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Perspectives on “Open”
                 Tim O’Reilly
               O’Reilly Media

 Open Courseware Consortium
                 May 4, 2011
I started out as a computer book publisher
Perspectives on Open
Perspectives on Open
Perspectives on Open
What We Really Do At O'Reilly
 Find interesting technologies and people
  innovating from the edge

 Amplify their effectiveness by spreading the
  information needed for others to follow them.

 Our goal: “Changing the world by spreading the
  knowledge of innovators.”
Some Examples

     Created our first ebook - 1987
     First books on Linux and Perl - 1991
     First book on the internet - 1992
     Wrote about WWW when there were only 200
      web sites - 1992
     Launched first commercial web site, 1993
     First conference talk on web services - 1997
     Organized meeting where term “open
      source” was adopted - 1998
     Coined the term “Web 2.0” in 2004 to help
      restart enthusiasm in the computer industry
     Launched Make: magazine in 2005 to
      celebrate the new frontier in physical
      computing
“The future is here. It’s
 just not evenly
 distributed yet.”

       - William Gibson
Watch the Alpha Geeks


  •New technologies first exploited by hackers, then
   entrepreneurs, then platform players
  •Three examples
    –Screen scraping predicts
     web services
    –Wireless community networks
     predict universal Wi-Fi
    –Open source software
       predicts other forms of
       collaborative development, and
       prefigures the “participation age”
       of Web 2.0 and social networking
                   Rob Flickenger and his potato chip can antenna
Pattern Recognition

 We all have mental models of the world that serve as
  maps that guide what we see and do
 These maps can be more or less correct
Alfred Korzybski: General Semantics
“The map is not the territory.”
Free Software - the key issue is one of rights and licenses



                               Free software is a matter of the users'
                               freedom to run, copy, distribute, study,
                               change and improve the software. More
                               precisely, it means that the program's
                               users have the four essential freedoms:

                            ■ The freedom to run the program, for any
                              purpose (freedom 0).
                            ■ The freedom to study how the program
                              works, and change it to make it do what you
                              wish (freedom 1). Access to the source
                              code is a precondition for this.
                            ■ The freedom to redistribute copies so you
                              can help your neighbor (freedom 2).
                            ■ The freedom to distribute copies of your
                              modified versions to others (freedom 3). By
                              doing this you can give the whole
                              community a chance to benefit from your
                              changes. Access to the source code is a
                              precondition for this.
Open source - the key is development methodology




                       “The Cathedral and the Bazaar is an essay by
                       Eric S. Raymond on software engineering
                       methods, based on his observations of the Linux
                       kernel development process and his experiences
                       managing an open source project, fetchmail. It
                       examines the struggle between top-down and
                       bottom-up design. It was first presented by the
                       author at the Linux Kongress on May 27, 1997 in
                       Würzburg and was published as part of a book of
                       the same name in 1999.”
Unix and the Internet - an architecture of participation




                                 “The book is perhaps most valuable for
                                 its exposition of the Unix philosophy of
                                 small cooperating tools with
                                 standardized inputs and outputs, a
                                 philosophy that also shaped the end-to-
                                 end philosophy of the Internet. It is this
                                 philosophy, and the architecture based
                                 on it, that has allowed open source
                                 projects to be assembled into larger
                                 systems such as Linux, without explicit
                                 coordination between developers.”
The Architecture of Participation



          "I couldn't have written a new kernel for
           Windows even if I had the source code. The
           architecture just doesn't support that kind of
           thing."

          (paraphrasing Linus Torvalds)
“The skill of writing is to
 create a context in which
 other people can think.”

         -Edwin Schlossberg
http://openp2p.com/pub/a/p2p/2000/12/05/book_ch01_meme.html
http://openp2p.com/pub/a/p2p/2000/12/05/book_ch01_meme.html
“I’m an inventor.
 I became interested in
 long term trends because
 an invention has to make
 sense in the world in
 which it is finished, not
 the world in which it is
 started.”
                -Ray Kurzweil
The PC Revolution


 1981: IBM PC built of commodity components

 Market expands a million-fold, breaking IBM’s industry
  dominance

 Intel becomes the key component supplier: Intel Inside

 Dell becomes #1 vendor by embracing commodity
  economics; IBM eventually abandons market

 Value moves up the stack from hardware to software: IBM
  signs away future to Microsoft
The Open Source Revolution
 1991: Linux operating system built out of commodity
  components
 Market expands a million-fold, breaking Microsoft
  industry dominance?
 Key questions:
  – What does it mean to embrace the commodity economics
    of open source?
  – What is “up the stack” from software?
  – Who becomes the “Intel Inside” of open source?
Desktop Application Stack



                               Proprietary Software
                                 (Control by API)




                              System Assembled from
                                   Standardized
                              Commodity Components




                            Some Hardware Components
                            From a Single-Source Supplier
Free and Open Source Software




  Cheap Commodity PCs




      Intel Inside
Internet Application Stack


                                       Proprietary
                                  Software As a Service




                                Integration of Commodity
                                      Components


                     Apache



                              Subsystem-Level Lock In
The "Killer Apps” of the New Millenium
The Open Source Application Platform
 Commodity Intel hardware
 The Internet protocol stack and utilities like BIND
 LAMP
  –Linux (or FreeBSD)
  –Apache
  –MySQL
  –PHP (or Perl, or Python)
 Platform-agnostic client front ends
Another Paradigm Failure?


