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โ€ซื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฉืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฆื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืชืžื•ื ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื“ื•โ€ฌ"โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื—โ€ฌ2014
โ€ซื“โ€ฌ"โ€ซืคืœื•ื’โ€ฌ โ€ซืงืจื ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืจโ€ฌ,โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื’ื™ื“ืชโ€ฌ
31โ€ซื‘ืžืจืฅโ€ฌ,2015
โ€ซื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื‘ืœื•ืžื‘ืจื’โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืืคืกื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ืœืžื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืจื™ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ
3
โ€ซื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื ืงื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืขืจื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”โ€ฌ
(โ€ซืžืจืฅโ€ฌ2015)
โ€ซื•ื‘ืขื•ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ
(2015โ€ซืื—ืจื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืชื•ืŸโ€ฌ)
0.10.05 0.25
0.0
0.3-
1.0-
โ€ซืœื™ืขื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชื—ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืžืฆืื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื˜ื•ื•ื—โ€ฌ โ€ซืงืฆืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืคื•ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ,
โ€ซื”ื™ืขื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืจื›ื–โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขื•ื’ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื˜ื•ื•ื—โ€ฌ โ€ซืืจื•ื›ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ4
โ€ซื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ-12โ€ซื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืโ€ฌ,โ€ซืœืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคื•ืจื•ื•ืจื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉื•ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉื ื”โ€ฌ-10โ€ซืฉื ื™ืโ€ฌ(2009-2015)%
โ€ซืื—ืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื—ื•ื–ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื›ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืกื›ืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืขื•ื’ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืžืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืขื“โ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื”ืœืฉื›ื”โ€ฌโ€ซื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืชโ€ฌโ€ซืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”โ€ฌโ€ซื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™โ€ฌโ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌโ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ.5
โ€ซืฉื›ื™ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžืฉืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื›ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื ืชื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืขืกืงื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžื’ื–ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืโ€ฌ,1998-2014
โ€ซืฉืงืœโ€ฌ-โ€ซื“ื•ืœืจโ€ฌ,โ€ซืฉืงืœโ€ฌ-โ€ซืื™ืจื•โ€ฌโ€ซื”ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืฉืขืจโ€ฌโ€ซืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™โ€ฌ
(2015-2007,โ€ซืžืžื•ืฆืขโ€ฌโ€ซื—ื•ื“ืฉื™โ€ฌ)
โ‚ช
โ€ซืฉืงืœโ€ฌ/โ€ซื“ื•ืœืจโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื“ื“โ€ฌ
โ€ซืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ
โ€ซืฉืงืœโ€ฌ/โ€ซืื™ืจื•โ€ฌ
6
โ€ซืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื ื•ื“ืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืขืจโ€ฌ
โ€ซื•ืœืื™ืจื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื“ื•ืœืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ื—ืกโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉืขืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื’ืžื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืงืขโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืขืกืงื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื•ืฆืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืขืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ
(โ€ซืื—ื•ื–ื™ืโ€ฌ,42004-201)
โ€ซื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื”ืชื•ืฆืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืžื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืคื•ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื•ืฆืจโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื“ื•โ€ฌ"โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื—โ€ฌ20147
%
*โ€ซื”ืขืกืงื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื•ืฆืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืขืจโ€ฌ
*โ€ซืกื˜ื™ื™ื”โ€ฌ(โ€ซื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื™ืโ€ฌ)โ€ซื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื”ืชื•ืฆืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืคื•ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื•ืฆืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌ.โ€ซื™ื™ืฆื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื™ืฉืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื‘ื•ืกืกโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืชื•ืฆืจโ€ฌ.
โ€ซืชืงื•ืคื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืžื•ืฆืขโ€ฌ
โ€ซื—ื•ืฅโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื˜ื‘ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืจื›ื™ืฉื•ืชโ€ฌ% $M
โ€ซื™ืชืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืœืื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื“ืœืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื ื•ื“ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื™ืชื•ืŸโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืฉื™ื’โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ื“ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืžื•ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ
โ€ซืงืฆืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื˜ื•ื•ื—โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืขืจโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ
0.1%
8
โ€ซื”ื’ื–โ€ฌ โ€ซืชื›ื ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืจื›ื™ืฉื•ืชโ€ฌ
0
1
2
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4
5
01/07
07/07
01/08
07/08
01/09
07/09
01/10
07/10
01/11
07/11
01/12
07/12
01/13
07/13
01/14
07/14
01/15
โ€ซื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืืชื’ืจื™ืโ€ฌ
.Iโ€ซื•ื”ืขืœืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืคืจื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆืžื™ื—ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืงืฆื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื‘ืจืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื”ืฉืชื›ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื•ืฉืจโ€ฌ
.IIโ€ซื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื—ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื•ืงืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ืจื“ืชโ€ฌ
.IIIโ€ซื”ื“ื™ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื•ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื™ืฆืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื“ืœืชโ€ฌ
.IVโ€ซื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืคื™ืกืงืœื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ื”ื•ืœโ€ฌ:
oโ€ซื”ื—ื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื ื˜ืœโ€ฌ
oโ€ซื ืžื•ื›ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืื–ืจื—ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ืฆืื”โ€ฌ
oโ€ซื•ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืžืฉืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื•ืกืจโ€ฌ
.Vโ€ซื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื•ื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคื—ืชืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื—ื“ืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืžืฉืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืืชื’ืจื™โ€ฌ:โ€ซืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืขื“ื™ืโ€ฌ
10
.Iโ€ซืคืจื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆืžื™ื—ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืงืฆื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื‘ืจืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื›ื•ืฉืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืขืœืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื”ืฉืชื›ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคืจื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ,โ€ซื‘ืืจื”โ€ฌ"โ€ซื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘โ€ฌ-OECD
(โ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉืขืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื•ืฆืจโ€ฌ,2013-1981,PPP,$โ€ซืžื—ื™ืจื™โ€ฌ2013)
OECD
โ€ซืืจื”โ€ฌ"โ€ซื‘โ€ฌ
โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ
โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคืจื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืขืจโ€ฌ
โ€ซืœืืจื”โ€ฌ"โ€ซื‘โ€ฌ
12
The conference board total economy database 2014 โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:
