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Gender Identity
 and Sexual
 Orientation
   By: Tina Bouvier
Gender Identity is the internal sense of yourself as a
   male, female or other, regardless of your sex.

A person’s gender identity does not always match the
             sex of their physical body.
Gender identity is often established by hormonal
influences in the womb, but is often affected by social
                  and cultural factors.

Society often dictates how we should look and act as
 a male or female, but it does not always match how
                  we feel internally.
Terms Used to Describe
Gender Identities:
 Gender   Expression: How a person looks;
  the physical appearance of a person’s
  gender identity, expressed through
  clothing, mannerisms, and chosen names.
 Gender Nonconforming: This term refers
  to people whose gender expressions are
  not clearly feminine or masculine. People
  who do not conform to mainstream
  society’s expectations of gender roles.
 Genderqueer:    Someone who rejects the two
  gender system. Someone who blurs, rejects, or
  break the rules of gender norms.
 Transgender: An umbrella term referring to people
  whose gender identity or expression, does not fit
  their sex assigned at birth. Groups often included
  under this tem include
  transsexuals, genderqueers, people who are
  androgynous, and people who identify with more
  than one gender.
 Transsexual: A person who lives and/or identifies as
  a different sex from the one assigned at birth. The
  process of this change may include changing of
  name and /or use of pronouns, undergoing
  hormone therapy, and possibly sex change surgery.
 Trans: Transgender or transsexual. Often used to
  mean both.
   Trans Man: A person who was born biologically
    female, and identifies and portrays his gender as male.
    Also known as female-to-male (FTM) transsexual.

   Trans Woman: A person who was born biologically
    male, and identifies and portrays her gender as female.
    Also known as male-to-female (MTF) transsexual.

   Cisgender: refers to people whose gender identity and
    presentation fit traditional norms for the sex they were
    assigned at birth.

   Cissexual: a person who lives and identifies with the sex
    assigned at birth.
Transsexual Experience

   The American Psychiatric Association’s
    Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
    Disorders (DSM), diagnoses transsexuals has
    having a gender identity disorder (GID). This is
    diagnosed as a mental condition. GID is also
    referred to as gender dysphoria.
   In order for a transsexual to obtain the proper
    surgeries or hormones needed to live
    successfully in their preferred gender, they
    need to be diagnosed with GID or gender
    dysphoria under current medical guidelines.
 Many transsexuals will take cross-sex hormones to
 help achieve the female or male physical
 expression of gender that they desire.

 Other
      transsexuals will go through one or more
 gender affirmation surgeries.

 Thesemedical interventions are often very
 expensive and are not covered by health
 insurance. They often carry health risks and require
 ongoing medical care.
 Many transsexuals live in their preferred gender
 without undergoing surgery or hormone treatment.

 Without these medical procedures, they are unable
 to legally get their identification documents
 changed. This increases their risk of being a victim
 of violence from anti-trans
There are many obstacles and health issues
that transsexuals face, including:
 The   Side Effects and Risks of Hormone
  Treatments
 Insurance      Exclusions
 Health      Screenings for Reproductive Organs
 Fertility   Issues
 Medical      Intervention for Transsexual Teens
 Trans   Educations for Health-Care Providers
Side Effects and Risks of
Hormone Treatments
  Estrogen                Testosterone
 Elevated    risk of     Elevated risk of
  stroke, blood
  clots, and breast       liver damage.
  cancer.
                          Side effect of
 Side effects may
  include reduction       testosterone
  of libido, reduction    may increase
  in erectile
  function, and           libido.
  decrease in
  ejaculation.
Insurance Inclusions
   U.S . Health insurance doe not cover hormone treatment
    or gender affirmation surgeries for trans people.
   This leaves many trans people looking for cross-sex
    hormones on the street or on line.
   This is a dangerous route to take due to lack of quality
    control of the drugs, and the lack of screening and
    follow up care by a medical professional.
   Needle sharing is often the case when street hormones
    are used causing a risk for HIV and Hepatitis B.
   Oral testosterone preparations are also available on the
    street. These preparations are frequently used by body
    builders and can lead to fatal liver disease.
Health Screenings for
 Reproductive Organs
 Trans people that do not have surgery to remove
 their reproductive organs still need to have these
 organs screened on a regular basis.

