SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 25
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
Impacts of
     Tourism
                  Part 2

School of Hospitality Management
Sociology and Culture
• Sociology is the study of society and is concerned with
  people in groups, their interaction, their attitudes and
  their behavior
• Culture is about how people interact as observed
  through social interaction, social relations, and material
  artifacts
• Culture consists of behavioral patterns, knowledge and
  values which have been acquired and transmitted
  through generations
• Culture is the complex whole which includes knowledge,
  belief, art, moral law, custom and any other capabilities
  and habits acquired by man as a member of society

       School of Hospitality Management
Cultural attractions
•   Handicrafts                 • Types of work
•   Language                      engaged in by
•   Traditions                    residents
•   Gastronomy                  • Architecture
•   Art and music               • Religion (including
                                  visible manifestations)
•   History of the
    area/including visual       • Education systems
    reminders                   • Dress
                                • Leisure activities
        School of Hospitality Management
Socio-cultural Impacts (Positive)
• Creation of employment       • Renewal of local
• Revitalization of poor or      architectural traditions
  non-industrialized regions   • Promotion of the need to
• Rebirth of local arts and      conserve areas of
  crafts and traditional         outstanding beauty which
  cultural activities            have aesthetic and
• Revival of social and          cultural value
  cultural life of the local
  population



       School of Hospitality Management
Socio-cultural Impacts (Negative)
• Overcrowding                • Residents may find it
• Stress for both               difficult to co-exist
  tourists and residents        with tourists who
• Traditional activities        have different values
  (e.g. Farming) may            and who are involved
  decline                       in leisure
                                activities, while the
• Regions can become            residents are involved
  over-dependent on             in working.
  tourism

      School of Hospitality Management
Demonstration Effect
• Theorizes that by simply observing tourists
  will lead to behavioral changes in the resident
  population
• Local people will note the superior material
  possession of the visitors and aspire for
  them.




      School of Hospitality Management
Demonstration Effect
• Positive: may encourage residents to
  adopt more productive patterns of
  behavior
• Negative: locals may become resentful
  because they are unable to obtain the
  goods and lifestyle demonstrated by the
  visitors



     School of Hospitality Management
Demonstration Effect
• Young people are more susceptible.
• Most likely occur where the contacts
  between residents and visitors are
  relatively superficial and short-lived.




      School of Hospitality Management
Acculturation Theory
• Occurs when contact is for a longer period and
  is deeper
• States that when two cultures come into contact
  for any length of time, an exchange of ideas and
  products will take place, that through time,
  produce varying levels of convergence between
  the cultures: that is they become similar




      School of Hospitality Management
Acculturation Theory
• No balance- since one culture is stronger
  than the other (e.g. US influence is known
  as ‘MacDonaldization’ or ‘Coca-colaization’




     School of Hospitality Management
Pseudo-events
• Caused by commoditization
• They are planned rather than spontaneous
• They are designed to be performed to order, at
  times that are convenient for tourists
• They hold at best an ambiguous relationship to
  real elements on which they are based
• They eventually become the authentic events
  and replace the original events or practice


      School of Hospitality Management
Doxey’s Irritation Index




     School of Hospitality Management
Doxey’s Irritation Index
Euphoria (exploration & involvement)    Visitors are welcome and there is little
                                        planning

Apathy (Development)                    Visitors are taken for granted and contact
                                        becomes more formal

Annoyance/ Irritation (Consolidation)   Saturation is approached and the local
                                        people have misgivings. Planners who
                                        attempt to control through increasing
                                        infrastructure rather than limiting growth
Antagonism (stagnation etc.)            Open expression of irritation and planning
                                        is remedial yet promotion is increased to
                                        offset the
                                        deteriorating reputation of the resort




          School of Hospitality Management
Doxey’s Irritation Index
• AKA: Irridex
• The resident population or hosts in a
  tourist area would modify their attitudes to
  visitors over time




     School of Hospitality Management
Doxey’s Irritation Index
• When tourists first visit they will be
  greeted with euphoria
• Stages progress to apathy, annoyance and
  then to outright aggression towards
  visitors




