Social Exchange Theory Essay

The social exchange theory attempts to explain how humans interact in relationships in economic
terms, or in several different equations. This theory suggests people try to maximize their rewards
and minimize their costs, relative to their own experiences and beliefs, of course. Often times, it is
used as a predictor of why and if people stay in relationships. Social Exchange theory can be applied
to why victims of violence stay in abusive relationships using all four equations. In the first equation,
satisfaction equals outcome minus the comparison level, each person has a different comparison
level to their present situation. Individuals in abusive relationships may not know of any better
situations due to past experiences and or current
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Social Exchange Theory Paper
Quite a few years back, my friend Bryan and I discovered that we had a crush on the same girl. We
both come from very different social and power backgrounds, and the conflict that transpired was
that we were both undoubtedly dating the same girl who was an opportunist.
My friend Bryan and I had never been in a situation like this one before. We had always promised
each other that nothing or no one would ever interfere with our friendship. Well this particular
school year everything was about to change. We started the year off great, playing football, and
looking forward to our big homecoming dance. This is when we would meet the girl that would
almost destroy our friendship. We all met up at a mutual friend's house who was throwing an after
party bash....show more content...
270).
Once that it was clear that Felicia was only after him to acquire expensive possessions, it became
apparent that money was all she was after. She was driven by what someone else could give her
instead of how she connected emotionally with someone. I believe that this is a reflection of the
social exchange theory. Had she pursued my friend based on an emotional connection instead of
what she would gain, their relationship might have worked out. Instead, the bases of her relational
decision making, was her reaping the greatest benefit with little cost to her. However, if the
uncertainty reduction theory would have been implemented in this situation, I feel like we would've
been able to avoid this whole mess and my friend getting hurt. He would have been able to gather
and attain more information about her before rushing into a relationship. Thus, increasing his ability
to predict her intentions and behavior By applying this theory he would've decreased any uncertainty
and be able to examine the relationships likelihood

The Theory Of Social Exchange Theory Essay
During the course of this week's discussion we will examine the social exchange theory (SET);
Dr. Cone did a great job presenting SET to us in this week's media, I hope you all enjoyed it.
Now, we can further consider it by applying the concepts to real life situations such as our family
case study, our own family, or other examples you find to be beneficial to you and our collective
growth as future APNs. In order to guide our discussion and to have a meaningful learning
experience I would encourage each of us to answer the following: What do you find most interesting
among the theoretical concepts? Provide a brief patient and family scenario that exemplifies a key
concept from the presentation. Discuss whether or not you agree with the ideas presented in this
media presentation.
Here are the basic premises of social exchange theory from the presentation:
1.Humans seek rewards and avoid punishment
2.Humans seek maximize profit for themselves while minimizing cost
3.Persons will weight benefits and costs in making decisions based on the information
4.Standards that humans use to evaluate rewards and cost differ individual to individual and may
change over time
5.The importance that humans attach to the behavior of other varies from person to person
6.The greater the value of a reward exceeds on expectations, the less valued the reward will become
in the future (the bigger is better phenomenon)
Additional concepts to consider are interdependence, experience, norms, attraction

Social Exchange Theory Essay examples
Social Exchange Theory 2
Application of:
The Social Exchange Theory
In everyday interactions people are always looking to have a positive experience among those with
whom they interact. According to the Social Exchange theory, with each interaction an individual
has with another, that individual attempts to maximize the positive outcomes and minimize the
negative. The purpose of this paper is to apply the Social Exchange theory to an authentic real life
situation to best illustrate the theory and the key concepts that it holds. In applying the social
exchange theory from demonstration, to application, to then explanation, a better understanding in
...show more content...
People constantly evaluate the rewards and costs of their relationship as well as the rewards and
costs of interaction with another individual. Rewards and costs can be tangible, such as money or
gifts, or psychological, such as social support or intellectual stimulation (Unger & Johnson 604).
According to Unger and Johnson, "if the reward/cost balance is more favorable than that of other
potential relationships, the person will remain in the relationship, if the costs outweigh the rewards
and an alternative relationship with more favorable outcomes is available, the person will leave the
existing relationship in favor of the alternative" (604). Yet each reward and cost is different to each
individual. To better understand reward and costs is to better understand each individual.
The primary theorists, John Thibaut and Harold Kelley, made a list of assumptions that the Social
Exchange theory is based on. This list falls into two categories; one that focuses on individuals, and
one that describes the social exchange between two people (Unger & Johnson 604). The
assumptions that the Social Exchange theory makes are about human nature and the nature of
relationships. The first, as mentioned earlier, is that of reward and punishment. Humans seek
rewards and avoid