 Transmen may need to have pap tests and breast
 tissue exams.

 Trans
      female have very few reports of prostate
 cancer probably due to the fact that estrogen is
 one of the treatments for it.
Fertility Issues
 Cross-sex  hormones will reduce fertility
  and it can become permanent.
 Trans woman will sometimes choose to
  bank sperm before hormone treatments
  or surgery are done.
 Trans men may continue to ovulate even
  after testosterone therapy has stopped.
  Pregnancy is still a risk, although a
  reduced chance.
Medical Interventions for
Transsexual Teens
    Transsexual teens are often at a higher risk of
     depression, drug and alcohol use, self-
     mutilation, and suicide.
    This is due to the lack of access to
     appropriate medical treatment
     programs, specifically for trans teens.
    There is a temporary hormonal treatment to
     halt puberty, for teens that have been
     diagnosed with gender dysphoria.
    This gives a teens a couple of years to decide
     if they want to proceed with hormone
     treatment and surgery.
Trans Education for Health-
Care Providers
 Many   medical practitioners have not yet
  learned how to treat trans people with
  appropriate understanding and respectful
  care.
 They need to have protocols that are
  followed, to ensure a sensitive and
  courteous approach is used when caring
  for their transsexual patients.
Sexual Orientation

 Sexual
       orientation describes who
 we are attracted to emotionally,
 romantically, and sexually.
Terms Used to Describe a
      Person’s Sexual Orientation:

 Asexual-  a person who does not experience sexual
  attraction ever, or a for a period of time.
 Bisexual- a person who is romantically/sexually
  attracted to both men and women.
 Gay/Homosexual- men who are
  romantically/sexually attracted to men. Sometimes
  used to describe women attracted to women.
 Lesbian- women who are romantically/sexually
  attracted to women.
 Pansexual-   a person who is attracted to people
 across the range of genders. Often used by those
 who identify as transgender or genderqueer.
 Queer-   used to describe an open, fluid sexual
 orientation and/or gender identity/expression.
 Straight/Heterosexual-women    who are
 romantically/sexually attracted to men, and men
 who are attracted to women.
 The  terms Gender Identity and Sexual
  Orientation often lead to confusing
  misunderstood stereotypes.
 If someone considers themself a lesbian, it does
  not mean that they have a masculine
  expression.
 If a person is transgender, they can identify as
  straight, lesbian, bisexual, gay, pansexual or
  queer.
 People who transition gender sometimes find
  that their sexual orientation changes during the
  process.
Bisexuality
 Bisexualitymay reflect a sense that sexual
  orientation is a fluid aspect.
 Bisexuals are often misunderstood and
  stereotyped.
 They can be labeled as
  confused, opportunists, not ready to
  come out, and inherently promiscuous.
Lesbian and Bisexual Women have
Special Health Issues
    Cancer screenings- Lesbians tend have three times
     longer intervals between their pap tests compared to
     heterosexual women.
    Stress- The stresses that are associated with being a
     lesbian maybe a contributing factor that lesbians have
     higher rates of heart disease than heterosexual women.
    Smoking-30% of lesbians smoke compared to 23% of
     heterosexual women.
    Alcohol Use- There is an increased rate of problem
     drinking among lesbians that does not dramatically
     decrease with age as it does in the general population.
    Sexually Transmitted Infections- Women who have sex
     with other women can get sexually transmitted diseases.
Coming Out to
  Ourselves, Family, Friends, and
  the World
 Coming   out is the process of accepting and
  affirming our sexual orientation or gender identity
  and deciding how open we will be about it.
 Coming out to ourselves can be an extremely
  challenging process, but once out a huge relief.
 Coming out to friends and family is also quite
  challenging and life-changing.
 Some family members and friends may be very
  accepting of your sexual orientation, while others
  may not.
Multiple Identities
 Other  factors that contribute to the
  experience and possible discrimination of
  being a lesbian include:
  class, gender, race, religion, and disability.
 An example of this would be a black
  lesbian who not only has to face the
  challenges of being accepted as a
  lesbian, may also be subjected to racial
  discrimination in the society in which she
  lives.
Countering Homophobia,
Heterosexism, and
Transphobia
   Heterosexism is the assumption that
    heterosexuality is the only normal orientations.
   Homophobia is fear and hatred of people who
    are attracted to the same sex.
   Transphobia is fear and hatred of gender-variant
    people.
   All of these contribute to laws and practices that
    deny LGBTQ people legal, religious, and social
    privileges that heterosexuals and cisgender take
    for granted.
Homosexuals and Transgenders
often face discrimination on many levels

