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AiTi Education Software Testing Session 02 a
1.
Testing in the
Lifecycle Session 2A © AiTi Education 1
2.
Overview • Models
for testing, economics of testing • High level test planning • Component Testing • Integration testing in the small • System testing (non-functional and functional) • Integration testing in the large • Acceptance testing • Maintenance testing © AiTi Education 2
3.
V-Model: test levels
Acceptance Testing Integration Testing in the Large System Testing Integration Testing in the Small Component Testing © AiTi Education 3 Business Requirements Project Specification Design Specification Code System Specification
4.
V-Model: late test
design Tests Integration Testing in the Large System Testing © AiTi Education 4 Business Requirements Tests Project Specification Tests System Specification Tests Design Specification Tests Code Integration Testing in the Small Component Testing Acceptance Testing Design Tests? “We don’t have time to design tests early”
5.
V-Model: early test
design Tests Tests Integration Testing in the Large System Testing © AiTi Education 5 Business Requirements Tests Tests Project Specification Tests Tests System Specification Tests Tests Design Specification Tests Tests Code Integration Testing in the Small Component Testing Acceptance Testing Run Tests Design Tests
6.
Early test design
• test design finds faults • faults found early are cheaper to fix • most significant faults found first • faults prevented, not built in • no additional effort, re-schedule test design • changing requirements caused by test design Early test design helps to build quality, stops fault multiplication © AiTi Education 6
7.
Experience report: Phase
1 Phase 1: Plan 2 mo 2 mo dev test test 150 faults 1st mo. 50 faults users not happy © AiTi Education 7 Quality fraught, lots of dev overtime Actual "has to go in" but didn't work
8.
Experience report: Phase
2 Phase 2: Plan 2 mo 6 wks dev test test 50 faults 1st mo. 0 faults happy users! © AiTi Education 8 Quality smooth, not much for dev to do Actual acc test: full week (vs half day) on time
9.
VV&T © AiTi
Education 9 • Verification • the process of evaluating a system or component to determine whether the products of the given development phase satisfy the conditions imposed at the start of that phase [BS 7925-1] • Validation • determination of the correctness of the products of software development with respect to the user needs and requirements [BS 7925-1] • Testing • the process of exercising software to verify that it satisfies specified requirements and to detect faults
10.
Verification, Validation and
Testing © AiTi Education 10 Validation Verification Testing Any
11.
V-model exercise The
V Model - Exercise © AiTi Education 11 DS Review VD FD Build Components Build Units TD Build System Code Build Assemblage VD System Test Integration Test Review FD Review TD TUT FUT Review DS Assembly Test Exceptions: Conversion Test FOS: DN/Gldn
12.
How would you
test this spec? • A computer program plays chess with one user. It displays the board and the pieces on the screen. Moves are made by dragging pieces. © AiTi Education 12
13.
“Testing is expensive”
• Compared to what? • What is the cost of NOT testing, or of faults missed that should have been found in test? – Cost to fix faults escalates the later the fault is found – Poor quality software costs more to use • users take more time to understand what to do • users make more mistakes in using it • morale suffers • => lower productivity • Do you know what it costs your organisation? © AiTi Education 13
14.
What do software
faults cost? • Have you ever accidentally destroyed a PC? – knocked it off your desk? – poured coffee into the hard disc drive? – dropped it out of a 2nd storey window? • How would you feel? • How much would it cost? © AiTi Education 14
15.
Hypothetical Cost -
1 (Loaded Salary cost: £50/hr) Fault Cost Developer User - detect ( .5 hr) £25 - report ( .5 hr) £25 - receive & process (1 hr) £50 - assign & bkgnd (4 hrs) £200 - debug ( .5 hr) £25 - test fault fix ( .5 hr) £25 - regression test (8 hrs) £400 £700 £50 © AiTi Education 15
16.
Hypothetical Cost -
2 Fault Cost Developer User £700 £50 - update doc'n, CM (2 hrs) £100 - update code library (1 hr) £50 - inform users (1 hr) £50 - admin(10% = 2 hrs) £100 Total (20 hrs) £1000 © AiTi Education 16
17.
Hypothetical Cost -
3 Fault Cost Developer User £1000 £50 (suppose affects only 5 users) - work x 2, 1 wk £4000 - fix data (1 day) £350 - pay for fix (3 days maint) £750 - regr test & sign off (2 days) £700 - update doc'n / inform (1 day) £350 - double check + 12% 5 wks £5000 - admin (+7.5%) £800 Totals £1000 £12000 © AiTi Education 17
18.
Cost of fixing
faults Req Des Test Use © AiTi Education 18 1000 100 10 1
19.
How expensive for
you? • Do your own calculation – calculate cost of testing • people’s time, machines, tools – calculate cost to fix faults found in testing – calculate cost to fix faults missed by testing • Estimate if no data available – your figures will be the best your company has! © AiTi Education 19 (10 minutes)
20.
Overview • Models
for testing, economics of testing • High level test planning • Component Testing • Integration testing in the small • System testing (non-functional and functional) • Integration testing in the large • Acceptance testing • Maintenance testing © AiTi Education 20
21.
(Before planning for
a set of tests) • set organisational test strategy • identify people to be involved (sponsors, testers, QA, development, support, et al.) • examine the requirements or functional specifications (test basis) • set up the test organisation and infrastructure • defining test deliverables & reporting structure See: Structured Testing, an introduction to TMap®, Pol & van Veenendaal, 1998 © AiTi Education 21
22.
