The document discusses several critical issues regarding nation-state building in Indonesia: 1. Indonesia shows warning signs of state failure such as disharmony between communities and an inability to control its entire territory. 2. The country falls into the "very high warning" category in the Failed State Index, indicating weaknesses in delivering positive political goods to citizens. 3. Rebuilding security, effectiveness, and legitimacy are key challenges for strengthening the Indonesian state. 4. Benedict Anderson's "imagined community" strategy can guide nation-building efforts such as rewriting history, creating national identity, and standardizing language.

1. Presented for the upcoming Knowledge Enrichment
Forum for Public Administration Studies LAN-RI
LAN-
Jakarta,
Jakarta, 2013

2. Gemah Ripah Loh Jinawi Tata Tentrem Kerta Raharja
(murah kang sarwa tinuku, tukhul kang sarwa tinandur);
tinuku, tinandur)
Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (unity in diversity);
diversity);
Cakrawala Mandala Dwipantara Kertanegara (Raja
Singasari)
Singasari) tahun 1275 M Sumpah Palapa Mahapatih
Gadjah Mada tahun 1336 M Ki Hajar Dewantara: “Een
Dewantara: “Een
voor Allen maar Ook Allen voor Een" (satu untuk semua,
Een" (satu emua,
tetapi semua untuk satu juga, 1913), yg kemudian
uga,
melahirkan istilah Nusantara tahun 1920 Sumpah
Pemuda tahun 1928 Proklamasi 17-8-1945 dan UUD
17-
1945 khususnya Alinea IV.
Wawasan Nusantara: Deklarasi Juanda 13-12-1957
13-12-
(Indonesia menganut prinsip negara kepulauan atau
Archipelagic State)
State) RPJPN 2007 (Indonesia yg
mandiri, maju, adil,
mandiri, maju, adil, dan makmur).
makmur).

4. Mimpi yg Mulai Terkoyak - 1
Potensi Disintegrasi Rakyat vs Negara Kemarahan Massa
Konflik Elit Politik Alam-pun Turut Murka Hedonisme Kawula Muda

5. Mimpi yg Mulai Terkoyak -2
Perang Antar Suku di Papua & NTT/B Dayak vs Madura
Konflik Antar Pemeluk Agama Kekerasan thd Warga Keturunan

6. Padahal … Kita telah bersumpah
bahwa Kita Adalah SATU !!

9. Pendulum Theory
Whenever a person goes through a traumatic social experience, that person will make judgments
that overcompensate in the opposite direction. The person’s judgments will swing like a
pendulum, from one side to the other, before finally settling on a more moderate stance. This is a
natural defense mechanism, innate in us all. It is inevitable and even necessary for our recovery
from traumatic social experiences, provided we swing back eventually.
http://www.mikelee.org/the-pendulum-theory.html

10. Pendulum Indonesia
Ada pada tahap mana bandul/pendulum dinamika
bandul/pendulum
kebangsaan Indonesia saat ini: awal, tengah, atau akhir?
ini: awal, tengah, akhir?
Apakah posisi bandul tadi menunjukkan kegagalan
Indonesia (state failure or nation failure)?
(state failure)?
Apa pilihan kita: membiarkan bandul kembali pada
kita:
ritme simetrisnya (procrastination), atau membuat
procrastination),
intervensi pada saat bandul mengayun acak (nation-
nation-
state building)?
building)?
Siapa yg bertanggungjawab untuk membuat bandul
menjadi ritmis kembali: nation atau state?
kembali: state?
Bagaimana strategi nation & state building Indonesia ke
depan?
depan?

11. Indonesia: A Failed State?
State failure can be defined as the failure of public
institutions to deliver positive political goods to citizens
on a scale likely to undermine the legitimacy and the
existence of the state itself (Armin von Bogdandy, et.,al,
(Armin Bogdandy, et.,al,
2005. Indicators:
• disharmony between communities,
• Inability to control borders and the entirety of the territory,
• a growth of criminal violence,
• corrupt institutions, and
• a decaying infrastructure.
• Failed states: Afghanistan, Angola, Burundi, Congo,
states:
Liberia, Sierra Leone & Sudan. Collapsed state: Somalia.
state:
Weak states (approaching failure): INDONESIA, Colombia,
INDONESIA,
Sri Lanka, and Zimbabwe (Robert I. Rotberg, 2003).
Rotberg, 2003).