     School of Hospitality Management
Getz Study
• The attitudes of residents do not appear
  to change greatly over time
• Attitudes to tourism by the host
  population were closely linked to economic
  fluctuations




     School of Hospitality Management
Impacts of Tourism

IMPACTS OF TOURISM ON THE
ENVIRONMENT
      School of Hospitality Management
Environmental Impacts
• Environment is made up of both natural
  and human features
• Tourism-environment relationship is
  symbiotic
• Ecology is the study of the relationships
  between animals and plants
• Ecosystems are individual components and
  links between plants and animals
     School of Hospitality Management
Five (5) Aspects of the environment
(Swarbrooke)
•   Natural environment
•   Wildlife
•   Farmed environment
•   Built environment
•   Natural resources




       School of Hospitality Management
Factors important to environmental impacts

• The ‘where’ factor. Some environments are
  more susceptible to tourism impacts than
  others
• The type of tourism activitiy
• The nature of any tourist infrastructure
• When the activity occurs, particulalry any
  seasonal variation


     School of Hospitality Management
Positive Impacts
• Tourism may stimulate measures to protect the
  environment and/or landscape and/or wildlife
• Tourism can help to promote the establishment
  of National Parks and/or Wildlife Reserves
• Tourism can promote the preservation of
  buildings/monuments (e.g. UNESCO World
  Heritage Sites)
• Tourism may provide the money (e.g. via
  entrace charges) to maintain historic buildings,
  heritage sites and wildlife habitats

      School of Hospitality Management
Negative Impacts
• Tourists are likely to drop litter
• Tourism can contribute to congestion in terms of
  overcrowding of people as well as traffic congestion
• Tourism can contribute to the pollution of water courses
  and beaches
• Tourism may result in footpath erosion
• Tourism can lead to the creation of unsightly human
  structures such as buildings (e.g. hotels) that do not fit
  in with vernacular architecture
• Tourism may lead to damage and/or disturbance to
  wildlife habitats


       School of Hospitality Management
Carrying capacity
• A threshold measure, beyond which
  damage and possible irreversible change
  may occur
• e.g. Plant or animal species threated by
  the damage cause by visitors, and any
  increase will lead to more damage
• Can be viewed scientifically and
  perceptionally

     School of Hospitality Management
Three (3) forms of carrying capacity
• Environmental (physical ) carrying capacity –
  usually refers to physical space and the number
  of people (or the number of cars) in a particular
  place
• Ecological carrying capacity – is a threshold
  measure, which if exceeded will lead to actual
  damage of plants/animals habitat
• Perceptual carrying capacity is the level of
  crowding that a tourist is willing to tolerate
  before he/she decides a particular location is too
  full and then goes elsewhere
      School of Hospitality Management
Other analytical tools
• Limits of acceptable change (LAC)
  technique – involves establishing an
  agreed set of criteria before the
  development and the prescription of
  desired conditions and levels of change
  after development
• Environmental impact assessment (EIA)


     School of Hospitality Management

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Economic impact of tourism
Economic impact of tourismEconomic impact of tourism
Economic impact of tourismEman Abbas
 
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENTReymarie Oohlala
 
Week 2 impacts of tourism
Week 2  impacts of tourismWeek 2  impacts of tourism
Week 2 impacts of tourismjay
 
Tourism Impacts on the Environment
Tourism Impacts on the EnvironmentTourism Impacts on the Environment
Tourism Impacts on the EnvironmentCris dela Peña
 
Socio cultural impact of tourism
Socio cultural impact of tourismSocio cultural impact of tourism
Socio cultural impact of tourismAldith Smith
 
Tourism management fundamentals
Tourism management fundamentalsTourism management fundamentals
Tourism management fundamentalsSajan N. Thomas
 
SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISMSOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISMEjay Samson
 
TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENTTOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENTYanne Evangelista
 
tourism product development
tourism product developmenttourism product development
tourism product developmentMd Ikbal Hussain
 
Introduction to tourism
Introduction to tourismIntroduction to tourism
Introduction to tourismMabxiconic
 