Social Exchange Theory Essay
Quinisha Williams Mrs. Garcia SP 200 A 6 November 2017 Social Exchange Theory The Social
Exchange Theory was formally advanced in the late 1950s and early 1960s in the work of the
sociologists George Homans (1961) and Peter Blau (1964) and the work of social psychologists
John Thibaut and Harold Kelley (1959) (Social Exchange Theory). Social Exchange Theory would
be classified as a psychological theory; which suggests that humans will make decisions in their
relationships based on the recognized benefits and costs (Griffin). This suggestion declares that
humans will analyze all social relationships they have to determine the benefits they will get out of
that relationship at the time. The social exchange theory uses financial terms...show more content...
When the company fails to provide their employees with financial and psychological resources,
the employees would be more likely to disengage and remove themselves from the roles they
were assigned (Social Exchange Theory). This theory is critiqued by many for assuming that
people will always make logical decisions. They may also mention that this abstract theory fails to
capture the ability that emotion plays in our day to day lives and in the interaction we make with
other people (Emerson). This theory also weakens the power of social ladders and strength, which
unconsciously forms our awareness of the world we live in and our understanding we have with it,
and the strong role it plays with forming the interactions we have with people (Revolvy). When we
develop in a relationship, we may create new ideas of costs and benefits within that current
relationship. Communicating those new needs could lower the chances of dissatisfaction within the
relationship and risk of breakups in the relationship as well. It may also increase our wellbeing
(Griffin). Furthermore, self– satisfaction within relationships we have can cause an increase in
negative costs and minimize the positive rewards being exchanged within the relationship
(Griffin).When we start a new relationship, it is our responsibility to let one or the

Social Exchange Theory
Theories Of Relationship Theories Of Relationship [Document Title] [Document Title] Elizabeth
Wiwoloku Elizabeth Wiwoloku Introduction There are two main theories applied to relationships,
Social Exchange Theory and Equity Theory underpin commonly used behavioural therapies such as
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Enhanced Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Integrative Cognitive
Behavioural Therapy. More recent studies in neuroscience and behavior and the importance of
language have led to the development of Relational Frame Theory and Acceptance and Commitment
Therapy as an alternative approach. In this essay I will outline the relationship models comparing
and contrasting them Social exchange theory Social exchange theory analyses...show more content...
Simpson et al. found that participants in existing relationships rated people of the opposite sex as
less attractive than participants not in relationships. This suggests that people judge prospects of
new alternative relationships as less profitable if they are already in a committed relationship. The
CLA may provide an explanation as to why many women choose to stay in abusive relationships. If
investments in the relationship are high (e.g. children, financial security) & alternative
prospects are bleak (e.g. poverty, homelessness), then a woman may see staying in the abusive
relationship to be more profitable than leaving it. Blau (1977) argued that interactions are
"expensive", as they take time, energy and commitment and may involve unpleasant emotions and
experiences. Therefore what we get out of a relationship must exceed what goes in. Rusbult found
that costs and rewards from a relationship were weighed up in comparison to possible alternative
relationships when deciding whether they should be maintained which supports that social
exchange models idea that people assess rewards by making comparisons. Walster et al believed
that social interactions involve an exchange of rewards, like affection, information, status. The
degree of attraction or liking reflects how people evaluate the rewards they receive in relative to
those given. Costs of being in a relationship may be effort, money spent, time spent, or low
self–esteem, whilst the rewards may be pleasure,

