracic and
lumbar vertebrae, and the wings of the sacrum), and dorsal root ganglia of cattle
30 months of age and older, and the tonsils and distal ileum of the small intestine
of any cattle, regardless of age."
• "The meat or meat products were not produced by a process of mechanical
separation."
• "The meat comes from cattle less than 30 months of age that were subjected to
ante and post mortem inspection and showed no evidence of systemic contagious
or infectious diseases of animal or public health concern, including suspected or
confirmed cases of central nervous system disorders."
• "The country or zone of origin is declared as free of foot-and-mouth disease
without vaccination, rinderpest, and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia before
the International Office of Epizootics and this sanitary condition is recognized by
Chile."
• "The cattle from which the beef is derived were born, raised, and slaughtered in
the exporting country or in a zone with similar epidemiological conditions."

14. Determination of
<30moa
Bovine Dentition
Production records of birth dates can also be used

15. Japan’s Requirements for Age
<20moa
• Basics for the cow calf producer
– Calving Records (documented and
filed)
– Unique Animal Identification
(individual or group qualifies)
– Transfer of Information
– Defined Calving Season
– Maintain Records (3 yrs)
• Plants can also use A40 bone
maturity

16. Identifying, Marking, &
Segregating Carcasses of Cattle
that are
>30 Months of Age

17. Specified Risk Materials (SRM) Definitions
Associated with U.S. Beef Exports
SRM > 30 months of > 30 months of > 30 >12 months of age: the All Ages: All Ages: tonsils, All ages: All Ages: All ages:
Definition age: tonsils, age: tonsils, months of skull (excluding the Tonsils, brain, distal ileum, brain, Tonsils, distal Tonsils, distal Tonsils, brain,
distal ileum, distal ileum, age: mandible) brain, eyes, eyes, spinal eyes, spinal cord, ileum, brain, ileum, brain, eyes, spinal
brain, eyes, brain, eyes, tonsils, and the spinal cord, cord, skull, skull, trigeminal eyes, spinal eyes, spinal cord, skull
spinal cord, spinal cord, distal tonsils, intestines from small intestine ganglia, dorsal cord, skull, cord, skull, vertebral
trigeminal trigeminal ileum, the duodenum to the (bone-in beef) root ganglia, vertebral vertebral column, small
ganglia, skull, ganglia, skull, brain, rectum, and the Tonsils, small vertebral column column column intestine
dorsal root dorsal root eyes, mesentery intestine (excluding the (including the (pylorus to
ganglia, ganglia, spinal > 30 months of age: (boneless beef) bones of the tail, vertebrae of rectum)
vertebral vertebral cord, , dorsal root ganglia, transverse the tail, the
column column skull, vertebral column processes of the transverse
(excluding the (excluding the vertebral (excluding the vertebrae thoracic and process of the
vertebra of the transverse column of the tail, the spinous lumbar vertebrae, thoracic and
tail, the dorsal processes of the All ages: and transverse processes and the wings of lumbar
spinous thoracic and tonsils, of the cervical, thoracic, the sacrum) vertebrae, and
processes and lumbar distal and lumbar vertebrae, the wings of
transverse vertebra, the ileum and the wings and the sacrum
processes of the wings of the median crest of the
cervical, sacrum and the sacrum), tonsils,
thoracic, and bones of the intestines from the
lumbar tail) duodenum to the rectum,
vertebrae, and All ages: and the mesentery
the wings and tonsils and All ages: tonsils,
median crest of distal ileum intestines from the
the sacrum) duodenum to the rectum,
All ages: tonsil and the mesentery
and distal ileum
of the small
intestine
Countrie ***** FSIS definition OIE European Union Mexico Japan, Vietnam, Russia Singapore Hong Kong,
s where Belize, Cayman definition Taiwan, Thailand Egypt,
definitio Islands, Chile, for
DR, El Controlled
n is
Salvador, St. Risk
applied
Kitts and classificati
for trade Nevis, St. on
purposes Lucia, Ukraine, Columbia,
Philippines, Malaysia,
Indonesia, Panama,
Canada, Peru
Lebanon,
South Korea

18. Removal of Spinal Cord

19. SRM Removal & Disposal Carcass
Disassembly
Removal of Vertebral
Column [DRG]
Wash/Sanitize Affected
Equipment after Carcasses
of Cattle ≥30 MOA
Vertebral Column [DRG] is removed from
Carcasses ≥ 30 MOA

20. Role of USDA in Certifying
Product Code AMS
U.S. Packer SOV
EC
Boneless
FSIS Ribeye Roll
USDA Bone in
Export short rib
Certificate
Two signatures: SOV signature
from AMS and Export
Certificate signature from FSIS

21. Trichinae
Restrictions
• Freezing according to 9 CFR 318.10 (c)(2)(iv)
• Chilled requires testing at approved USDA AMS
lab
– Trichinae Analyst and Laboratory Certification Program
• Cooking according to 9 CFR 318.10 (c)(1)(i)
– 140°F for 1 min. or 144°F Instantaneous
• EU, Russia, Singapore, Columbia, Chile, Costa
Rica, Cuba, Tahiti, Peru, South Africa, Venezuela

22. Freezing Requirements for Trichinae
Mitigation
Max. Internal Temp. - °F Minimum Time - Hours
0 106
-5 82
-10 63
-15 48
-20 35
-25 22
-30 8
-35 ½

23. PRRS/PCVAD
• U.S./Australia Free Trade Agreement
– Only able to export cooked pork products to Australia
• The meat has not been derived from the head or neck (this
includes all head and neck tissues cranial to the fourth
cervical vertebrae but does not include the shoulders), major
peripheral lymph nodes (popliteal – if present, iliac, inguinal,
axillary – if present, ventral, middle and dorsal superficial
cervical) have been removed and the meat has been
deboned.
• Raw Packaged Product can go direct to cooking
in Australia
• 56° C (133° F) for 60 min.
• 65° C (149°F) for 20 min.
• 70° C (158°F) for 11 min.

24. Market Displacement
• Korea: FMD January 2, 2010
• Taiwan FMD February 13, 2010
• China: FMD October 29, 2009
• Russia: African Swine Fever Sept. 16,
2009
• Russia Classical Swine Fever August
3, 2009
• Brazil Classical Swine Fever March
20, 2009

25. Summary
• “Most countries”
– Follow the OIE Code for Animal Disease
restrictions for meat imports
– BUT may require additional mitigation
procedures
• USDA FSIS is the competent
authority
• Disease situations can provide
economic opportunities or challenges