1. IMPORTANCE OF TEXTILES
 TEXTILES ARE USED TO PROTECT OUR BODY
FROM ENVIRONMENT i.e. COLD, HOTNESS,
WIND, RAIN
 ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCES TEXTILES IN MAY
WAYS.
AT
THE
SAME
TIME,
TEXTILE
PRODUCTION INFLUENCES THE ENVIRONMENT
SIGNIFICANTLY```

2. TEXTILES
Textile is a sheet of fibrous material
which possesses some outstanding
properties such as warmth, moisture
absorption,
handle,
softeness,
silkiness, strength, serviceability and
good appearance (aesthetic look)

3. FIBRES
A Fibre is one which is plyable
continuous or discontinuous
having a very high ratio between
length and width 1:1,00,000
YARNS
Yarn is a twisted arrangement of
fibre assembly which has received
final attenuation
STAPLE
Staple is a parallel assembly of fibres

4. FILAMENT
Filament is a continuous fibre having a length of
several thousand metres.
STAPLE FIBRE
Staple fibre is a discontinuous fibre e.g.cotton,
wool
NATURAL FIBRE
A fibre which is available from nature
CELLULOSIC FIBRE
Cellulosic fibre is one which is composed of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen i.e glucose
molecules (e.g.)cotton,viscose & polynosic

5. PROTEIN FIBRE
A
fibre
composed
of
carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
molecules i.e. protein polymer
MINERAL FIBRE
A fibre produced from earth e.g.
asbestos & metal threads
VEGETALE FIBRE
Fibres are produced from vegetable
origin e.g. cotton, linen, jute, ramie

6. ANIMAL FIBRES
Fibres which are produced from
animals such as sheep e.g. wool,
silk,camel hair
MAN-MADE FIBRES
Man-made fibres are produced from
fibre forming polymers which are
converted into fibres after several
chemical treatments and spun by
wet, dry and melt spinning
techniques.

7. REGENERATED FIRBES
Regenerated fibres are the fibres which
are produced from the fibre forming
substances available from nature after
purification and spinning e.g. viscose,
polynosic rayon
SYNTHETIC FIBRES
Synthetic fibres are the fibres which are
produced from petro chemicals such as
ethylene, acetylene, propylene, benzene,
ammonia and xylene

8. SYNTHESIS
It is a process in which several molecules
of different elements are combined i.e. it is
a process of combination.
POLYMERISATION
Polymerisation is a process in which
several molecules of same monomer or
different monomers are combined to form
a giant size molecule having a very high
molecular weight.

9. ADDITION POLYMER
A
product
produced
out
of
polymerisation
is
called
polymer.
Addition
polymer
is
the
polymer
produced from the same monomer i.e.
polyethylele, polypropylene
CONDENSATION POLYMER
A polymer produced from two different
monomers with the elimination of water
or any other component e.g. polyester,
nylon
ELASTOMERIC FIBRE
A fibre which posses very high elongation
i.e.500% to 700% e.g. polyurethene,
polyethene (spandex)

10. YARNS
• Yarn is the twisted assembly of fibres
• Hosiery (knitting) yarn:
Hosiery yarn is a soft twisted yarn used
for making the knitted fabrics
• Less twist in the yarn gives softness and
less snarling

11. WEFT YARN
Weft yarn is a yarn used in the cross
wise direction of the fabric in the
manufacture of woven fabric.
It
possesses slightly higher twist than
hosiery yarn i.e. 15% to 20% more
than knitting yarn
WARP YARN
Warp yarn is a yarn used in
longitudinal direction of the fabric
which possesses very good strength.
This yarn is given about 30% more
twist than hosiery yarn

12. HIGH TWIST YARN
High twist yarn is yarn used for making
special type of fabrics (voile fabrics). This
yarn contains about 70% to 80% more
twist than hosiery yarn.
CARDED YARN
Carded yarn is a yarn which is produced
without any removal of short fibre
COMBED YARN
Combed yarn is a yarn which is produced
after the removal of short fibres i.e. less
than 12.7mm length

13. BLENDED YARN
Blended yarn is one which is produced by
means of combing two different fibres from
two different sources
Polyester / Cotton yarn
Polyester / Cotton yarn
Polyester / Cotton yarn
Polyester / Cotton yarn
FANCY YARNS
Fancy yarn is one which contains some
special effects such as slub, nep, flame and
knops in the yarn
i.e. to make the fabrics attractive

14. PROCESS
SPINNING
Spinning is converted into yarn
WEAVING
Weaving is a process of interlacing yarn in the
manufacture of fabrics
KINTTING
Knitting is a process of looping the yarn into
fabrics
NON-WOVEN
Non-woven is a process in which the fabric is
produced by means of bonding techniques