Everyone is part of some organization or a group, however, many people to stop and think about
what drives the group, what keeps the group together, or how the group functions as a whole. In
this paper we will be looking at a group, Social Work Club, and be applying four theories; Field
theory, Social Exchange theory, Learning theory, and Psychoanalytic theory to the group to
understand the function of it. Field Theory The first theory we are going to cover is the Field
theory. This theory focuses on how groups function in an effort to achieve their goals and how they
are impacted by forces found in the environment. We will be focusing on the positive and negative
valences of this social work group, the cohesion for the president and vice...show more content...
LaTonya shows two of these three leadership styles. She can be seen as authoritarian, taking
control of group functioning with little input from members, when she cuts Bert off in the
meeting and how seriously she takes being the president. However she can also be seen
democratic, maximizing member input and participation, because she does involve the group.
The group passed the requirement of the number of volunteers hours needed and the board
meetings are a sign of democratic leadership. Role Role is the expected patterns of behavior
dependent on a group position or status. LaTonya's position as president is to control the
meetings and to get the volunteer program In its feet and running. LaTonya see Bert's role as less
than hers and sees him as power hungry. Bert's role is to assist Latonya and lead the meetings if
Latonya is absent. Norms Norms are the collective rules and expectations with in the group. For
this group a new norm would be thirty hours of volunteer work since it is a requirement. Also some
norms are meeting on Tuesday nights and every other Tuesday nights there is a board meeting.
Finally a norm would be LaTonya leading the meetings. Social Exchange Theory The second theory
we are going to look at is the Social Exchange theory. This theory focuses on the individual within
the groups and their interaction and participation. We will be focusing on

Social Exchange Theory is grounded in the idea that people assess their relationships from an
economic perspective when pertaining to costs and rewards that are identified amongst different
relational partners. It is within this paper that we discuss the core components that make up the
theory, the possible advantages and disadvantages of its use, as well as touch base on a real–world
communication example the Social Exchange Theory can be associated with.
There are multiple core components that have been identified and further constructed in which make
up the Social Exchange Theory. West and Turner (2014) further explain that costs are the factors that
contribute to the negative value we place on relationships while rewards are rather the positive
values. Additionally, West and Turner proceed with the idea that we evaluate all types of
relationships by using the following equation:
Worth = Rewards – Costs
When rewards are greater than the costs, or the final amount is a positive number, it is considered
to be a positive relationship, whereas a negative number would indicate the relationship to be
negative. The Social Exchange Theory then acknowledges the worth of these relationships and the
outcomes that will be endured, or whether or not relationships will hold stable or instead be
terminated. It is the idea that individuals enter into and maintain relationships as long as it is
satisfying both person's self interest. Social Exchange Theory is based on the idea that

Social Exchange Theory Essays
Application of:
The Social Exchange Theory
In everyday interactions people are always looking to have a positive experience among those with
whom they interact. According to the Social Exchange theory, with each interaction an individual
has with another, that individual attempts to maximize the positive outcomes and minimize the
negative. The purpose of this paper is to apply the Social Exchange theory to an authentic real life
situation to best illustrate the theory and the key concepts that it holds. In applying the social
exchange theory from demonstration, to application, to then explanation, a better understanding in
terms of the value of the theory will be shown, as well as the function that it...show more content...
According to West and Turner this is critical to the Social Exchange Theory (182). The theory rests
on the notion that within the limits of the information that is available to them, people will calculate
the costs and rewards of a given situation and guide their behaviors accordingly West & Turner 182).
Meaning that people are always calculating the rewards and costs for each situation they are put into,
and those rewards or costs determine the outcome of their decision–making.
Along with assumptions for the Social Exchange there is another factor that plays a key role.
Relating to the concept of cost and rewards is the comparison level or CL. "The comparison level
is a standard representing what people feel they should receive in the way of rewards and costs
from a particular relationship" (West & Turner 184). Therefore the individual weighs the pros and
cons of the relationship. If the cons are an
acceptable amount, then the relationship should very well stay the same. However, if the costs far
outweigh the rewards, then there is what is called a comparison level for alternatives (CLalt). As
stated by West and Turner, "this refers to the lowest level of relational rewards a person is willing
to accept given available rewards from alternative relationships of being alone" (185). Signifying that
the CLalt measures how people evaluate a relationship compared to the realistic alternatives

