My first presentation for a class seminar during the year 2010 . General Topic : Waterborne diseases . Specialized on : How to Control them ?

1. WATERBORNE DISEASES
&
EFFECTIVE WAYS TO CURB THEM
S.Thamizharasan
R.Murali
SREC

3. HOW MANY ARE AT RISK?
1.1 Billion people lack “improved” drinking water supply
HOW MANY ARE DYING ?
1.8 million people die every year from diarrheal diseases ,
with vast amount of children under the age of five
-WHO

5. “Dehydration from diarrhoea is still
a constant threat to the world’s
children, accounting for almost 3
million deaths each year.”
USAID Save the Children Program

6. EVERY DISEASE IS DANGEROUS ,
BUT
UNCOMMON DISEASES ARE MORE DANGEROUS

7. CAUSES
Pathogenic microorganisms
Especially PROTOZOAS

9. Contamination
• Main Cause - Pollutants
• Leading cause for death
and diseases

10. Pathway of Contamination

11. WATER DISEASES
CAUSED BY:
PROTOZOA
GIARDIA LAMBLIA
ENTAMEBA HISTOLYTICA

13. Clinical Diseases:
Diarrhoea (steatorrhea)
Weight loss
Constipation
Fatigue

14. Diagnosis:
Identify trophozoites and cysts by microscopic
examination of stool
Cyst Trophozoites

15. DRUG AGAINST GIARDIA LAMBLIA
Mode Of Action:
• Inhibits Oxidoreductase.
• Effective Against All Anaerobic Organisms

16. ENTAMOEBA
HISTOLYTICA

18. Clinical Disease:
• A. Intestinal:
Diarrhoea
Dysentery (bloody diarrhoea)
• B. Extra-intestinal:
Liver abscess (most common site)
Lung abscess
Brain abscess (highly fatal)

19. Diagnosis
• Identify trophozoites and/or cysts in feces.
Cannot distinguish E. histolytica from
E. dispar bymorphology unless cytoplasm
contains RBCs
TROPHOZOITES CYST

20. Drugs of Choice
• Intestinal:
Metronidazole and Iodoquinol
• Extra-intestinal
High doses of Metronidazole

21. CONTROL & PREVENTION
Global Community Individual

22. GLOBAL LEVEL PREVENTION
• Public health infrastructure
• Standardized surveillance of waterborne
diseases outbreaks
• Guidelines for investigating and reporting
waterborne diseases

23. COMMUNITY LEVEL PREVENTION
• Impacts at all levels through Media
• Very powerful , when all the other prevention
methods fail

24. INDIVIDUAL LEVEL PREVENTION
A simple rule of thumb
Boil it , Cook it , Peel it or Forget it

25. MORE CHALLENGES
• Chlorine Resistant Microbes
• Climate changes
• Economic Barriers for sanitizing large amounts
of water

26. THE ANSWER
• Unmet human needs for water
• Education
• Commitment to elimination of specific
waterborne diseases
• Research

27. The FUTURE ??
• Even if , by the year 2020 , the proportion of
people who are unable to afford or lack access
to safe drinking water is halved , between 34
and 76 millions people , mostly children , will
die from preventable waterborne diseases
- WHO

28. REFERENCES
• WHO
• USAID
• UNICEF
• Prof. RAYMOND CHANG , (CHINA)