Tourism Impacts on Culture and Society
Tourism Impacts on Culture and SocietyTourism Impacts on Culture and Society
Tourism Impacts on Culture and SocietyCris dela Peña
 
Sustainable Tourism Development
Sustainable Tourism DevelopmentSustainable Tourism Development
Sustainable Tourism DevelopmentCris dela Peña
 
Understanding tourism demand
Understanding tourism demandUnderstanding tourism demand
Understanding tourism demandReymarie Oohlala
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Economic impact of tourism
Economic impact of tourismEconomic impact of tourism
Economic impact of tourism
 
Unit 5 visitor attractions
Unit 5 visitor attractionsUnit 5 visitor attractions
Unit 5 visitor attractions
 
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
 
Week 2 impacts of tourism
Week 2  impacts of tourismWeek 2  impacts of tourism
Week 2 impacts of tourism
 
Tourism Impacts on the Environment
Tourism Impacts on the EnvironmentTourism Impacts on the Environment
Tourism Impacts on the Environment
 
Sustainable Tourism Chapter 1
Sustainable Tourism Chapter 1Sustainable Tourism Chapter 1
Sustainable Tourism Chapter 1
 
Socio cultural impact of tourism
Socio cultural impact of tourismSocio cultural impact of tourism
Socio cultural impact of tourism
 
Tourism management fundamentals
Tourism management fundamentalsTourism management fundamentals
Tourism management fundamentals
 
Forms of tourism
Forms of tourismForms of tourism
Forms of tourism
 
SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISMSOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
 
TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENTTOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
 
tourism product development
tourism product developmenttourism product development
tourism product development
 
Sustainable Tourism Chapter 2
Sustainable Tourism Chapter 2Sustainable Tourism Chapter 2
Sustainable Tourism Chapter 2
 
Sustainable tourism
Sustainable tourismSustainable tourism
Sustainable tourism
 
Tourist behaviour, unit 1
Tourist behaviour, unit 1Tourist behaviour, unit 1
Tourist behaviour, unit 1
 
Introduction to tourism
Introduction to tourismIntroduction to tourism
Introduction to tourism
 
Tourism Impacts on Culture and Society
Tourism Impacts on Culture and SocietyTourism Impacts on Culture and Society
Tourism Impacts on Culture and Society
 
Sustainable Tourism Development
Sustainable Tourism DevelopmentSustainable Tourism Development
Sustainable Tourism Development
 
Understanding tourism demand
Understanding tourism demandUnderstanding tourism demand
Understanding tourism demand
 
Sustainable Tourism
Sustainable TourismSustainable Tourism
Sustainable Tourism
 

Ähnlich wie Week 3 impacts of tourism 2

TSM 101 impacts of tourism 2
TSM 101  impacts of tourism 2TSM 101  impacts of tourism 2
TSM 101 impacts of tourism 2jay
 
Socio cultural impact of tourism by manika agarwal
Socio cultural impact of tourism by manika agarwal Socio cultural impact of tourism by manika agarwal
Socio cultural impact of tourism by manika agarwal Shlok Agarwal
 
Cultural Impacts, cultural impacts of Tourism
Cultural Impacts, cultural impacts of TourismCultural Impacts, cultural impacts of Tourism
Cultural Impacts, cultural impacts of TourismMaGrazielAnneGarcia
 
Socio cultural impact of tourism- Tourism management
Socio cultural impact of tourism- Tourism managementSocio cultural impact of tourism- Tourism management
Socio cultural impact of tourism- Tourism managementAmit Vohra
 
6.eric laws and noel scott
6.eric laws and noel scott6.eric laws and noel scott
6.eric laws and noel scottanthao1
 
6.eric laws and noel scott
6.eric laws and noel scott6.eric laws and noel scott
6.eric laws and noel scottanthao1
 
6.eric laws and noel scott
6.eric laws and noel scott6.eric laws and noel scott
6.eric laws and noel scottanthao1
 