The Social Exchange Theory was created by researchers John W. Thibaut and Harold H. Kelley, was
an attempt to everyday interpersonal relationships. This theory, with backgrounds in sociology and
economics, appeals to so many because of it simple answers to human interaction and intentions. The
social exchange theory is very rational and considers humans to be rational in every thought they
make. It examines human behavior through costs and benefits of being in a particular relationship.
The theory states humans try to maximize their gain, but trying to do least possible in return or
work. Summary The Social Exchange Theory is about humans thinking rationally about the
relationships they are in or try to obtain with other people. The...show more content...
In particular, "traditional societies pursuit of private goals has a tendency to become accessory
in relation to the social interest since the community satisfies its members' necessary or economic
needs." (Zafirovski, 2003). This would constitute that People who live in traditional societies,
where social norms are rigid, will have hardly have any cost, reward, alternatives to satisfy their
needs. On the oppose end, individuals who come from societies were social norms are more free,
will have more abundant amount of act to play within the relational economy; Hence not every
one social world works the same way. An additional drawback that can be found within the social
exchange theory is the fact that the theory assumes that all human relationships are created,
maintained and ended based on our choices. This social ideology fails to take in account the
circumstance in which connections that we have with people are predetermined by ones life. An
example of this limitation can be seen within families structures. In life we do not have the choice
to pick and choose what type of family we want to have connection with, we are born into them.
unlike, the average relationship described by the theory, when cost are too high, we do not have
the option pick and choose a new mothers, fathers, sister and or brother. The currency in our
families always stays the same, no matter what we do our family will always be connected to us in
some way. Real life

A Research Study On Social Exchange Theory Essay
CHAPTER TWO 2.1LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter is concerned with the review of
literature. It is a systematic analysis and appraisal or evaluation of studies, works and documents
containing information about the problem under study. This chapter provides the background
and the problem discussion of the area of this study, leading down to the specific research
questions. This chapter is also aimed at giving authenticity and credibility to the research study
through the citing of word contribution to the major relational variables of this study under
consideration. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK This section states and compares the theories
that are relevant to the area of study. 2.2 SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY The principles of this
theory state that every interaction involves an exchange of goods and services and people try to
get from others as much as they have given to them. The theory explains how we feel about a
relationship with another person, depending on our perception of: the balance between what we
put into the relationship and what we get out of it, the kind of relationship we deserve, and the
chances of having a better relationship with someone else (Rashad, 2013). The theory is based on
the exchange of rewards and cost to qualify the values of outcomes from different situations for an
individual. People strive to minimize costs and maximize rewards and then base the likeness of
developing a relationship with someone on the perceived possible

George Homans And Social Exchange Theory
Social exchange theory holds the view that human relationships are based on estimates of rewards
and punishment. George Homans is the father of social exchange theory was interested in what
determines changes of behaviour of in human relationships. Social exchange theory suggests that we
essentially take the benefits and minus the costs in order to determine how much a relationship is
worth. Positive relationships are those in which the benefits outweigh the costs, while negative
relationships occur when the costs are greater than the benefits. With this being said, to a large extent
can social exchange theory be used to examine human relationships as it explore how people feel
about their relationship will depend on their perception: of their...show more content...
This theory highlights that people are the happiest in relationship when the give and take ratio is
equal. As such, if one partner's giving is more in comparison to the other, they feel guilty about the
imbalance and is likely to compensate happiness elsewhere.
Nevertheless, one of the strengths of this theory is that it can be used to examine why people stay
in abusive relationships. This theory did a good job in giving us a foundation of what a
relationship should look like. As such, in abusive relationships the person being abused might be
benefiting and receiving a lot from the abuser whilst it cost them their pride, joy and dignity. With
this being said, the outcome might be greater than the comparison level. In contrast, the weaknesses
of this theory is that it view people as being selfish and assumes that people are only looking out for
themselves and not enter or stay in a relationship because they love each other. As such, it ignores
that relationship are based on fairness and not profit.
In conclusion, social exchange theory is intended to explain when or why people maintain or stay in
relationships is because of three assumptions: by assessing the rewards and benefits, cost and the
outcome (rewards–cost=