โ€ซื ืกื’ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ื ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืคืขืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื—ืกื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืžื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืคืจื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืคืจื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืขืœืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ืฉืงืขื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืงืจืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืžื“ืŸโ€ฌ-โ€ซืœืื•ืžื™ืชโ€ฌ:
โ€ซืขืœื™ื™ื”โ€ฌโ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌโ€ซื›โ€ฌ-1%โ€ซืชื•ืฆืจโ€ฌโ€ซื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌโ€ซืชืฉืชื™ืชโ€ฌโ€“โ€ซื‘ืžื™ื“ื”โ€ฌโ€ซื•ืืœื•โ€ฌ
โ€ซื ื‘ื—ืจื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื”โ€ฌโ€ซื•ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชโ€ฌโ€“
โ€ซืฆืคื•ื™ื”โ€ฌโ€ซืœื”ืขืœื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซืืชโ€ฌโ€ซืจืžืชโ€ฌโ€ซื”ืชื•ืฆืจโ€ฌโ€ซื‘โ€ฌ-
0.4%โ€ซื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื—โ€ฌโ€ซื”ืžื™ื“ื™โ€ฌโ€ซื•ื‘โ€ฌ-1.5%โ€ซืœืื—ืจโ€ฌ
โ€ซืืจื‘ืขโ€ฌโ€ซืฉื ื™ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื“ื•โ€ฌ"โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื—โ€ฌ201413
โ€ซื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื ืžื•ื›ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืžืชโ€ฌ-OECD
14 โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื“ื•โ€ฌ"โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื—โ€ฌ2014
โ€ซื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื“ื“โ€ฌ-โ€œDoing Businessโ€
โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:Doing Business, 2007 & 2015
โ€ซืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”โ€ฌ"โ€ซืขืกืงื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืฉื™ื™ืชโ€ฌ"
*โ€ซืžืชื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื™ืจื•ื’โ€ฌ185โ€ซืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ.โ€ซื™ื•ืชืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœื™ืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฆื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืงืฃโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื•ืชืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื‘ื•ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื™ืจื•ื’โ€ฌ
26
40
15
I.โ€ซื”ื”ืฉืชื›ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื•ืฉืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืขืœืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืคืจื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆืžื™ื—ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืงืฆื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื‘ืจืชโ€ฌ
๏ƒผโ€ซื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉืงืขื”โ€ฌ
(โ€ซืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”โ€ฌ:โ€ซืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”โ€ฌ,โ€ซื•ื›ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื–โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฆื ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืขืฉื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจโ€ฌ')
๏ƒผโ€ซื‘ืžื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉืงืขื”โ€ฌ"โ€ซื•ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืคโ€ฌ(โ€ซื‘ื”ื™ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืจืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืโ€ฌ-โ€ซื˜ืงโ€ฌ)
๏ƒผโ€ซืขืงื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืœืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื™ื•ืชืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกืจืชโ€ฌ
๏ƒผโ€ซืžื—ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืชื—ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืฉื™ืคื”โ€ฌ"โ€ซืœโ€ฌโ€ซื›โ€ฌโ€ซื•ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืœื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื–ืจื–โ€ฌ
๏ƒผโ€ซื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ื›ืฉืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ฌ
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.IIโ€ซื”ืžื—ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื•ืงืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ืจื“ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื“ื•โ€ฌ"โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื—โ€ฌ2014
โ€ซืจืžืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื”ืงืฉืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืขื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ืฆืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื—ื™ืจื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซืœื ืคืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื•ืฆืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืจืžืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ืโ€ฌ
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19 โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื“ื•โ€ฌ"โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื—โ€ฌ2014
โ€ซืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคืขืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื“ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืกืขื™ืคื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื—ืœืงโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื™ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ืฆืื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื“ื•โ€ฌ"โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื—โ€ฌ201420
๏ƒผโ€ซื•ื”ื›ื ืกืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ืฉืชื›ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื•ืฉืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ื’ื“ืœืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื‘ืกื™ืกโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคืจื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขืœืืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืงโ€ฌ
๏ƒผโ€ซื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื‘ืจืชโ€ฌ:
oโ€ซืœืฉื•ื•ืงื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื•ืกืคื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื—ืงื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื ื™ืกืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืคื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืกืžื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกืจืชโ€ฌ
oโ€ซื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื‘ืจืชโ€ฌ
oโ€ซืœื™ื‘ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืฉื™ืคื”โ€ฌ
Xโ€ซืžืขโ€ฌ"โ€ซื“ื™ืคืจื ืฆื™ืืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžโ€ฌ
Xโ€ซื’ื•ืจืฃโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื—ื™ืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื™ืงื•ื—โ€ฌ
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II.โ€ซื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื—ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื•ืงืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ืจื“ืชโ€ฌ
.IIIโ€ซื‘ืฉื•ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื™ืฆืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื“ืœืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื“ื™ื•ืจโ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื’ืžืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื—ืœื•ืชโ€ฌ
(2000-2014)
23 โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซืœืžโ€ฌ"โ€ซืกโ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื”ื™ืฆืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื™ื“ื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื ื™ืโ€ฌ,โ€ซื–ืžืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืื•ืจืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ื™ืฉืžืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ืจื—ื™โ€ฌ
๏ƒผโ€ซืชืžโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืชืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืจื›ื–โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืื–ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆื™ืคื•ืฃโ€ฌ"โ€ซืโ€ฌ38โ€ซื•ืคื™ื ื•ื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซืœืชืฉืชื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™โ€ฌ;โ€ซืฆื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื—ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื™ื ื•ื™โ€ฌ"โ€ซืœโ€ฌ
๏ƒผโ€ซื•ื‘ืคืจื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืืฆื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ืกืžื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกืจืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™โ€ฌ:
oโ€ซื‘ืคื•ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื‘ื ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืขื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื™ื–ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืœื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืืจื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื”ืœื™ืšโ€ฌ
oโ€ซื”ืชืฉืชื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขื™ื™ืชโ€ฌ
oโ€ซื”ื”ื™ืฆืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ื’ื“ืœืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœื™ืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืชืžืจื™ืฅโ€ฌ
Xโ€ซื”ื”ื™ืฆืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื‘ืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื›ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ
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III.โ€ซื”ื“ื™ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื•ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื™ืฆืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื“ืœืชโ€ฌ
.IVโ€ซืคื™ืกืงืœื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ื”ื•ืœโ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ืžื’ืžืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื•ื‘โ€ฌโ€ซื™ืจื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ,โ€ซื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžื’ืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“โ€ฌ;
โ€ซื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื“ื™ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืฉืœื•ืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืœืโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžืžื•ืฆืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื•ื‘โ€ฌ-OECDโ€ซื”ืžืžืฉืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืฉืœื•ืžื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ-OECD(2013)
26 โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื“ื•โ€ฌ"โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื—โ€ฌ2014
1.7
3.5
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
27
โ€ซืจื•ื•ื—ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื–ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ื›ืœืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืฆืื”โ€ฌ,โ€ซื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ฌ
โ€ซื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชโ€ฌ,โ€ซื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื ืžื•ื›ื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื“ื•โ€ฌ"โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื—โ€ฌ2014
*โ€ซืžื—ื™ืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌ2015
8
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
โ€ซื”ื”ื›ื ืกื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ืฆื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืฆืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฆื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ื“ืจืฉืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ืชืืžื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื’ืจืขื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ืชืงืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืฆืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ืœืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืขืžื•ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœโ€ฌ
(2020-2016)
โ€ซืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™โ€ฌโ‚ช
โ€ซื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœโ€ฌ
โ€ซืœืฆื•ืจืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื“ืจื•ืฉโ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื™ืขื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืžื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืงื‘ื•ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸโ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื—ื•ืงโ€ฌ,โ€ซื‘ื”ื ื—ื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื›ืœืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืฆืื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซืขืœื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืจื™ื’ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื•ื“ืœโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืฉืื™ืฉืจื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื›ืœืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืžืฉืœื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืฆืื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืžืฉืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืกืšโ€ฌ,โ€ซื”ื—ื•ืจื’โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืฆืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื›ืœืœโ€ฌ
28
๏ƒผโ€ซื”ื—ื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคื—ืชืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฉืšโ€ฌ,โ€ซืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฉืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืžื™ื“ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื‘ืกืกโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื“ื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืฉืœื•ืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื ื˜ืœโ€ฌ
๏ƒผโ€ซื”ืžืขืงื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืžื•ืฉโ€ฌ"(โ€ซื ื•ืžืจื˜ื•ืจโ€ฌ)"โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืžืฉืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคืจื˜ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชโ€ฌ
๏ƒผโ€ซื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืงืฆื™ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื“ืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืชื™ื“ืจืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ,โ€ซื”ืžืžืฉืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื”ื™ื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื“ืœืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆืžืฆื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื‘ื—ื•ืจโ€ฌ
๏ƒผโ€ซื”ืžืžืฉืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฆื•ืจืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชืŸโ€ฌ:
oโ€ซื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ืโ€ฌ
oโ€ซื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉืงืขื”โ€ฌ
oโ€ซืฆืžื™ื—ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื ื•ืขื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืคื™ืชื•ื—โ€ฌ
๏ƒผโ€ซืžื‘ื—ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขืจืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื™ืกื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฆื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืืžื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆื“ืงืชืโ€ฌ-โ€ซื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืชโ€ฌ
Xโ€ซื”ื—ื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคื—ืชืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืžืชื•ื•ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืกื˜ื™ื™ื”โ€ฌ
29
IV.โ€ซื”ื—ื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคื—ืชืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฉืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฆืจื›ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ื•ืชื ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื™ืกืงืœื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ื”ื•ืœโ€ฌ
.Vโ€ซื•ืื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื•ื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคื—ืชืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื“ื•โ€ฌ"โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื—โ€ฌ2014,โ€ซื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืงื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ืฆืื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืกืงืจโ€ฌ
โ€ซื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืจืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื•ื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืชื—ื•ืœืชโ€ฌ;โ€ซื™ื•ืจื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซื’ื‘ื•ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื“ื™ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืืšโ€ฌ
31
32
๏ƒผโ€ซืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืฉื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืขื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื“ืœืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฉืšโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื•ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืจื“ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ืโ€ฌ
๏ƒผโ€ซื•ื”ื›ืฉืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉื•ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืืžืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืชโ€ฌ
๏ƒผโ€ซื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื•ืงื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืื›ื™ืคืชโ€ฌ
๏ƒผโ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื›ื ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจื—ื‘ืชโ€ฌ"(โ€ซืฉืœื™ืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ื ืกื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืกโ€ฌ)"
๏ƒผโ€ซื—ืœืฉื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื“ื™ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ื™ืคื•ืœโ€ฌ
V.โ€ซื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื•ื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคื—ืชืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืขืจื›ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื ืงืื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื•ืฅโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื•ืคื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื“ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื ื•ื”ืœื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ื›ืกื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ืœืงโ€ฌ*