15. PROCESS
PROCESSING
Processing means the grey fabric is
converted into a finished fabric by means
of scoring , bleaching, dyeing, printing and
finishing
GREY FABRIC
Grey fabric is the fabric produced from
loom i.e. loom state fabric
FINISHED FARBIC
Finished fabric is one which is dyed and
printed. This is ready for garment making

16. YARN MAKING PROCESS
GINNING
It is a process of separating fibres from Kapas
(i.e.paruthi)
QUALITY
Quality means degree of perfection
MIXING
It is a process of combining two or more cotton
varieties
BLENDING
It is a process of combining fibres from two or
more resources e.g. polyester / cotton

17. YARN MAKING PROCESS
BLOWROOM
It is a sequence of opening and cleaning
machines connected one after the other to clean
the cotton fibres
CARDING
It is also a process of cleaning in which the
fibres are opened, cleaned, drafted, separated,
individualized and finally made into a rope form
assembly of fibres called sliver
COMBING
Combing is a process of short fibre removal
DRAWING
Drawing is a process of improving the evenness
i.e.uniformity

18. YARN MAKING PROCESS
ROVING(SIMPLEX)
It is a process of size reduction i..e reduction
process
RING SPINNING
It is a process of making yarn using a machine
called ring spinning
AUTO CONEWINDING
It is a finishing process where the yarn is wound
on a cone package to improve the efficiency of
subsequent processes in the manufacture of
fabrics
REELING
Reeling is a process in which the yarn is wound for
a length of 1680 yards or more to produce fabrics
in the handloom sector

19. YARN MAKING PROCESS
DOUBLING
Doubling is a process of combining two or
more yarns together by twist
RING DOUBLING
A ring doubling is used to double the yarn
TWO-FOR-ONE TWISTER
In this machine, one revolution of spindle
gives two twists in the yarn

20. YARN MAKING PROCESS
BUNDLING & BALING
Bundling is a process of making a yarn bundle
having a weight of 2.27 kg or 4.4 kg. A machine
used for this purpose is called Bundling Machine
or Bundling Press
DOUBLING
Doubling is a process of combining two or more
yarns together by twist
RING DOUBLING
A ring doubling is used to double the yarn
TWO-FOR-ONE TWISTER
In this machine, one revolution of spindle gives
two twists in the yarn

21. YARN MAKING PROCESS
BUNDLING & BALING
Bundling is a process of making a yarn bundle
having a weight of 2.27 kg or 4.4 kg. A machine
used for this purpose is called Bundling Machine
or Bundling Press
BALING
Baling is a processing in which a bale is made from
yarn bundles. The bale weight is 90 kg. A machine
used for this purpose is called Baling Press.

22. FABRIC MAKING PROCESS
WOVEN FABRIC
WARPING
It is a process in which a sheet of yarn is made
from 500 to 600 ends and wound on the beam for a
length of about 15000 -30000 metres.
PIRN WINDING
It is a machine which is used to wind the weft yarn
on a pirn.
SIZING
Sizing is a process in which the warp sheet is
coated with adhesive solution (i.e. starch)

23. FABRIC MAKING PROCESS
DRAWING, REEDING & DANTING
It is a process in which the yarn is drawn through
motion wire, heald wire and reed wire
WEAVING
Weaving is a process in which the warp and weft
interlaced by a machine called loom
stop
yarn are
HANDLOOM
Handloom is the loom operated by hand & legs
POWERLOOM
It is operated by electronic motor
SHUTTLELOOM
A shuttle loom is one which produces fabric using a shuttle.

24. FABRIC MAKING PROCESS
AUTOMATIC LOOM
It is a loom in which the pirn in the shuttle is
changed automatically by a separate mechanism.
SHUTTLELESS LOOM
In this type of loom, the weft yarn is carried
without any shuttle by a projectile or rapier or
airjet or waterjet

25. CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF
FABRICS
SINGEING
It is a process of removing the protruding fibres from the
surface of the fabric
DESIZING
Desizing is a process in which the sizing mateiral is removed
from the warp yarn of the fabric by means of dilute acids or
enzymes
SCOURING
Scouring is a process in which all the impurities are removed
from the fabric other than natural colouring matter
BLEACHING
Bleaching is a process making the fabric white using hypho
chlorite solution or hydrogen peroxide or sodium chlorite

26. CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF FABRICS
DYEING
Dyeing is a process in which the fabric is treated with dye
solution to make the fabric into colour fabric
PRINTING
Printing is a process in which different designs are introduced
on the surface of the fabric
FINISHING
It is the last process in the fabric to achieve the desired effect
by chemical and mechanical treatments
GSM – Gram per square metre of the fabric
FABRIC COVER FACTOR
The extent to which the warp yarn & weft yarn are closely laid
in the fabric. It is indicated by a number 16 to 28.
HIGHER THE NUMBER, CLOSER THE TEXTURE AND VICE
VERSA