    Job and Housing
     discrimination
    Unable to marry in          They may also face:
     most states
    Misrepresentation and
                                    Violence
     being ignored by the
     media                          Homelessness
    Essential safer-sex            Police brutality
     educational materials          Chronic underemployment
     omitted for same-sex           Poverty.
     relationships at schools.
 Many   activists are working hard to make positive
  change against homophobia and trans phobias.
 The Think Before You Speak campaign raises
  awareness in schools about the prevalence and
  consequences of anti LGBT bias.
 The Policy Institute of the National Gay and Lesbian
  Task Force works to advance equality and train
  young leaders for the future.
 The National Black Justice Coalition works to
  eradicate racism and homophobia, and advocates
  for the LGBT African Americans.
This chapter on Gender Identity and Sexual
Orientation gave me the knowledge that I need to
understand these different lifestyles better.       It
allowed me to understand what transgender and
homosexual people have to go through to feel at
peace within their own bodies. It can not be an
easy     life  to     live   with    all   of     the
challenges, discrimination and lack of support that
they receive from our society. The first hand
accounts, given from individuals facing these
issues, were very interesting and insightful. It gave
personal perspectives allowing the reader to feel
directly connected to these individuals and their
struggles.
One quote that stood out to me in this
chapter was “Whenever I encounter trans-
positive sexual health resources I breathe a
 deep sigh of relief.” This quote made me
 feel great empathy towards transgender
  individuals when it comes to accessing
healthcare. It can be stressful enough for a
 cisgender individual to seek treatment for
 healthcare. I can not imagine the added
amount of stress that a trans has to face in
     order to find a facility that is open,
accepting and knowledgeable of his or her
                   lifestyle.
Discussion

Why do you think people are homophobic
and transphobic in our society and how
can we as individuals and as a nation stop
the discrimination against LGBTQ?

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Gender identity and sexual orientation chapter 9