12. Category of Failed State Index 2012
• Very High Alert: Somalia & Congo.
• High Alert: Sudan, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Pakistan, & other 8 states.
• Alert: Burundi, Ethiopia, Myanmar, Timor Leste, Bangladesh, & other 14
Leste,
states.
• Very High Warning: Iran, Cambodia, Laos, Angola, Libya, INDONESIA
(scored 80.6, compared to Somalia 114.9, and Finland 20.0) & other 28
states.
• High Warning: Senegal, China, India, Rusia, Thailand, & other 36 states.
Warning: Rusia,
• Warning: Malaysia, South Africa, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, & other 12
states.
• Less Stable: Kuwait, Mongolia, Kroasia, Montenegro, & other 9 states.
Kroasia,
• Stable: Qatar, Argentina, Italia, Japan, Spain, & other 9 states.
• Very Stable: South Korea, Singapore, UK, USA, & other 6 states.
• Sustainable: Australia, Netherland, Canada, Denmark, & other 8 states.
• Very Sustainable: Finland.

13. 2 Category of State Failures
Cases which do not alter the underlying willingness of the
population to accept rules, decisions and measures adopted by
a common government (kasus yg tidak mengubah hasrat
(kasus
penduduk untuk menerima aturan, keputusan & tindakan
pemerintah);
pemerintah)
Cases which do alter this disposition (kasus yg mengubah sikap
masyarakat thd pemerintah).
pemerintah).
This can be called nation failure !!
• a process in which the requirements of normal politics, the social
substratum essential for the acceptance of majority and redistribution
decisions, disappear;
• the cultural projection of a nation is no longer convincing to many; there
is no consensus on the cultural traditions, customs, symbols, rituals, and
the historical experience – there is no “usable past”;
• when individual and mutually exclusive nationalisms replace the former
common identity.
Armin von Bogdandy, et.al., State-Building, Nation-Building, and Constitutional Politics in Post-Conflict
Situations: Conceptual Clarifications and an Appraisal of Different Approaches, Max Planck Yearbook of
United Nations Law, Volume 9, 2005, p. 579-613, Netherlands.

14. 3 Critical Issues of State-Building
• Security – where the state failed to protect people
and property,
• Effectiveness – the failure to provide basic services
and economic opportunity to all citizens, and
• Legitimacy – the failure to provide responsive and
accountable government, protection of basic rights
and, representation and inclusiveness for all citizens.
Susan Merill, (Ed.), Nation-state Building 101 Workshop Draft Report, CNA and U.S. Army
Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute, October 2008.

15. How to do Nation-state Building?
Strategy of “The Imagined Community” by
Benedict Anderson
• Re-writing of history;
• Glorification of the past (myths, monuments, etc);
• Standardization of language;
• Invention of tradition (costumes, festivals, literature,
music, art, etc);
• National identity creation (education, media, money,
army, etc);
• National ethnology.
Lecture 4 - Nation-state building in the 19th century, http://www.powershow.com/view/9013e-
OTY1Y/Lecture_4_Nationstate_building_in_the_19th_century_powerpoint_ppt_presentation

16. Indonesia, the one and the only country
that we love forever …

17. Referensi
Armin von Bogdandy, Stefan Häußler, Felix Hanschmann, Raphael Utz,
State-Building, Nation-Building, and Constitutional Politics in Post-
Conflict Situations: Conceptual Clarifications and an Appraisal of
Different Approaches, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law,
Volume 9, 2005, p. 579-613, Netherlands.
Robert I. Rotberg, “Failed States, Collapsed States, Weak States: Causes and
Indicators”, in: R.I. Rotberg (ed.), State Failure and State Weakness in
a Time of Terror, 2003.
Susan Merill (Ed.), Nation-state Building 101 Workshop Draft Report, CNA
and U.S. Army Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute,
October 2008.
Tri Widodo W. Utomo, Perspektif Negara Bangsa Dalam Konteks Otonomi
Daerah, Bahan Ceramah Diklatpim III, Pusat Kajian Manajemen
Kebijakan LAN, 2012.
Lecture 4, Nation-state building in the 19th century,
http://www.powershow.com/view/9013e-
OTY1Y/Lecture_4_Nationstate_building_in_the_19th_century_power
point_ppt_presentation