  These LAMP applications are being created
   by open source developers and run on an
   open source platform, but…
   – Source code is not distributed (and it wouldn't
     be useful to many developers if it were)
   – Licenses triggered by binary software
     distribution have no effect
   – The value in these applications is in their data
     and their customer interactions more than in
     their software
   – Most are fiercely proprietary
"The Law of Conservation of Attractive Profits"



   "When attractive profits disappear at one
    stage in the value chain because a product
    becomes modular and commoditized, the
    opportunity to earn attractive profits with
    proprietary products will usually emerge at an
    adjacent stage."

                                 -- Clayton Christensen
                      Author of The Innovator's Solution
             In Harvard Business Review, February 2004
Beyond Licensing: the Three C’s


  The three deep trends:

    1.   Commoditization of software
    2. User-Customizable systems and architectures

    3. Network-enabled Collaboration
Perspectives on Open
So What Do We Need to Do?

 Use commodity software components to
  drive down prices for users
 Give customers increased opportunity for
  customization
  – Plug-replaceable standards-compliant
    components
  – Extensible architectures
  – Scripting support
 Provide open data web services
 Leverage collaborative development
  processes and participatory interfaces
Key Lessons from Open Source



   An architecture of participation means that
    your users help to extend your platform
   Low barriers to experimentation mean that
    the system is "hacker friendly" for
    maximum innovation
   Interoperability means that one component
    or service can be swapped out if a better
    one comes along
   "Lock-in" comes because others depend
    on the benefit from your services, not
    because you're completely in control
So how might all this apply to open courseware?
First off, think deeply about what it is you really do
Smaller pieces, modular design
Perspectives on Open
Perspectives on Open
Perspectives on Open
Perspectives on Open
Perspectives on Open
Perspectives on Open
Develop in public
Perspectives on Open
Perspectives on Open
Perspectives on Open
Perspectives on Open
Perspectives on Open
Provide affordances for community
           (think social)
Perspectives on Open
An architecture of participation
 Don’t just measure how many people download or
  view your courses, measure how many people
  contribute to them
 Design them to be extensible
 “Small pieces loosely joined” is magic
Create more value than you capture!
In a gift culture, status comes
not from what we have or get
but from what we give away
For more information
 My twitter feed @timoreilly
 My personal archive: http://tim.oreilly.com
 My blog: http://radar.oreilly.com

