1. Introduction to
Facilitation
ADLT 675
TiME Program

2. Increasing effectiveness as a
facilitator is NOT
New strategies and techniques

3. Instead, it involves internal work
to explore the core values and
assumptions that guide our
actions

4. Developing Skills as a Group Facilitator

5. What is group facilitation?

6. Choosing Among Facilitator Roles

7. Key Features of the Skilled Facilitator
Approach

8. A Group
Effectiveness
Model

9. Mental Models

10. Rules Governing Theories-in-Use
From the work
of Chris
Argyris &
Donald
Schön, 1974

11. Model I Behaviors (unilateral control)

12. Model II Behaviors (mutual learning)

13. Nine Ground Rules for Effective Groups

14. ADVOCACY
Te
llin
High
g
Testing:
Low
“Here’s what I say,
“What do you think
of it?”
Asserting:
“Here’s what I say
and here’s why I say
it.”
An artist’s
pallet of
Advocacy
and Inquiry
Explaining: “here’s how
the world works and why I
can see it that way.”
INQUIRY
High

15. ADVOCACY
High
Clarifying: “What is the
question we are trying to
answer?”
Interviewing:
Exploring others’ points of
view, and the reasons
behind them
Low
INQUIRY
As
i ng
k
High

16. ADVOCACY
High
Bystanding: Making
comments which pertain
to the group process, but
not to content.
Sensing: Watching the
s
Ob
conversation flow without
saying much, but keenly
aware of all that transpires
er
g
vin
Low
INQUIRY
High

17. ADVOCACY
g
tin
INQUIRY
er a
Low
Genuinely curious,
makes reasoning
explicit, asks
others about
assumptions
n
Ge
High
Skillful
Dialogue
(Balancing
Advocacy
and Inquiry):
Dialogue:
Suspend all
Assumptions,
creating a
“container” in
which collective
thinking can
emerge.
High

18. Dysfunctional Forms of Advocacy and Inquiry
Dictating: “Here’s
what I say, and never
mind why.”
ADVOCACY
(Dysfunctional)
Politicking: Giving
the impression of
balancing advocacy
and inquiry, while
being close-minded
(Dysfunctional)
Withdrawing:
Mentally
Checking out of
the room, and
not paying
attention
(Dysfunctional)
INQUIRY
Interrogating:
“Why can’t you
see that your
point of view is
wrong?”
(Dysfunctional)

19. ng
lli
e
T
Asserting
Explaining
Skillful
Dialogue
(Balancing
Advocacy and
Inquiry)
Dialogue
Bystanding
Clarifying
Sensing
s
Ob
Interviewing
ing
sk
A
er
vin
g
Low
i ng
at
er
ADVOCACY
Testing
n
Ge
High
INQUIRY
High

20. Ladder of Inference

Take action base on belief

Adopt beliefs

Draw conclusions

Make assumptions

Add meanings

Select data

Observable data and experience

21. How Do You Apply the Ladder of Inference
by Using Advocacy and inquiry?
Walk “Down” the Ladder

22. Writing a Left-Hand Column
Case
Describe the situation in one short
paragraph
 Create two columns on a page
 Reflect on the
What was said
What I thought
in the
but did not say
case study
conversation
 Share it with a
reviewer