โ€ซื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™โ€ฌโ‚ช โ€ซื‘ื ืงืื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื•ืฅโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื•ืคื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื›ืกื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื—ืกโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื‘ื ืงื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื ื›ืกื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซื•ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื ืงื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื›ืกื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืกืšโ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื ืงืื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื•ืฅโ€ฌ,โ€ซืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™โ€ฌโ‚ช
*โ€ซื ืืžื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืงืจื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื•ืœืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื•ืคื™ืโ€ฌ
**โ€ซืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื ืชื•ื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื ืงื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื›ืกื™โ€ฌ2014
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โ€ซืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆื•ืจืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฆื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืขืจื›ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืžื™ืจื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ,โ€ซื•ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ
.1โ€ซื”ืงืžืชโ€ฌโ€ซื•ืขื“ื”โ€ฌโ€ซืœื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืชโ€ฌ
.2โ€ซื ืขืฉืชื”โ€ฌโ€ซื›ื‘ืจืชโ€ฌโ€ซื“ืจืšโ€ฌโ€ซืœืงื™ื“ื•ืโ€ฌโ€ซื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซื‘ื‘ื ืงื™ืโ€ฌ,โ€ซื—ืฉื•ื‘โ€ฌ
โ€ซืœื”ืžืฉื™ืšโ€ฌโ€ซื•ืœืฉืคืจโ€ฌโ€ซื”ื™ื›ืŸโ€ฌโ€ซืฉื ื“ืจืฉโ€ฌ
.3โ€ซื—ืฉื•ื‘โ€ฌโ€ซืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจโ€ฌโ€ซื”ืจื—ื‘โ€ฌโ€ซื™ืขืฉื”โ€ฌโ€ซืฉื™ืžื•ืฉโ€ฌโ€ซื‘ื›ืœื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซืฉื”ื•ืขืžื“ื•โ€ฌ
โ€ซืœืจืฉื•ืชื•โ€ฌ
๏ƒผโ€ซื”ืžื™ื“ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืงื™ืคื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆืขื“ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฉืšโ€ฌ,โ€ซืคื™ื ื ืกื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ฌ,
โ€ซืœืชื—ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืฉืชื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชโ€ฌ
๏ƒผโ€ซื—ื“ืฉื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื—ืงื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืžื™ื›ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉืงื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ืชืŸโ€ฌ
Xโ€ซื’ื•ืคื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงืžืชโ€ฌ"โ€ซื ื›ื™ืโ€ฌ",โ€ซื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืกืคื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืกื›ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืืœื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืื•โ€ฌ
โ€ซืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืขื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงืžืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื˜ืจืชโ€ฌโ€ซื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”โ€ฌ:
โ€ซืžื™ืกื•ื“โ€ฌโ€ซืชื™ืื•ืโ€ฌโ€ซื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃโ€ฌโ€ซืคืขื•ืœื”โ€ฌโ€ซื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌโ€ซื›ืœืœโ€ฌโ€ซืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซื”ืคื™ืงื•ื—โ€ฌโ€ซื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ(โ€ซื”ืžืคืงื—โ€ฌโ€ซืขืœโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื‘ื ืงื™ืโ€ฌ,โ€ซื”ืžืžื•ื ื”โ€ฌโ€ซืขืœโ€ฌโ€ซืฉื•ืงโ€ฌโ€ซื”ื”ื•ืŸโ€ฌโ€ซื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—โ€ฌโ€ซื•ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸโ€ฌ,โ€ซื”ืžืžื•ื ื”โ€ฌโ€ซืขืœโ€ฌโ€ซืžืขืจื›ื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซื•ืกืœื™ืงื”โ€ฌโ€ซื•ื”ืจืฉื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซืœื ื™โ€ฌ"โ€ซืขโ€ฌ)โ€ซื•ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืโ€ฌ(โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌโ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌโ€ซื•ืžืฉืจื“โ€ฌโ€ซื”ืื•ืฆืจโ€ฌ)โ€ซื‘ืžื˜ืจื”โ€ฌโ€ซืœื–ื”ื•ืชโ€ฌ,
โ€ซืœืžื ื•ืขโ€ฌโ€ซื•ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืชโ€ฌโ€ซืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื™ืโ€ฌ.
โ€ซืชืคืงื™ื“ื™โ€ฌโ€ซื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”โ€ฌ:
oโ€ซื”ื’ื“ืจื”โ€ฌ,โ€ซื ื™ืชื•ื—โ€ฌ,โ€ซื”ืขืจื›ื”โ€ฌโ€ซื•ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจโ€ฌโ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌโ€ซืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื™ืโ€ฌ
oโ€ซื‘ื“ื™ืงืชโ€ฌโ€ซืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซื•ื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซื‘ืžืขืจื›ืชโ€ฌโ€ซื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืชโ€ฌโ€ซืœืฉืโ€ฌโ€ซื–ื™ื”ื•ื™โ€ฌโ€ซืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซื•ื”ืขืจื›ืชืโ€ฌ
oโ€ซืงื™ื“ื•ืโ€ฌโ€ซื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™โ€ฌโ€ซืžื™ื“ืขโ€ฌโ€ซื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌโ€ซืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซื”ืคื™ืงื•ื—โ€ฌโ€ซื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซื•ื‘ื™ื ืŸโ€ฌโ€ซืœื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌโ€ซื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืโ€ฌ
oโ€ซืฉื™ืคื•ืจโ€ฌโ€ซื”ืชื™ืื•ืโ€ฌโ€ซื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃโ€ฌโ€ซื”ืคืขื•ืœื”โ€ฌโ€ซื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌโ€ซืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซื”ืคื™ืงื•ื—โ€ฌโ€ซื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซื•ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื—โ€ฌ,
โ€ซื”ืขืจื›ื”โ€ฌ,โ€ซืคื™ืชื•ื—โ€ฌโ€ซื•ื”ืคืขืœื”โ€ฌโ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌโ€ซื›ืœื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซืœืžื ื™ืขื”โ€ฌโ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌโ€ซืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซื•ื”ืคื—ืชืชืโ€ฌ
oโ€ซื”ืชืจืื”โ€ฌโ€ซื›ืืฉืจโ€ฌโ€ซืกื™ื›ื•ืŸโ€ฌโ€ซืžืขืจื›ืชื™โ€ฌโ€ซืขืฉื•ื™โ€ฌโ€ซืœื”ื•ื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซืกื™ื›ื•ืŸโ€ฌโ€ซืžื”ื•ืชื™โ€ฌ
oโ€ซื”ืžืœืฆื”โ€ฌโ€ซืขืœโ€ฌโ€ซืฆืขื“ื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซืœืžื ื™ืขื”โ€ฌโ€ซืื•โ€ฌโ€ซืœื”ืคื—ืชื”โ€ฌโ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌโ€ซืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซืžื–ื•ื”ื™ืโ€ฌ
oโ€ซืžืขืงื‘โ€ฌโ€ซืื—ืจโ€ฌโ€ซื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซืฉื ื ืงื˜ื•โ€ฌโ€ซื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซื”ื”ืชืจืื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซื•ืื—ืจโ€ฌโ€ซื™ื™ืฉื•ืโ€ฌโ€ซื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชโ€ฌ"(โ€ซืืžืฅโ€ฌโ€ซืื•โ€ฌโ€ซื’ืœื”โ€ฌ)"
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โ€ซืกื™ื›ื•ืโ€ฌ
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โ€ขโ€ซื˜ื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฉืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฆื‘โ€ฌ,โ€ซื ืชื•ื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืคื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืืงืจื•โ€ฌ
โ€ขโ€ซืื™ืชืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืจื‘ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืืชื’ืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ืขื‘ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืขืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื›ื‘ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืคื™โ€ฌ
โ€ขโ€ซื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ื•ื•ื—โ€ฌ โ€ซืืจื•ื›ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื›ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืงื“ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฉโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืžืฉืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌ,โ€ซื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืœืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืชื˜ื™ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฆืžื™ื—ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ื‘ื™ืื•โ€ฌ
โ€ขโ€ซื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืœืžื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื“ืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื ื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซืฉืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืกื“ืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ืชืืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื™ื™ืฉืžืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืชืฉื›ื™ืœโ€ฌ
โ€ขโ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ,โ€ซื›ืชืžื™ื“โ€ฌ,โ€ซืœืกื™ื™ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ื“ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืžืฉืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฆื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืขืžื•ื“โ€ฌ
โ€ซืœืจืฉื•ืชื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื•ืžื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ืœื™ืโ€ฌ
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โ€ซืชื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ

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ืžืฆื’ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืืžืฆื’ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื
ืžืฆื’ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื
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ื“ื•ื— ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” 2016 ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ืคื ืกื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
ื“ื•ื— ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” 2016 ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ืคื ืกื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื“ื•ื— ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” 2016 ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ืคื ืกื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
ื“ื•ื— ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” 2016 ื”ืกื“ืจื™ ืคื ืกื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
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ื”ืจืฆืืช ืืจื– ื’ืจื™ืžื‘ืจื’ ื“ืจื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ื”ืจืฆืืช ืืจื– ื’ืจื™ืžื‘ืจื’ ื“ืจื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœื”ืจืฆืืช ืืจื– ื’ืจื™ืžื‘ืจื’ ื“ืจื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ื”ืจืฆืืช ืืจื– ื’ืจื™ืžื‘ืจื’ ื“ืจื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ย 
Moshe bareket
Moshe bareketMoshe bareket
Moshe bareket
ย 
Diminishig Global Growth Dynamics
Diminishig Global Growth DynamicsDiminishig Global Growth Dynamics
Diminishig Global Growth Dynamics
ย 
ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21
ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21 ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21
ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21
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B
BB
B
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Karnit flug

  • 1. 1 โ€ซื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฉืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฆื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืชืžื•ื ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื•โ€ฌ"โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื—โ€ฌ2014 โ€ซื“โ€ฌ"โ€ซืคืœื•ื’โ€ฌ โ€ซืงืจื ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืจโ€ฌ,โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื’ื™ื“ืชโ€ฌ 31โ€ซื‘ืžืจืฅโ€ฌ,2015
  • 3. โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื‘ืœื•ืžื‘ืจื’โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืืคืกื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ืœืžื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืจื™ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ 3 โ€ซื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื ืงื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืขืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”โ€ฌ (โ€ซืžืจืฅโ€ฌ2015) โ€ซื•ื‘ืขื•ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ (2015โ€ซืื—ืจื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืชื•ืŸโ€ฌ) 0.10.05 0.25 0.0 0.3- 1.0-
  • 4. โ€ซืœื™ืขื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชื—ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืžืฆืื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื˜ื•ื•ื—โ€ฌ โ€ซืงืฆืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืคื•ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ, โ€ซื”ื™ืขื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืจื›ื–โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขื•ื’ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื˜ื•ื•ื—โ€ฌ โ€ซืืจื•ื›ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ4 โ€ซื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ-12โ€ซื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืโ€ฌ,โ€ซืœืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคื•ืจื•ื•ืจื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉื•ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉื ื”โ€ฌ-10โ€ซืฉื ื™ืโ€ฌ(2009-2015)%
  • 5. โ€ซืื—ืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื—ื•ื–ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื›ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืกื›ืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืขื•ื’ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืžืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืขื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื”ืœืฉื›ื”โ€ฌโ€ซื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืชโ€ฌโ€ซืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”โ€ฌโ€ซื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™โ€ฌโ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌโ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ.5 โ€ซืฉื›ื™ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžืฉืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื›ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื ืชื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขืกืงื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžื’ื–ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืโ€ฌ,1998-2014
  • 6. โ€ซืฉืงืœโ€ฌ-โ€ซื“ื•ืœืจโ€ฌ,โ€ซืฉืงืœโ€ฌ-โ€ซืื™ืจื•โ€ฌโ€ซื”ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืฉืขืจโ€ฌโ€ซืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™โ€ฌ (2015-2007,โ€ซืžืžื•ืฆืขโ€ฌโ€ซื—ื•ื“ืฉื™โ€ฌ) โ‚ช โ€ซืฉืงืœโ€ฌ/โ€ซื“ื•ืœืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื“ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืงืœโ€ฌ/โ€ซืื™ืจื•โ€ฌ 6 โ€ซืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื ื•ื“ืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืขืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœืื™ืจื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื“ื•ืœืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ื—ืกโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉืขืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื’ืžื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืงืขโ€ฌ
  • 7. โ€ซื”ืขืกืงื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื•ืฆืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืขืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ (โ€ซืื—ื•ื–ื™ืโ€ฌ,42004-201) โ€ซื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื”ืชื•ืฆืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืžื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืคื•ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื•ืฆืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื“ื•โ€ฌ"โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื—โ€ฌ20147 % *โ€ซื”ืขืกืงื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื•ืฆืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืขืจโ€ฌ *โ€ซืกื˜ื™ื™ื”โ€ฌ(โ€ซื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื™ืโ€ฌ)โ€ซื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื”ืชื•ืฆืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืคื•ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื•ืฆืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌ.โ€ซื™ื™ืฆื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื™ืฉืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื‘ื•ืกืกโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืชื•ืฆืจโ€ฌ.
  • 8. โ€ซืชืงื•ืคื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืžื•ืฆืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื•ืฅโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื˜ื‘ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืจื›ื™ืฉื•ืชโ€ฌ% $M โ€ซื™ืชืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืœืื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื“ืœืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื ื•ื“ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื™ืชื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืฉื™ื’โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ื“ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืžื•ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืงืฆืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื˜ื•ื•ื—โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืขืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ 0.1% 8 โ€ซื”ื’ื–โ€ฌ โ€ซืชื›ื ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืจื›ื™ืฉื•ืชโ€ฌ 0 1 2 3 4 5 01/07 07/07 01/08 07/08 01/09 07/09 01/10 07/10 01/11 07/11 01/12 07/12 01/13 07/13 01/14 07/14 01/15
  • 10. .Iโ€ซื•ื”ืขืœืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืคืจื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆืžื™ื—ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืงืฆื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื‘ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ืฉืชื›ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื•ืฉืจโ€ฌ .IIโ€ซื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื—ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื•ืงืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ืจื“ืชโ€ฌ .IIIโ€ซื”ื“ื™ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื•ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื™ืฆืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื“ืœืชโ€ฌ .IVโ€ซื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืคื™ืกืงืœื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ื”ื•ืœโ€ฌ: oโ€ซื”ื—ื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื ื˜ืœโ€ฌ oโ€ซื ืžื•ื›ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืื–ืจื—ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ืฆืื”โ€ฌ oโ€ซื•ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืžืฉืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื•ืกืจโ€ฌ .Vโ€ซื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื•ื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคื—ืชืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื“ืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืžืฉืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืืชื’ืจื™โ€ฌ:โ€ซืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืขื“ื™ืโ€ฌ 10