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Perspectives on Open

  • 1. Perspectives on “Open” Tim O’Reilly O’Reilly Media Open Courseware Consortium May 4, 2011
  • 2. I started out as a computer book publisher
  • 6. What We Really Do At O'Reilly  Find interesting technologies and people innovating from the edge  Amplify their effectiveness by spreading the information needed for others to follow them.  Our goal: “Changing the world by spreading the knowledge of innovators.”
  • 7. Some Examples  Created our first ebook - 1987  First books on Linux and Perl - 1991  First book on the internet - 1992  Wrote about WWW when there were only 200 web sites - 1992  Launched first commercial web site, 1993  First conference talk on web services - 1997  Organized meeting where term “open source” was adopted - 1998  Coined the term “Web 2.0” in 2004 to help restart enthusiasm in the computer industry  Launched Make: magazine in 2005 to celebrate the new frontier in physical computing
  • 8. “The future is here. It’s just not evenly distributed yet.” - William Gibson
  • 9. Watch the Alpha Geeks •New technologies first exploited by hackers, then entrepreneurs, then platform players •Three examples –Screen scraping predicts web services –Wireless community networks predict universal Wi-Fi –Open source software predicts other forms of collaborative development, and prefigures the “participation age” of Web 2.0 and social networking Rob Flickenger and his potato chip can antenna
  • 10. Pattern Recognition  We all have mental models of the world that serve as maps that guide what we see and do  These maps can be more or less correct
  • 12. “The map is not the territory.”
  • 13. Free Software - the key issue is one of rights and licenses Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software. More precisely, it means that the program's users have the four essential freedoms: ■ The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0). ■ The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make it do what you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this. ■ The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor (freedom 2). ■ The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
  • 14. Open source - the key is development methodology “The Cathedral and the Bazaar is an essay by Eric S. Raymond on software engineering methods, based on his observations of the Linux kernel development process and his experiences managing an open source project, fetchmail. It examines the struggle between top-down and bottom-up design. It was first presented by the author at the Linux Kongress on May 27, 1997 in Würzburg and was published as part of a book of the same name in 1999.”
  • 15. Unix and the Internet - an architecture of participation “The book is perhaps most valuable for its exposition of the Unix philosophy of small cooperating tools with standardized inputs and outputs, a philosophy that also shaped the end-to- end philosophy of the Internet. It is this philosophy, and the architecture based on it, that has allowed open source projects to be assembled into larger systems such as Linux, without explicit coordination between developers.”
  • 16. The Architecture of Participation "I couldn't have written a new kernel for Windows even if I had the source code. The architecture just doesn't support that kind of thing." (paraphrasing Linus Torvalds)
  • 17. “The skill of writing is to create a context in which other people can think.” -Edwin Schlossberg
  • 20. “I’m an inventor. I became interested in long term trends because an invention has to make sense in the world in which it is finished, not the world in which it is started.” -Ray Kurzweil
  • 21. The PC Revolution  1981: IBM PC built of commodity components  Market expands a million-fold, breaking IBM’s industry dominance  Intel becomes the key component supplier: Intel Inside  Dell becomes #1 vendor by embracing commodity economics; IBM eventually abandons market  Value moves up the stack from hardware to software: IBM signs away future to Microsoft
  • 22. The Open Source Revolution  1991: Linux operating system built out of commodity components  Market expands a million-fold, breaking Microsoft industry dominance?  Key questions: – What does it mean to embrace the commodity economics of open source? – What is “up the stack” from software? – Who becomes the “Intel Inside” of open source?
  • 23. Desktop Application Stack Proprietary Software (Control by API) System Assembled from Standardized Commodity Components Some Hardware Components From a Single-Source Supplier
  • 24. Free and Open Source Software Cheap Commodity PCs Intel Inside
  • 25. Internet Application Stack Proprietary Software As a Service Integration of Commodity Components Apache Subsystem-Level Lock In
  • 26. The "Killer Apps” of the New Millenium
  • 27. The Open Source Application Platform  Commodity Intel hardware  The Internet protocol stack and utilities like BIND  LAMP –Linux (or FreeBSD) –Apache –MySQL –PHP (or Perl, or Python)  Platform-agnostic client front ends
  • 28. Another Paradigm Failure?  These LAMP applications are being created by open source developers and run on an open source platform, but… – Source code is not distributed (and it wouldn't be useful to many developers if it were) – Licenses triggered by binary software distribution have no effect – The value in these applications is in their data and their customer interactions more than in their software – Most are fiercely proprietary
  • 29. "The Law of Conservation of Attractive Profits" "When attractive profits disappear at one stage in the value chain because a product becomes modular and commoditized, the opportunity to earn attractive profits with proprietary products will usually emerge at an adjacent stage." -- Clayton Christensen Author of The Innovator's Solution In Harvard Business Review, February 2004
  • 30. Beyond Licensing: the Three C’s The three deep trends: 1. Commoditization of software 2. User-Customizable systems and architectures 3. Network-enabled Collaboration
  • 32. So What Do We Need to Do?  Use commodity software components to drive down prices for users  Give customers increased opportunity for customization – Plug-replaceable standards-compliant components – Extensible architectures – Scripting support  Provide open data web services  Leverage collaborative development processes and participatory interfaces
  • 33. Key Lessons from Open Source  An architecture of participation means that your users help to extend your platform  Low barriers to experimentation mean that the system is "hacker friendly" for maximum innovation  Interoperability means that one component or service can be swapped out if a better one comes along  "Lock-in" comes because others depend on the benefit from your services, not because you're completely in control
  • 34. So how might all this apply to open courseware?
  • 35. First off, think deeply about what it is you really do
  • 49. Provide affordances for community (think social)
  • 51. An architecture of participation  Don’t just measure how many people download or view your courses, measure how many people contribute to them  Design them to be extensible  “Small pieces loosely joined” is magic
  • 52. Create more value than you capture!
  • 53. In a gift culture, status comes not from what we have or get but from what we give away
  • 54. For more information  My twitter feed @timoreilly  My personal archive: http://tim.oreilly.com  My blog: http://radar.oreilly.com

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  21. PC revolution started with a bunch of hackers -- homebrew computer club. Went through an entrepreneurial explosion, the equivalent of the dot com bust, and then the world we know today. \n
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  23. The result was the Wintel Duopoly we love to hate, with systems assembled from commodity parts, but with a sole-source processor from Intel and (up till now) a sole-source operating system from Microsoft.\n
  24. In other words, with our mindset shaped by the desktop application stack, we imagined the pattern replaying itself like this. We accept intel inside, and love the cheap commodity PCs, but we imagined proprietary software being replaced by free and open source applications at the top of the stack. Red Hat or maybe SuSe would displace Microsoft, MySql would displace Oracle, and so on.\n
  25. But instead, we got a world that looks like this. (Describe the graph.)\n
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  27. Important not just to think about Linux!\n
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  29. Harvard Business School Professor Clayton Christiansen sums up this situation with something he calls “the law of conservation of attractive profits.”\n
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  33. Getting specific, I’m going to talk about design patterns that fit three separate sub-contexts. And you’ll see that some of these patterns seemingly have little to do with open source. But I believe that they are direct outcomes of the software commodification that open source and open standards are driving, and that we need to understand what kinds of businesses are going to be built using these patterns, even if some of them seem quite foreign to open source ideals.\n
  34. The result was the Wintel Duopoly we love to hate, with systems assembled from commodity parts, but with a sole-source processor from Intel and (up till now) a sole-source operating system from Microsoft.\n
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