  • 1. Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation By: Tina Bouvier
  • 2. Gender Identity is the internal sense of yourself as a male, female or other, regardless of your sex. A person’s gender identity does not always match the sex of their physical body.
  • 3. Gender identity is often established by hormonal influences in the womb, but is often affected by social and cultural factors. Society often dictates how we should look and act as a male or female, but it does not always match how we feel internally.
  • 4. Terms Used to Describe Gender Identities:  Gender Expression: How a person looks; the physical appearance of a person’s gender identity, expressed through clothing, mannerisms, and chosen names.  Gender Nonconforming: This term refers to people whose gender expressions are not clearly feminine or masculine. People who do not conform to mainstream society’s expectations of gender roles.
  • 5.  Genderqueer: Someone who rejects the two gender system. Someone who blurs, rejects, or break the rules of gender norms.  Transgender: An umbrella term referring to people whose gender identity or expression, does not fit their sex assigned at birth. Groups often included under this tem include transsexuals, genderqueers, people who are androgynous, and people who identify with more than one gender.  Transsexual: A person who lives and/or identifies as a different sex from the one assigned at birth. The process of this change may include changing of name and /or use of pronouns, undergoing hormone therapy, and possibly sex change surgery.  Trans: Transgender or transsexual. Often used to mean both.
  • 6. Trans Man: A person who was born biologically female, and identifies and portrays his gender as male. Also known as female-to-male (FTM) transsexual.  Trans Woman: A person who was born biologically male, and identifies and portrays her gender as female. Also known as male-to-female (MTF) transsexual.  Cisgender: refers to people whose gender identity and presentation fit traditional norms for the sex they were assigned at birth.  Cissexual: a person who lives and identifies with the sex assigned at birth.
  • 7. Transsexual Experience  The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), diagnoses transsexuals has having a gender identity disorder (GID). This is diagnosed as a mental condition. GID is also referred to as gender dysphoria.  In order for a transsexual to obtain the proper surgeries or hormones needed to live successfully in their preferred gender, they need to be diagnosed with GID or gender dysphoria under current medical guidelines.
  • 8.  Many transsexuals will take cross-sex hormones to help achieve the female or male physical expression of gender that they desire.  Other transsexuals will go through one or more gender affirmation surgeries.  Thesemedical interventions are often very expensive and are not covered by health insurance. They often carry health risks and require ongoing medical care.
  • 9.  Many transsexuals live in their preferred gender without undergoing surgery or hormone treatment.  Without these medical procedures, they are unable to legally get their identification documents changed. This increases their risk of being a victim of violence from anti-trans
  • 10. There are many obstacles and health issues that transsexuals face, including:  The Side Effects and Risks of Hormone Treatments  Insurance Exclusions  Health Screenings for Reproductive Organs  Fertility Issues  Medical Intervention for Transsexual Teens  Trans Educations for Health-Care Providers
  • 11. Side Effects and Risks of Hormone Treatments Estrogen Testosterone  Elevated risk of  Elevated risk of stroke, blood clots, and breast liver damage. cancer.  Side effect of  Side effects may include reduction testosterone of libido, reduction may increase in erectile function, and libido. decrease in ejaculation.
  • 12. Insurance Inclusions  U.S . Health insurance doe not cover hormone treatment or gender affirmation surgeries for trans people.  This leaves many trans people looking for cross-sex hormones on the street or on line.  This is a dangerous route to take due to lack of quality control of the drugs, and the lack of screening and follow up care by a medical professional.  Needle sharing is often the case when street hormones are used causing a risk for HIV and Hepatitis B.  Oral testosterone preparations are also available on the street. These preparations are frequently used by body builders and can lead to fatal liver disease.
  • 13. Health Screenings for Reproductive Organs  Trans people that do not have surgery to remove their reproductive organs still need to have these organs screened on a regular basis.  Transmen may need to have pap tests and breast tissue exams.  Trans female have very few reports of prostate cancer probably due to the fact that estrogen is one of the treatments for it.
  • 14. Fertility Issues  Cross-sex hormones will reduce fertility and it can become permanent.  Trans woman will sometimes choose to bank sperm before hormone treatments or surgery are done.  Trans men may continue to ovulate even after testosterone therapy has stopped. Pregnancy is still a risk, although a reduced chance.
  • 15. Medical Interventions for Transsexual Teens  Transsexual teens are often at a higher risk of depression, drug and alcohol use, self- mutilation, and suicide.  This is due to the lack of access to appropriate medical treatment programs, specifically for trans teens.  There is a temporary hormonal treatment to halt puberty, for teens that have been diagnosed with gender dysphoria.  This gives a teens a couple of years to decide if they want to proceed with hormone treatment and surgery.
  • 16. Trans Education for Health- Care Providers  Many medical practitioners have not yet learned how to treat trans people with appropriate understanding and respectful care.  They need to have protocols that are followed, to ensure a sensitive and courteous approach is used when caring for their transsexual patients.