Creating environmental awareness through ecotourism
Creating environmental awareness through ecotourismCreating environmental awareness through ecotourism
Creating environmental awareness through ecotourismTejas
 
Community based tourism development
Community based tourism developmentCommunity based tourism development
Community based tourism developmentAMALDASKH
 
Social carrying capicity
Social carrying capicitySocial carrying capicity
Social carrying capicitysaurav rawat
 
Impacts and Significance of Tourism .pptx
Impacts and Significance of Tourism .pptxImpacts and Significance of Tourism .pptx
Impacts and Significance of Tourism .pptxHannaViBPolido
 
DEE_Presentation July 1 2015
DEE_Presentation July 1 2015DEE_Presentation July 1 2015
DEE_Presentation July 1 2015Steven Diaz
 
WEEK9 Impacts of Tourism and Hospitality.pdf
WEEK9 Impacts of Tourism and Hospitality.pdfWEEK9 Impacts of Tourism and Hospitality.pdf
WEEK9 Impacts of Tourism and Hospitality.pdfEunbiCapture
 
03.02 power point
03.02 power point03.02 power point
03.02 power pointamyfwest
 
Cbss elective geography unit 1 global tourism part 3
Cbss elective geography unit 1 global tourism part 3Cbss elective geography unit 1 global tourism part 3
Cbss elective geography unit 1 global tourism part 3critter33
 
Different Facets of Knowledge and Relationship between Local
Different Facets of Knowledge and Relationship between LocalDifferent Facets of Knowledge and Relationship between Local
Different Facets of Knowledge and Relationship between LocalKshetrimayum Sajina Devi
 
6. global tourism sustainable tourism
6. global tourism  sustainable tourism6. global tourism  sustainable tourism
6. global tourism sustainable tourismMissST
 

Ähnlich wie Week 3 impacts of tourism 2 (20)

TSM 101 impacts of tourism 2
TSM 101  impacts of tourism 2TSM 101  impacts of tourism 2
TSM 101 impacts of tourism 2
 
Socio cultural impact of tourism by manika agarwal
Socio cultural impact of tourism by manika agarwal Socio cultural impact of tourism by manika agarwal
Socio cultural impact of tourism by manika agarwal
 
Tourists
TouristsTourists
Tourists
 
Cultural Impacts, cultural impacts of Tourism
Cultural Impacts, cultural impacts of TourismCultural Impacts, cultural impacts of Tourism
Cultural Impacts, cultural impacts of Tourism
 
Socio cultural impact of tourism- Tourism management
Socio cultural impact of tourism- Tourism managementSocio cultural impact of tourism- Tourism management
Socio cultural impact of tourism- Tourism management
 
6.eric laws and noel scott
6.eric laws and noel scott6.eric laws and noel scott
6.eric laws and noel scott
 
6.eric laws and noel scott
6.eric laws and noel scott6.eric laws and noel scott
6.eric laws and noel scott
 
6.eric laws and noel scott
6.eric laws and noel scott6.eric laws and noel scott
6.eric laws and noel scott
 
Creating environmental awareness through ecotourism
Creating environmental awareness through ecotourismCreating environmental awareness through ecotourism
Creating environmental awareness through ecotourism
 
Local Knowledge
Local KnowledgeLocal Knowledge
Local Knowledge
 
Community based tourism development
Community based tourism developmentCommunity based tourism development
Community based tourism development
 
Social carrying capicity
Social carrying capicitySocial carrying capicity
Social carrying capicity
 
Impacts and Significance of Tourism .pptx
Impacts and Significance of Tourism .pptxImpacts and Significance of Tourism .pptx
Impacts and Significance of Tourism .pptx
 
DEE_Presentation July 1 2015
DEE_Presentation July 1 2015DEE_Presentation July 1 2015
DEE_Presentation July 1 2015
 
U1lo3
U1lo3U1lo3
U1lo3
 
WEEK9 Impacts of Tourism and Hospitality.pdf
WEEK9 Impacts of Tourism and Hospitality.pdfWEEK9 Impacts of Tourism and Hospitality.pdf
WEEK9 Impacts of Tourism and Hospitality.pdf
 