Social Exchange Theory by George Homans Essay
Social Exchange theory was created by George Homans in 1958. Since its publication as "Social
Behavior as Exchange", several other theorists like Peter Blau, Richard Emerson, John Thibaut, and
Harold Kelley have contributed to the theory. Before diving into the biggest concepts of this theory,
two main properties need to be discussed. This theory is all about social exchanges, which are
essentially reactions and decisions in relationships. The two properties are self–interest and
interdependence. They are the two fundamental interactions between two individuals who each have
something of value to the other. When an individual is looking out for their own self–interest, they
are looking out for their own economic and psychological needs...show more content...
Any social exchange results in some sort of dependence on one another, if it ends with a positive
outcome, it will drive a positive relationship and it will drive the two to continue working together.
The worth determines the decisions the individuals will make in the future. Blau mentioned, from
his experience and education about microeconomics, that since the market is always changing,
human interactions were similar to those done in the marketplace (DeLamater, 2006). The one big
difference between social exchange and exchange with the market is that social exchange is more
varied and more flexible so they have no set exchange rate or value like what would be in place in
the market. While the cost and benefits can be found in almost all aspects of life, Homans and
company focuses in on the human aspect of it, how it affects relationships, and how individuals
decide in their relationships. When an individual uses this cost–reward system, they have a certain
method to go through before they make their decision. People are bound to pick the decision which
yields the largest reward. If there are multiple decisions that amount to the same costs, such as two
things taking the same amount of time, then they will pick the decision that has the most rewards.
The same type of idea applies when there are two decisions of equal reward, the person will pick
what has fewer costs so that they end up with a higher worth. If the immediate outcomes are equal
then the individual will

Family Social Exchange theory is the idea that social change and stability represent a process of cost
and benefit between the two parties or individuals: how much effort is put into the relationship
versus how much effort our companion is contributing. This theory proposes that in order to
understand one another and the choices made by them, we must understand what that individuals
finds to be motivating or rewarding.
Main Assumptions As there are many assumptions on socialexchange, one of the assumptions to
know is that people are motivated by self–interest. Meaning that we seek things or relationships that
are beneficial to ourselves. Like weighing the cost and rewards of a relationship or product that is
bought for a purpose. Thus, we, as human being finds more pleasurable to engage in a relationship
or interactions that will be more beneficial and rewarding, while avoiding the least cost or
punishment. When people choose to help others, they do so because of personal gain they expect
to obtain from doing so. An example could be that someone might feel that their job takes
advantage of them and therefore, that person decides to quit the job and look for another job if they
think that they could get a better job for the same about of effort. An example of this explanations is
that my co–worker, who worked with me at Taco Bell decides to quit her job at Taco Bell because
she felt that there was just too much work and the customers are mean. Instead she found another job

Social Exchange Theory And Social Interaction
We begin building shared relationships with others when we are infants. Our parents begin
socializing with us during this time, forcing our exchanges with them and others to become
"trained". Building these social relationships requires exchanges that are associated with rewards
and costs. Chibucos & Leite (2005), believe that in social situations, one will select only those
behaviors that increase their chances of meeting egocentricities in social situations. In a relationship,
if one sees a relationship as having more benefits than risks, they are more likely not to terminate the
relationship based on the positive reinforcement received from the behaviors they have
demonstrated. Its primary assumption is that individual humans are rational actors and as such will
make decisions based on their own self–interest "in the exchange of activity, tangible or intangible,
and more or less rewarding or costly, between at least two persons" (Cook and Rice, 2003). This is
referred to the Social Exchange Theory.
The Social Exchange Theory can be applied to an array of settings (i.e. academic, professional) and
allow for a series of predictions. We will examine the effects of the Social Exchange Theory as
applied to intervention with first–generation college students. Special attention will be given to
mentoring and housing, discussing how the exchange of information from mentor to mentee can
affect outcomes for first–generation college students. In Barry, Hudley, Kelly, Cho (2009)

The social exchange theory focuses on development and interaction being reward driven while the
social learning theory is more geared towards observation and imitation. Social exchange theory and
social learning theory are not only essential in the social developments and relationships of
individuals but also the cognitive development as well.
Sociological theory (1992) states that social exchange theory articulated by George Homans is
reward seeking and punishment avoidant driven. Through out life beginning in infancy our thought
process and behaviors are tailored to the goals of the individual doing the socializing in order to
maximize profits. It is said that most human gratification is through our connection with...show more
content...
This theory is similar to other learning theories in that it encompasses personality and other aspects
of social development. Unlike the social exchange theory, which focuses on reinforcement of
negative and positive behavior the social learning theory, focuses on observation and initiation.
Reinforcement can increase the likelihood for imitation but is not necessary for learning (Siegler,
Deloache, & Eisenberg, 2014). Bandura (1989) states that the interchange of positive behaviors
between relationships will exhibit trust and growth within the relationship where as the opposite will
occur with negative behaviors. Social learning can occur either deliberately or inadverntatly by
observing behaviors and the consequences associated with them. "But most aspects of the
environment do not operate as an influence until they are activated by appropriate behavior... The
aspect of the potential environment that becomes the actual environment for given individuals thus
depends on how they behave" (Bandura, 1989). The social learning theory states that people are
both the products and producers of their environment. Bandura also statesm "Social learning is a
continuous process in which acquired standards are elaborated and modified, and new ones are
adopted. Children repeatedly observe and learn the standards and

