1. 9 Key Elements of
Instructional Design
Morrison, Ross, & Kemp Instructional
Design Model
2. 9 Key Elements
1. Instructional Problem
2. Learner Analysis
3. Task Analysis
4. Instructional Objective
5. Content Sequencing Schemes
6. Instructional Strategies
7. Designing the Message
8. Development of Instruction
9. Evaluation Instruments
3.
4. 1) Instructional Problem
Define a performance problem
Analyze and identify the instructional
problem
Examine whether instruction is the
solution to the problem and why we
need instruction
5. Define a Performance
Problem
e.g.) Learners frequently make
errors in the use of JP case
particles -wa and -ga .
Accuracy rate among
intermediate to advanced
students – as low as a little over
30% .
Russell, R.A. (2005). Acquisition and attrition of -wa
and -ga in Japanese as a second language. ISB4:
Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on
Bilingualism , 2020-2036.
6. Analyze and identify
the instructional
problem
e.g.) Learners are using improper
grammar rules for selection of
the two particles.
e.g.) This approach doesn’t work,
but that’s what is that
conventional method of teaching
it and that’s who it is taught in
school.
7. Learner Analysis
You might want to consider:
General characteristics
Specific entry characteristics
Learning styles (?)
Personal and social characteristics
Characteristics of unconventional
learners
8. A Thought about
Learning Styles
"Think You're An Auditory Or Visual
Learner? Scientists Say It's Unlikely."
-- NPR's Health Blog, August 29, 2011.
http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2011/08/29/139973743/think-youre-an-
auditory-or-visual-learner-scientists-say-its-unlikely
A huge gap
Change and mix learning styles
Also, prior knowledge, learning environment,
individual strengths, physical condition, etc.
Not essential to or dictating how we approach
our learning
Examples?
9. 2) Learner
Characteristics
General Characteristics
Specific Entry Characteristics
Personal and Social Characteristics
Learning Methods/Approaches
Unconventional Learners
10. 3) Task Analysis
What skills and information are
necessary to address the instructional
problem?
What knowledge does the expert have
that is essential to the task?
What related subject matter should be
taught?
How can subject content be organized?
How is a task analyzed to identify its
components and then to sequence the
actions required?
11. 3) Task Analysis
Brainstorm Tips:
Outlining the content (topic analysis)
Identifying fact, concepts, principles
and rules, procedures, interpersonal
skills and attitudes, etc. (content
structure)
Walking through the steps in a process
(procedural analysis)
Examining what happens in a learning
situation (critical incident method)
12. 4) Instructional
Objectives
Specify what behavior the leaner will
be able to demonstrate to indicate that
he or she has mastered the knowledge
or skills.
Specify learning in specific
measurable terms
Types of objectives:
Cognitive, psychomoter, affective, etc.
13. 5) Content Sequencing
Scheme
Learning-related sequencing
World-related sequencing:
consistent with the real word
Concept-related sequencing
14. 6) Instructional
Strategies
Gaining attention
Inform the learner of the objective
Stimulate recall of prior learning
Present the stimulus
Provide feedback
Assess performance
Provide examples
Make representation more concrete
Focus the attention of the learner
Apply generative strategies such as....
15. Generative Strategies
Recall by repetition, rehearsal, review,
nmemonics
Integration by paraphrasing, generating
examples, generating questions
Organization by analyzing key ideas,
outlining, categorizing and interpreting
new information
Elaboration by generation of mental
images, creating physical diagrams,
sentence elaborations, etc.
16. Consider…
What is the nature of what is being
learned?
How do your strategies match the type
of learning?
Recall Application
Fact
Concept
Principles and Rules
Procedure
Interpersonal
Attitudes
17. 7) Designing the
Message
Types of activities and Formats
Informative Presentation?
Discussion?
Demonstration?
Group Project?
Research Paper?
Video?