  • 11. .Iโ€ซืคืจื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆืžื™ื—ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืงืฆื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื‘ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื•ืฉืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืขืœืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ืฉืชื›ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ
  • 12. โ€ซื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคืจื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ,โ€ซื‘ืืจื”โ€ฌ"โ€ซื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘โ€ฌ-OECD (โ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉืขืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื•ืฆืจโ€ฌ,2013-1981,PPP,$โ€ซืžื—ื™ืจื™โ€ฌ2013) OECD โ€ซืืจื”โ€ฌ"โ€ซื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคืจื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืขืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืืจื”โ€ฌ"โ€ซื‘โ€ฌ 12 The conference board total economy database 2014 โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ: โ€ซื ืกื’ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ื ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืคืขืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื—ืกื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืžื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืคืจื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ
  • 13. โ€ซื”ืคืจื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืขืœืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ืฉืงืขื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืงืจืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืžื“ืŸโ€ฌ-โ€ซืœืื•ืžื™ืชโ€ฌ: โ€ซืขืœื™ื™ื”โ€ฌโ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌโ€ซื›โ€ฌ-1%โ€ซืชื•ืฆืจโ€ฌโ€ซื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌโ€ซืชืฉืชื™ืชโ€ฌโ€“โ€ซื‘ืžื™ื“ื”โ€ฌโ€ซื•ืืœื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื ื‘ื—ืจื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื”โ€ฌโ€ซื•ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชโ€ฌโ€“ โ€ซืฆืคื•ื™ื”โ€ฌโ€ซืœื”ืขืœื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซืืชโ€ฌโ€ซืจืžืชโ€ฌโ€ซื”ืชื•ืฆืจโ€ฌโ€ซื‘โ€ฌ- 0.4%โ€ซื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื—โ€ฌโ€ซื”ืžื™ื“ื™โ€ฌโ€ซื•ื‘โ€ฌ-1.5%โ€ซืœืื—ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืืจื‘ืขโ€ฌโ€ซืฉื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื“ื•โ€ฌ"โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื—โ€ฌ201413
  • 14. โ€ซื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื ืžื•ื›ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืžืชโ€ฌ-OECD 14 โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื“ื•โ€ฌ"โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื—โ€ฌ2014
  • 15. โ€ซื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื“ื“โ€ฌ-โ€œDoing Businessโ€ โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:Doing Business, 2007 & 2015 โ€ซืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”โ€ฌ"โ€ซืขืกืงื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืฉื™ื™ืชโ€ฌ" *โ€ซืžืชื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื™ืจื•ื’โ€ฌ185โ€ซืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ.โ€ซื™ื•ืชืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœื™ืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฆื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืงืฃโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื•ืชืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื‘ื•ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื™ืจื•ื’โ€ฌ 26 40 15
  • 16. I.โ€ซื”ื”ืฉืชื›ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื•ืฉืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืขืœืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืคืจื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆืžื™ื—ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืงืฆื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื‘ืจืชโ€ฌ ๏ƒผโ€ซื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉืงืขื”โ€ฌ (โ€ซืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”โ€ฌ:โ€ซืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”โ€ฌ,โ€ซื•ื›ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื–โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฆื ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืขืฉื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจโ€ฌ') ๏ƒผโ€ซื‘ืžื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉืงืขื”โ€ฌ"โ€ซื•ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืคโ€ฌ(โ€ซื‘ื”ื™ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืจืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืโ€ฌ-โ€ซื˜ืงโ€ฌ) ๏ƒผโ€ซืขืงื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืœืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื™ื•ืชืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกืจืชโ€ฌ ๏ƒผโ€ซืžื—ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืชื—ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืฉื™ืคื”โ€ฌ"โ€ซืœโ€ฌโ€ซื›โ€ฌโ€ซื•ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืœื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื–ืจื–โ€ฌ ๏ƒผโ€ซื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ื›ืฉืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ฌ 16
  • 18. โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื“ื•โ€ฌ"โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื—โ€ฌ2014 โ€ซืจืžืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื”ืงืฉืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืขื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ืฆืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื—ื™ืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื ืคืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื•ืฆืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืจืžืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ืโ€ฌ 18
  • 19. 19 โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื“ื•โ€ฌ"โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื—โ€ฌ2014 โ€ซืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคืขืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื“ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืกืขื™ืคื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื—ืœืงโ€ฌ
  • 20. โ€ซืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื™ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ืฆืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื“ื•โ€ฌ"โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื—โ€ฌ201420
  • 21. ๏ƒผโ€ซื•ื”ื›ื ืกืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ืฉืชื›ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื•ืฉืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ื’ื“ืœืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื‘ืกื™ืกโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคืจื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขืœืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืงโ€ฌ ๏ƒผโ€ซื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื‘ืจืชโ€ฌ: oโ€ซืœืฉื•ื•ืงื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื•ืกืคื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื—ืงื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื ื™ืกืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืคื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืกืžื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกืจืชโ€ฌ oโ€ซื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื‘ืจืชโ€ฌ oโ€ซืœื™ื‘ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืฉื™ืคื”โ€ฌ Xโ€ซืžืขโ€ฌ"โ€ซื“ื™ืคืจื ืฆื™ืืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžโ€ฌ Xโ€ซื’ื•ืจืฃโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื—ื™ืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื™ืงื•ื—โ€ฌ 21 II.โ€ซื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื—ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื•ืงืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ืจื“ืชโ€ฌ
  • 23. โ€ซื‘ื ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื’ืžืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื—ืœื•ืชโ€ฌ (2000-2014) 23 โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซืœืžโ€ฌ"โ€ซืกโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ื™ืฆืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื™ื“ื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื ื™ืโ€ฌ,โ€ซื–ืžืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืื•ืจืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ื™ืฉืžืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ืจื—ื™โ€ฌ