03.02 power point
03.02 power point03.02 power point
03.02 power point
 
Cbss elective geography unit 1 global tourism part 3
Cbss elective geography unit 1 global tourism part 3Cbss elective geography unit 1 global tourism part 3
Cbss elective geography unit 1 global tourism part 3
 
Different Facets of Knowledge and Relationship between Local
Different Facets of Knowledge and Relationship between LocalDifferent Facets of Knowledge and Relationship between Local
Different Facets of Knowledge and Relationship between Local
 
6. global tourism sustainable tourism
6. global tourism  sustainable tourism6. global tourism  sustainable tourism
6. global tourism sustainable tourism
 

Mehr von jay

week 1 Tour 104
week 1  Tour 104week 1  Tour 104
week 1 Tour 104jay
 
community based tourism in donsol
community based tourism in donsolcommunity based tourism in donsol
community based tourism in donsoljay
 
Community based tourismv1.2
Community based tourismv1.2Community based tourismv1.2
Community based tourismv1.2jay
 
TSM 102- Mice as an industry
TSM 102- Mice as an industryTSM 102- Mice as an industry
TSM 102- Mice as an industryjay
 
TSM 102-Mice
TSM 102-MiceTSM 102-Mice
TSM 102-Micejay
 
TSM 102- Mice
TSM 102- MiceTSM 102- Mice
TSM 102- Micejay
 
TSM 102- Attractions lecture
TSM 102- Attractions lectureTSM 102- Attractions lecture
TSM 102- Attractions lecturejay
 
TSM 101 tourism sectors -food
TSM 101  tourism sectors -foodTSM 101  tourism sectors -food
TSM 101 tourism sectors -foodjay
 
TSM 101 tourism sectors- hotels
TSM 101  tourism sectors- hotelsTSM 101  tourism sectors- hotels
TSM 101 tourism sectors- hotelsjay
 
TSM 101 impacts of tourism
TSM 101  impacts of tourismTSM 101  impacts of tourism
TSM 101 impacts of tourismjay
 
TSM 101 tourism sectors pt. 5- distribution
TSM 101  tourism sectors pt. 5- distributionTSM 101  tourism sectors pt. 5- distribution
TSM 101 tourism sectors pt. 5- distributionjay
 
MIS Chapter 7
MIS Chapter 7MIS Chapter 7
MIS Chapter 7jay
 
Chapter 5
Chapter 5Chapter 5
Chapter 5jay
 
MIS Chapter 6
MIS Chapter 6MIS Chapter 6
MIS Chapter 6jay
 
For those not joining the Tour
For those not joining the TourFor those not joining the Tour
For those not joining the Tourjay
 
TSM 101 how tourism is organized
TSM 101 how tourism is organizedTSM 101 how tourism is organized
TSM 101 how tourism is organizedjay
 
Travel 101 Nueva ecija
Travel 101 Nueva ecijaTravel 101 Nueva ecija
Travel 101 Nueva ecijajay
 
Tour 102n China
Tour 102n ChinaTour 102n China
Tour 102n Chinajay
 
Tour 102 Japan
Tour 102 JapanTour 102 Japan
Tour 102 Japanjay
 
IT 118- Chapter 5
IT 118- Chapter 5IT 118- Chapter 5
IT 118- Chapter 5jay
 

Mehr von jay (20)

week 1 Tour 104
week 1  Tour 104week 1  Tour 104
week 1 Tour 104
 
community based tourism in donsol
community based tourism in donsolcommunity based tourism in donsol
community based tourism in donsol
 
Community based tourismv1.2
Community based tourismv1.2Community based tourismv1.2
Community based tourismv1.2
 
TSM 102- Mice as an industry
TSM 102- Mice as an industryTSM 102- Mice as an industry
TSM 102- Mice as an industry
 
TSM 102-Mice
TSM 102-MiceTSM 102-Mice
TSM 102-Mice
 
TSM 102- Mice
TSM 102- MiceTSM 102- Mice
TSM 102- Mice
 
TSM 102- Attractions lecture
TSM 102- Attractions lectureTSM 102- Attractions lecture
TSM 102- Attractions lecture
 