High level test
planning • What is the purpose of a high level test plan? – Who does it communicate to? – Why is it a good idea to have one? • What information should be in a high level test plan? – What is your standard for contents of a test plan? – Have you ever forgotten something important? – What is not included in a test plan? © AiTi Education 22
23.
Test Plan 1
• 1 Test Plan Identifier • 2 Introduction – software items and features to be tested – references to project authorisation, project plan, QA plan, CM plan, relevant policies & standards © AiTi Education 23 • 3 Test items – test items including version/revision level – how transmitted (net, disc, CD, etc.) – references to software documentation Source: ANSI/IEEE Std 829-1998, Test Documentation
24.
Test Plan 2
• 4 Features to be tested – identify test design specification / techniques • 5 Features not to be tested – reasons for exclusion © AiTi Education 24
25.
Test Plan 3
© AiTi Education 25 • 6 Approach – activities, techniques and tools – detailed enough to estimate – specify degree of comprehensiveness (e.g. coverage) and other completion criteria (e.g. faults) – identify constraints (environment, staff, deadlines) • 7 Item Pass/Fail Criteria • 8 Suspension criteria and resumption criteria – for all or parts of testing activities – which activities must be repeated on resumption
26.
Test Plan 4
• 9 Test Deliverables – Test plan – Test design specification – Test case specification – Test procedure specification – Test item transmittal reports – Test logs – Test incident reports – Test summary reports © AiTi Education 26
27.
Test Plan 5
© AiTi Education 27 • 10 Testing tasks – including inter-task dependencies & special skills • 11 Environment – physical, hardware, software, tools – mode of usage, security, office space • 12 Responsibilities – to manage, design, prepare, execute, witness, check, resolve issues, providing environment, providing the software to test
28.
Test Plan 6
• 13 Staffing and Training Needs • 14 Schedule – test milestones in project schedule – item transmittal milestones – additional test milestones (environment ready) – what resources are needed when • 15 Risks and Contingencies – contingency plan for each identified risk © AiTi Education 28 • 16 Approvals – names and when approved
29.
Overview • Models
for testing, economics of testing • High level test planning • Component Testing • Integration testing in the small • System testing (non-functional and functional) • Integration testing in the large • Acceptance testing • Maintenance testing © AiTi Education 29
30.
Component testing •
lowest level • tested in isolation • most thorough look at detail © AiTi Education 30 – error handling – interfaces • usually done by programmer • also known as unit, module, program testing
31.
Component test strategy
1 • specify test design techniques and rationale – from Section 3 of the standard* • specify criteria for test completion and rationale – from Section 4 of the standard • document the degree of independence for test design – component author, another person, from different section, from different organisation, non-human * Source: BS 7925-2, Software Component Testing Standard © AiTi Education 31
32.
Component test strategy
2 • component integration and environment – isolation, top-down, bottom-up, or mixture – hardware and software • document test process and activities – including inputs and outputs of each activity • affected activities are repeated after any fault fixes or changes • project component test plan – dependencies between component tests © AiTi Education 32
33.
Component Test Document
Hierarchy Component Test Plan © AiTi Education 33 Source: BS 7925-2, Software Component Testing Standard, Annex A Component Test Strategy Project Component Test Plan Component Test Specification Component Test Report
34.
Component test process
BEGIN Component Test Planning Component Test Specification Component Test Execution Component Test Recording Checking for Component Test Completion END © AiTi Education 34
35.
Component test process
© AiTi Education 35 BEGIN Component Test Planning Component Test Specification Component Test Execution Component Test Recording Checking for Component Test Completion END Component test planning - how the test strategy and project test plan apply to the component under test - any exceptions to the strategy - all software the component will interact with (e.g. stubs and drivers
36.
Component test process
© AiTi Education 36 BEGIN Component Test Planning Component Test Specification Component Test Execution Component Test Recording Checking for Component Test Completion END Component test specification - test cases are designed using the test case design techniques specified in the test plan (Section 3) - Test case: objective initial state of component input expected outcome - test cases should be repeatable
37.
Component test process
© AiTi Education 37 BEGIN Component Test Planning Component Test Specification Component Test Execution Component Test Recording Checking for Component Test Completion END Component test execution - each test case is executed - standard does not specify whether executed manually or using a test execution tool
38.
Component test process
© AiTi Education 38 BEGIN Component Test Planning Component Test Specification Component Test Execution Component Test Recording Checking for Component Test Completion END Component test recording - identities & versions of component, test specification - actual outcome recorded & compared to expected outcome - discrepancies logged - repeat test activities to establish removal of the discrepancy (fault in test or verify fix) - record coverage levels achieved for test completion criteria specified in test plan Sufficient to show test activities carried out
39.
Component test process
© AiTi Education 39 BEGIN Component Test Planning Component Test Specification Component Test Execution Component Test Recording Checking for Component Test Completion END Checking for component test completion - check test records against specified test completion criteria - if not met, repeat test activities - may need to repeat test specification to design test cases to meet completion criteria (e.g. white box)
40.
Test design techniques
Also a measurement technique? = Yes = No © AiTi Education 40 • “Black box” – Equivalence partitioning – Boundary value analysis – State transition testing – Cause-effect graphing – Syntax testing – Random testing • How to specify other techniques • “White box” – Statement testing – Branch / Decision testing – Data flow testing – Branch condition testing – Branch condition combination testing – Modified condition decision testing – LCSAJ testing
41.
Summary: Key Points
• V-model shows test levels, early test design • High level test planning • Component testing using the standard © AiTi Education 41
42.
Thank You AiTi
Education published by www.aiti.edu.vn @aiti_aptech aiti.edu.vn © AiTi Education 42