  • 24. ๏ƒผโ€ซืชืžโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืชืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืจื›ื–โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืื–ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆื™ืคื•ืฃโ€ฌ"โ€ซืโ€ฌ38โ€ซื•ืคื™ื ื•ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืชืฉืชื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™โ€ฌ;โ€ซืฆื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื—ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื™ื ื•ื™โ€ฌ"โ€ซืœโ€ฌ ๏ƒผโ€ซื•ื‘ืคืจื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืืฆื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ืกืžื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™โ€ฌ: oโ€ซื‘ืคื•ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื‘ื ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืขื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื™ื–ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืœื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืืจื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื”ืœื™ืšโ€ฌ oโ€ซื”ืชืฉืชื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขื™ื™ืชโ€ฌ oโ€ซื”ื”ื™ืฆืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ื’ื“ืœืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœื™ืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืชืžืจื™ืฅโ€ฌ Xโ€ซื”ื”ื™ืฆืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื‘ืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื›ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ 24 III.โ€ซื”ื“ื™ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื•ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื™ืฆืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื“ืœืชโ€ฌ
  • 26. โ€ซื‘ืžื’ืžืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื•ื‘โ€ฌโ€ซื™ืจื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ,โ€ซื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžื’ืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“โ€ฌ; โ€ซื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื“ื™ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืฉืœื•ืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžืžื•ืฆืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื•ื‘โ€ฌ-OECDโ€ซื”ืžืžืฉืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืฉืœื•ืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ-OECD(2013) 26 โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื“ื•โ€ฌ"โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื—โ€ฌ2014 1.7 3.5 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
  • 27. 27 โ€ซืจื•ื•ื—ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื–ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ื›ืœืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืฆืื”โ€ฌ,โ€ซื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชโ€ฌ,โ€ซื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื ืžื•ื›ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื“ื•โ€ฌ"โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื—โ€ฌ2014
  • 28. *โ€ซืžื—ื™ืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌ2015 8 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 โ€ซื”ื”ื›ื ืกื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ืฆื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืฆืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฆื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ื“ืจืฉืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ืชืืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ืจืขื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ืชืงืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืฆืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ืœืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืขืžื•ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœโ€ฌ (2020-2016) โ€ซืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™โ€ฌโ‚ช โ€ซื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฆื•ืจืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื“ืจื•ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืขื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืžื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื‘ื•ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื—ื•ืงโ€ฌ,โ€ซื‘ื”ื ื—ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ืœืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืฆืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืจื™ื’ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื•ื“ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืื™ืฉืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื›ืœืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืžืฉืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืฆืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืžืฉืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืกืšโ€ฌ,โ€ซื”ื—ื•ืจื’โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืฆืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื›ืœืœโ€ฌ 28
  • 29. ๏ƒผโ€ซื”ื—ื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคื—ืชืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฉืšโ€ฌ,โ€ซืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฉืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืžื™ื“ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื‘ืกืกโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื“ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืฉืœื•ืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื ื˜ืœโ€ฌ ๏ƒผโ€ซื”ืžืขืงื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืžื•ืฉโ€ฌ"(โ€ซื ื•ืžืจื˜ื•ืจโ€ฌ)"โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืžืฉืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคืจื˜ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชโ€ฌ ๏ƒผโ€ซื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืงืฆื™ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื“ืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืชื™ื“ืจืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ,โ€ซื”ืžืžืฉืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื”ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื“ืœืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆืžืฆื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื‘ื—ื•ืจโ€ฌ ๏ƒผโ€ซื”ืžืžืฉืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฆื•ืจืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชืŸโ€ฌ: oโ€ซื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ืโ€ฌ oโ€ซื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉืงืขื”โ€ฌ oโ€ซืฆืžื™ื—ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื ื•ืขื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืคื™ืชื•ื—โ€ฌ ๏ƒผโ€ซืžื‘ื—ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขืจืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื™ืกื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฆื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืืžื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆื“ืงืชืโ€ฌ-โ€ซื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืชโ€ฌ Xโ€ซื”ื—ื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคื—ืชืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืžืชื•ื•ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืกื˜ื™ื™ื”โ€ฌ 29 IV.โ€ซื”ื—ื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคื—ืชืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฉืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฆืจื›ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ื•ืชื ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื™ืกืงืœื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ื”ื•ืœโ€ฌ
  • 31. โ€ซืžืงื•ืจโ€ฌ:โ€ซื“ื•โ€ฌ"โ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื—โ€ฌ2014,โ€ซื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืงื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ืฆืื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืกืงืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืจืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื•ื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืชื—ื•ืœืชโ€ฌ;โ€ซื™ื•ืจื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื‘ื•ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื“ื™ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืืšโ€ฌ 31
  • 32. 32 ๏ƒผโ€ซืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืฉื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืขื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื“ืœืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฉืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื•ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืจื“ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ืโ€ฌ ๏ƒผโ€ซื•ื”ื›ืฉืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉื•ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืืžืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืชโ€ฌ ๏ƒผโ€ซื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื•ืงื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืื›ื™ืคืชโ€ฌ ๏ƒผโ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื›ื ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจื—ื‘ืชโ€ฌ"(โ€ซืฉืœื™ืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ื ืกื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืกโ€ฌ)" ๏ƒผโ€ซื—ืœืฉื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื“ื™ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ื™ืคื•ืœโ€ฌ V.โ€ซื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื•ื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคื—ืชืชโ€ฌ