TSM 101 tourism sectors -food
TSM 101  tourism sectors -foodTSM 101  tourism sectors -food
TSM 101 tourism sectors -food
 
TSM 101 tourism sectors- hotels
TSM 101  tourism sectors- hotelsTSM 101  tourism sectors- hotels
TSM 101 tourism sectors- hotels
 
TSM 101 impacts of tourism
TSM 101  impacts of tourismTSM 101  impacts of tourism
TSM 101 impacts of tourism
 
TSM 101 tourism sectors pt. 5- distribution
TSM 101  tourism sectors pt. 5- distributionTSM 101  tourism sectors pt. 5- distribution
TSM 101 tourism sectors pt. 5- distribution
 
MIS Chapter 7
MIS Chapter 7MIS Chapter 7
MIS Chapter 7
 
Chapter 5
Chapter 5Chapter 5
Chapter 5
 
MIS Chapter 6
MIS Chapter 6MIS Chapter 6
MIS Chapter 6
 
For those not joining the Tour
For those not joining the TourFor those not joining the Tour
For those not joining the Tour
 
TSM 101 how tourism is organized
TSM 101 how tourism is organizedTSM 101 how tourism is organized
TSM 101 how tourism is organized
 
Travel 101 Nueva ecija
Travel 101 Nueva ecijaTravel 101 Nueva ecija
Travel 101 Nueva ecija
 