  • 17. Sexual Orientation  Sexual orientation describes who we are attracted to emotionally, romantically, and sexually.
  • 18. Terms Used to Describe a Person’s Sexual Orientation:  Asexual- a person who does not experience sexual attraction ever, or a for a period of time.  Bisexual- a person who is romantically/sexually attracted to both men and women.  Gay/Homosexual- men who are romantically/sexually attracted to men. Sometimes used to describe women attracted to women.  Lesbian- women who are romantically/sexually attracted to women.
  • 19.  Pansexual- a person who is attracted to people across the range of genders. Often used by those who identify as transgender or genderqueer.  Queer- used to describe an open, fluid sexual orientation and/or gender identity/expression.  Straight/Heterosexual-women who are romantically/sexually attracted to men, and men who are attracted to women.
  • 20.  The terms Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation often lead to confusing misunderstood stereotypes.  If someone considers themself a lesbian, it does not mean that they have a masculine expression.  If a person is transgender, they can identify as straight, lesbian, bisexual, gay, pansexual or queer.  People who transition gender sometimes find that their sexual orientation changes during the process.
  • 21. Bisexuality  Bisexualitymay reflect a sense that sexual orientation is a fluid aspect.  Bisexuals are often misunderstood and stereotyped.  They can be labeled as confused, opportunists, not ready to come out, and inherently promiscuous.
  • 22. Lesbian and Bisexual Women have Special Health Issues  Cancer screenings- Lesbians tend have three times longer intervals between their pap tests compared to heterosexual women.  Stress- The stresses that are associated with being a lesbian maybe a contributing factor that lesbians have higher rates of heart disease than heterosexual women.  Smoking-30% of lesbians smoke compared to 23% of heterosexual women.  Alcohol Use- There is an increased rate of problem drinking among lesbians that does not dramatically decrease with age as it does in the general population.  Sexually Transmitted Infections- Women who have sex with other women can get sexually transmitted diseases.
  • 23. Coming Out to Ourselves, Family, Friends, and the World  Coming out is the process of accepting and affirming our sexual orientation or gender identity and deciding how open we will be about it.  Coming out to ourselves can be an extremely challenging process, but once out a huge relief.  Coming out to friends and family is also quite challenging and life-changing.  Some family members and friends may be very accepting of your sexual orientation, while others may not.
  • 24. Multiple Identities  Other factors that contribute to the experience and possible discrimination of being a lesbian include: class, gender, race, religion, and disability.  An example of this would be a black lesbian who not only has to face the challenges of being accepted as a lesbian, may also be subjected to racial discrimination in the society in which she lives.
  • 25. Countering Homophobia, Heterosexism, and Transphobia  Heterosexism is the assumption that heterosexuality is the only normal orientations.  Homophobia is fear and hatred of people who are attracted to the same sex.  Transphobia is fear and hatred of gender-variant people.  All of these contribute to laws and practices that deny LGBTQ people legal, religious, and social privileges that heterosexuals and cisgender take for granted.
  • 26. Homosexuals and Transgenders often face discrimination on many levels  Job and Housing discrimination  Unable to marry in They may also face: most states  Misrepresentation and  Violence being ignored by the media  Homelessness  Essential safer-sex  Police brutality educational materials  Chronic underemployment omitted for same-sex  Poverty. relationships at schools.
  • 27.  Many activists are working hard to make positive change against homophobia and trans phobias.  The Think Before You Speak campaign raises awareness in schools about the prevalence and consequences of anti LGBT bias.  The Policy Institute of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force works to advance equality and train young leaders for the future.  The National Black Justice Coalition works to eradicate racism and homophobia, and advocates for the LGBT African Americans.
  • 28. This chapter on Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation gave me the knowledge that I need to understand these different lifestyles better. It allowed me to understand what transgender and homosexual people have to go through to feel at peace within their own bodies. It can not be an easy life to live with all of the challenges, discrimination and lack of support that they receive from our society. The first hand accounts, given from individuals facing these issues, were very interesting and insightful. It gave personal perspectives allowing the reader to feel directly connected to these individuals and their struggles.
  • 29. One quote that stood out to me in this chapter was “Whenever I encounter trans- positive sexual health resources I breathe a deep sigh of relief.” This quote made me feel great empathy towards transgender individuals when it comes to accessing healthcare. It can be stressful enough for a cisgender individual to seek treatment for healthcare. I can not imagine the added amount of stress that a trans has to face in order to find a facility that is open, accepting and knowledgeable of his or her lifestyle.
  • 30. Discussion Why do you think people are homophobic and transphobic in our society and how can we as individuals and as a nation stop the discrimination against LGBTQ?