  • 34. โ€ซื‘ื ืงืื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื•ืฅโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื•ืคื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื“ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื ื•ื”ืœื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ื›ืกื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ืœืงโ€ฌ* โ€ซื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™โ€ฌโ‚ช โ€ซื‘ื ืงืื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื•ืฅโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื•ืคื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื›ืกื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื—ืกโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื ืงื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื ื›ืกื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื ืงื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื›ืกื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืกืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงืื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื•ืฅโ€ฌ,โ€ซืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™โ€ฌโ‚ช *โ€ซื ืืžื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืงืจื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื•ืœืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื•ืคื™ืโ€ฌ **โ€ซืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื ืชื•ื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื ืงื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื›ืกื™โ€ฌ2014 34
  • 35. 35 โ€ซืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆื•ืจืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฆื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืขืจื›ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืžื™ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ,โ€ซื•ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ .1โ€ซื”ืงืžืชโ€ฌโ€ซื•ืขื“ื”โ€ฌโ€ซืœื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืชโ€ฌ .2โ€ซื ืขืฉืชื”โ€ฌโ€ซื›ื‘ืจืชโ€ฌโ€ซื“ืจืšโ€ฌโ€ซืœืงื™ื“ื•ืโ€ฌโ€ซื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซื‘ื‘ื ืงื™ืโ€ฌ,โ€ซื—ืฉื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืžืฉื™ืšโ€ฌโ€ซื•ืœืฉืคืจโ€ฌโ€ซื”ื™ื›ืŸโ€ฌโ€ซืฉื ื“ืจืฉโ€ฌ .3โ€ซื—ืฉื•ื‘โ€ฌโ€ซืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจโ€ฌโ€ซื”ืจื—ื‘โ€ฌโ€ซื™ืขืฉื”โ€ฌโ€ซืฉื™ืžื•ืฉโ€ฌโ€ซื‘ื›ืœื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซืฉื”ื•ืขืžื“ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืจืฉื•ืชื•โ€ฌ ๏ƒผโ€ซื”ืžื™ื“ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืงื™ืคื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆืขื“ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฉืšโ€ฌ,โ€ซืคื™ื ื ืกื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ฌ, โ€ซืœืชื—ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืฉืชื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชโ€ฌ ๏ƒผโ€ซื—ื“ืฉื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื—ืงื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืžื™ื›ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉืงื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ืชืŸโ€ฌ Xโ€ซื’ื•ืคื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงืžืชโ€ฌ"โ€ซื ื›ื™ืโ€ฌ",โ€ซื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืกืคื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืกื›ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืืœื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืื•โ€ฌ
  • 36. โ€ซืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืขื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงืžืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื˜ืจืชโ€ฌโ€ซื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”โ€ฌ: โ€ซืžื™ืกื•ื“โ€ฌโ€ซืชื™ืื•ืโ€ฌโ€ซื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃโ€ฌโ€ซืคืขื•ืœื”โ€ฌโ€ซื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌโ€ซื›ืœืœโ€ฌโ€ซืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซื”ืคื™ืงื•ื—โ€ฌโ€ซื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ(โ€ซื”ืžืคืงื—โ€ฌโ€ซืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื ืงื™ืโ€ฌ,โ€ซื”ืžืžื•ื ื”โ€ฌโ€ซืขืœโ€ฌโ€ซืฉื•ืงโ€ฌโ€ซื”ื”ื•ืŸโ€ฌโ€ซื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—โ€ฌโ€ซื•ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸโ€ฌ,โ€ซื”ืžืžื•ื ื”โ€ฌโ€ซืขืœโ€ฌโ€ซืžืขืจื›ื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืกืœื™ืงื”โ€ฌโ€ซื•ื”ืจืฉื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซืœื ื™โ€ฌ"โ€ซืขโ€ฌ)โ€ซื•ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืโ€ฌ(โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌโ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌโ€ซื•ืžืฉืจื“โ€ฌโ€ซื”ืื•ืฆืจโ€ฌ)โ€ซื‘ืžื˜ืจื”โ€ฌโ€ซืœื–ื”ื•ืชโ€ฌ, โ€ซืœืžื ื•ืขโ€ฌโ€ซื•ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืชโ€ฌโ€ซืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื™ืโ€ฌ. โ€ซืชืคืงื™ื“ื™โ€ฌโ€ซื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”โ€ฌ: oโ€ซื”ื’ื“ืจื”โ€ฌ,โ€ซื ื™ืชื•ื—โ€ฌ,โ€ซื”ืขืจื›ื”โ€ฌโ€ซื•ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจโ€ฌโ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌโ€ซืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื™ืโ€ฌ oโ€ซื‘ื“ื™ืงืชโ€ฌโ€ซืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซื•ื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซื‘ืžืขืจื›ืชโ€ฌโ€ซื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืชโ€ฌโ€ซืœืฉืโ€ฌโ€ซื–ื™ื”ื•ื™โ€ฌโ€ซืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซื•ื”ืขืจื›ืชืโ€ฌ oโ€ซืงื™ื“ื•ืโ€ฌโ€ซื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™โ€ฌโ€ซืžื™ื“ืขโ€ฌโ€ซื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌโ€ซืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซื”ืคื™ืงื•ื—โ€ฌโ€ซื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซื•ื‘ื™ื ืŸโ€ฌโ€ซืœื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌโ€ซื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืโ€ฌ oโ€ซืฉื™ืคื•ืจโ€ฌโ€ซื”ืชื™ืื•ืโ€ฌโ€ซื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃโ€ฌโ€ซื”ืคืขื•ืœื”โ€ฌโ€ซื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌโ€ซืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซื”ืคื™ืงื•ื—โ€ฌโ€ซื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซื•ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื—โ€ฌ, โ€ซื”ืขืจื›ื”โ€ฌ,โ€ซืคื™ืชื•ื—โ€ฌโ€ซื•ื”ืคืขืœื”โ€ฌโ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌโ€ซื›ืœื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซืœืžื ื™ืขื”โ€ฌโ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌโ€ซืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซื•ื”ืคื—ืชืชืโ€ฌ oโ€ซื”ืชืจืื”โ€ฌโ€ซื›ืืฉืจโ€ฌโ€ซืกื™ื›ื•ืŸโ€ฌโ€ซืžืขืจื›ืชื™โ€ฌโ€ซืขืฉื•ื™โ€ฌโ€ซืœื”ื•ื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซืกื™ื›ื•ืŸโ€ฌโ€ซืžื”ื•ืชื™โ€ฌ oโ€ซื”ืžืœืฆื”โ€ฌโ€ซืขืœโ€ฌโ€ซืฆืขื“ื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซืœืžื ื™ืขื”โ€ฌโ€ซืื•โ€ฌโ€ซืœื”ืคื—ืชื”โ€ฌโ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌโ€ซืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื™ืโ€ฌโ€ซืžื–ื•ื”ื™ืโ€ฌ oโ€ซืžืขืงื‘โ€ฌโ€ซืื—ืจโ€ฌโ€ซื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซืฉื ื ืงื˜ื•โ€ฌโ€ซื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซื”ื”ืชืจืื•ืชโ€ฌโ€ซื•ืื—ืจโ€ฌโ€ซื™ื™ืฉื•ืโ€ฌโ€ซื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชโ€ฌ"(โ€ซืืžืฅโ€ฌโ€ซืื•โ€ฌโ€ซื’ืœื”โ€ฌ)" 36
  • 37. โ€ซืกื™ื›ื•ืโ€ฌ 37 โ€ขโ€ซื˜ื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฉืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฆื‘โ€ฌ,โ€ซื ืชื•ื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืคื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืืงืจื•โ€ฌ โ€ขโ€ซืื™ืชืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืจื‘ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืืชื’ืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขื‘ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืขืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื›ื‘ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืคื™โ€ฌ โ€ขโ€ซื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ื•ื•ื—โ€ฌ โ€ซืืจื•ื›ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื›ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืงื“ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฉืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœโ€ฌ,โ€ซื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืœืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืชื˜ื™ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฆืžื™ื—ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ื‘ื™ืื•โ€ฌ โ€ขโ€ซื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืœืžื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื“ืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืกื“ืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ืชืืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื™ื™ืฉืžืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืชืฉื›ื™ืœโ€ฌ โ€ขโ€ซื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ืงโ€ฌ,โ€ซื›ืชืžื™ื“โ€ฌ,โ€ซืœืกื™ื™ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ื“ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืžืฉืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฆื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืขืžื•ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืจืฉื•ืชื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื•ืžื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ืœื™ืโ€ฌ