Mrs. Rose, an 85–year–old Dominican woman, grew up in an urban town in South Carolina. She is
the youngest of two sisters and one brother. Rose stated her life growing up was stressful after her
parents separated. Also, she said her mother had to work two jobs so that she could provide for
their family. Due to the fact of limited income with many mouths to feed, Rose's older siblings
moved to their grandparent's house. She further stated once her siblings moved, there was not a
relationship between the siblings, and her mother became abusive. Consequently, the stress of
having to work two jobs coupled with Rose's mother experiencing abuse as a child kept the cycle of
violence to continue. Rose stated her mother homeschooled her brother for the reason that the
bruises left would have quickly alerted the department of family and children services. Moreover,
Rose indicated her mother dropped out of middle school, and the education that her mother taught
was not beneficial. As Rose developed, she noted discrimination started happening. Although she
tried to disregard the racism, she stated the environment affected her ability to love.
According to Thibauilt and Kelley (1959), people weigh their costs and benefits of their relationship
to determine satisfaction and commitment. Essentially meaning people form relationships in which
the incentive is more significant than the action. George Homans summarizes his proposition into
three sections: (1) rewards

Why Is Social Exchange Theory Important
Ever had a friend that used to be so close to but suddenly never see anymore? How many people
would you say have left your life, even if they were extremely close to you at some point? It's a
fact that not all friendships last forever. One thing I'll always ask myself is, why is it that we stay
connected with some people but not with others? According to the Social Exchange theory, people
analyze the benefits and probable risks of social relationships. When the risks exceed the rewards,
the individual dismisses that relationship.
Social exchange theory studies the reciprocal action between two parties by looking at the costs and
benefits to each one of them. The central point of the theory is that it expects that both parties
contributing...show more content...
If the dissatisfaction of your partner was growing or was at a high level then you must put more
effort in the relationship in order to make the relationship less costly for him. Although this theory
may seem like a selfish one since it measures satisfaction based only on the rewards the person gets,
it teaches you what reality is like and what a true genuine friendship

The main principle of social exchange theory (Blau, 1964) is built upon a quasi–economical model
and the basic elements of reinforcement psychology (Homans, 1961), where interactions can be
explained based on the rewards and the positive reinforcement they offer. Emerson (1976) explains
that when a particular action is rewarded, it is more likely that the person will repeat that action or
similar ones to achieve the reward. This is the main principle of Skinnerian reinforcement.
Social exchange theory acknowledges that not all human interactions are dependent on their
rewards, in fact, a lot of behaviors studied by this approach are mostly explained by reciprocity, but
in order to have a concrete and graphic perspective, interactions could be explained as a long...show
more content...
This does not mean that unwritten contracts are less valid, on the contrary, if a company does not
know how to send realistic messages it will generate expectations in their employees that will
eventually work against them (Rousseau, 1999).
Contract Makers
Different actors can be establishers of the contract, since they are the drivers of the organizational
promise. We will now analyze who makes the promises in behalf of the organization. According to
Rousseau (1995), there can be principals and agents. Principals are basically the owners of an
organization making the contracts themselves. Agents are individuals acting in behalf of an
organization such as recruiters or managers. There can be four types of contracts established within
this actors:
Principal–to–principal: When the contract is established between the owner and the employer.
Agent–to–principal: An organization's representative such as the recruiter or the manager with the
employee.
Principal–to–agent: The employer agrees with a worker's representative, such as a union or in this
case, it could be an intermediate

Social Exchange Theory Essay

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Social Exchange Theory Essay