Tour 102n China
Tour 102n ChinaTour 102n China
Tour 102n China
 
Tour 102 Japan
Tour 102 JapanTour 102 Japan
Tour 102 Japan
 
IT 118- Chapter 5
IT 118- Chapter 5IT 118- Chapter 5
IT 118- Chapter 5
 

Week 3 impacts of tourism 2

  • 1. Impacts of Tourism Part 2 School of Hospitality Management
  • 2. Sociology and Culture • Sociology is the study of society and is concerned with people in groups, their interaction, their attitudes and their behavior • Culture is about how people interact as observed through social interaction, social relations, and material artifacts • Culture consists of behavioral patterns, knowledge and values which have been acquired and transmitted through generations • Culture is the complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, moral law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society School of Hospitality Management
  • 3. Cultural attractions • Handicrafts • Types of work • Language engaged in by • Traditions residents • Gastronomy • Architecture • Art and music • Religion (including visible manifestations) • History of the area/including visual • Education systems reminders • Dress • Leisure activities School of Hospitality Management
  • 4. Socio-cultural Impacts (Positive) • Creation of employment • Renewal of local • Revitalization of poor or architectural traditions non-industrialized regions • Promotion of the need to • Rebirth of local arts and conserve areas of crafts and traditional outstanding beauty which cultural activities have aesthetic and • Revival of social and cultural value cultural life of the local population School of Hospitality Management
  • 5. Socio-cultural Impacts (Negative) • Overcrowding • Residents may find it • Stress for both difficult to co-exist tourists and residents with tourists who • Traditional activities have different values (e.g. Farming) may and who are involved decline in leisure activities, while the • Regions can become residents are involved over-dependent on in working. tourism School of Hospitality Management
  • 6. Demonstration Effect • Theorizes that by simply observing tourists will lead to behavioral changes in the resident population • Local people will note the superior material possession of the visitors and aspire for them. School of Hospitality Management
  • 7. Demonstration Effect • Positive: may encourage residents to adopt more productive patterns of behavior • Negative: locals may become resentful because they are unable to obtain the goods and lifestyle demonstrated by the visitors School of Hospitality Management
  • 8. Demonstration Effect • Young people are more susceptible. • Most likely occur where the contacts between residents and visitors are relatively superficial and short-lived. School of Hospitality Management
  • 9. Acculturation Theory • Occurs when contact is for a longer period and is deeper • States that when two cultures come into contact for any length of time, an exchange of ideas and products will take place, that through time, produce varying levels of convergence between the cultures: that is they become similar School of Hospitality Management
  • 10. Acculturation Theory • No balance- since one culture is stronger than the other (e.g. US influence is known as ‘MacDonaldization’ or ‘Coca-colaization’ School of Hospitality Management
  • 11. Pseudo-events • Caused by commoditization • They are planned rather than spontaneous • They are designed to be performed to order, at times that are convenient for tourists • They hold at best an ambiguous relationship to real elements on which they are based • They eventually become the authentic events and replace the original events or practice School of Hospitality Management
  • 12. Doxey’s Irritation Index School of Hospitality Management
  • 13. Doxey’s Irritation Index Euphoria (exploration & involvement) Visitors are welcome and there is little planning Apathy (Development) Visitors are taken for granted and contact becomes more formal Annoyance/ Irritation (Consolidation) Saturation is approached and the local people have misgivings. Planners who attempt to control through increasing infrastructure rather than limiting growth Antagonism (stagnation etc.) Open expression of irritation and planning is remedial yet promotion is increased to offset the deteriorating reputation of the resort School of Hospitality Management
  • 14. Doxey’s Irritation Index • AKA: Irridex • The resident population or hosts in a tourist area would modify their attitudes to visitors over time School of Hospitality Management
  • 15. Doxey’s Irritation Index • When tourists first visit they will be greeted with euphoria • Stages progress to apathy, annoyance and then to outright aggression towards visitors School of Hospitality Management
  • 16. Getz Study • The attitudes of residents do not appear to change greatly over time • Attitudes to tourism by the host population were closely linked to economic fluctuations School of Hospitality Management
  • 17. Impacts of Tourism IMPACTS OF TOURISM ON THE ENVIRONMENT School of Hospitality Management
  • 18. Environmental Impacts • Environment is made up of both natural and human features • Tourism-environment relationship is symbiotic • Ecology is the study of the relationships between animals and plants • Ecosystems are individual components and links between plants and animals School of Hospitality Management
  • 19. Five (5) Aspects of the environment (Swarbrooke) • Natural environment • Wildlife • Farmed environment • Built environment • Natural resources School of Hospitality Management
  • 20. Factors important to environmental impacts • The ‘where’ factor. Some environments are more susceptible to tourism impacts than others • The type of tourism activitiy • The nature of any tourist infrastructure • When the activity occurs, particulalry any seasonal variation School of Hospitality Management
  • 21. Positive Impacts • Tourism may stimulate measures to protect the environment and/or landscape and/or wildlife • Tourism can help to promote the establishment of National Parks and/or Wildlife Reserves • Tourism can promote the preservation of buildings/monuments (e.g. UNESCO World Heritage Sites) • Tourism may provide the money (e.g. via entrace charges) to maintain historic buildings, heritage sites and wildlife habitats School of Hospitality Management
  • 22. Negative Impacts • Tourists are likely to drop litter • Tourism can contribute to congestion in terms of overcrowding of people as well as traffic congestion • Tourism can contribute to the pollution of water courses and beaches • Tourism may result in footpath erosion • Tourism can lead to the creation of unsightly human structures such as buildings (e.g. hotels) that do not fit in with vernacular architecture • Tourism may lead to damage and/or disturbance to wildlife habitats School of Hospitality Management
  • 23. Carrying capacity • A threshold measure, beyond which damage and possible irreversible change may occur • e.g. Plant or animal species threated by the damage cause by visitors, and any increase will lead to more damage • Can be viewed scientifically and perceptionally School of Hospitality Management
  • 24. Three (3) forms of carrying capacity • Environmental (physical ) carrying capacity – usually refers to physical space and the number of people (or the number of cars) in a particular place • Ecological carrying capacity – is a threshold measure, which if exceeded will lead to actual damage of plants/animals habitat • Perceptual carrying capacity is the level of crowding that a tourist is willing to tolerate before he/she decides a particular location is too full and then goes elsewhere School of Hospitality Management
  • 25. Other analytical tools • Limits of acceptable change (LAC) technique – involves establishing an agreed set of criteria before the development and the prescription of desired conditions and levels of change after development • Environmental impact assessment (EIA) School of Hospitality Management