4º B (curso 2015/16) IES Sierra de Santa Bárbara (Plasencia)

1. revolutions,
liberalism and
nationalism
HISTORY 4ºB

2. summary of the unit
-American Revolution
-French Revolution
-Congress of Vienna and Restoration
-Liberalism
-Nationalism

3. AMERICA
N
REVOLUT
ION
- The reasons for the independence
- Facts of the American Revolution
- American Constitution

4. The reasons of the
independenceThe independence starts because of three different things:
-The English colonists had set on the coast of the Atlantic ocean since the beginning of the XVII century.
Among them, the enlightened ideas started to be popular and they wanted to share the division of power
with the rest of the citizens.
-The conflict started when Great Britain established new taxes and the people who lived in the colonies
didn’t want to pay them.
-In 1773, Great Britain tried to stop the riots with the army, so the war started.

5. The Facts
On 4 July 1776 the Declaration of Independence of the thirteen colonies was
proclaimed in Philadelphia. In this declaration they expressed the principles of
the Enlightenment philosophers, such as the right of equality, liberty or
happiness, and forms of government based on the popular sovereignty.
The US military, commanded by George Washington, defeated the British army.
France and Spain helped the US military to fight against the British army. The
peace was signed in 1783 and the UK recognized the independence of the
thirteen colonies.They became the United States of America and George
Washington became their first president.

6. American constitution
In 1787 the United States Constitution was passed and after some amendments, it is still
being used. The Constitution came into force in 1789, it has been amended 27 times.
In the Constitution, it was established: popular sovereignty, which said that people had the
power; the separations of powers: the legislative, consisting on the bicameral Congress; the
executive, consisting of the President; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and
other federal courts.
The first ten amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, offer specific protection of individual
liberty and justice and place restrictions on the powers of government. The majority of the
seventeen later amendments expand individual civil rights.
The Constitution is interpreted, supplemented and implemented by a large body of
constitutional law.

7. the french
revolution
Economic
Social
Political/ideological
The causes (1789)

8. PHASES
OF THE
FRENCH
REVOLUT
ION
● The National Assembly and the
riots(1789)
● The Constituent Assembly(1789-
1791)
● French Republic and the war(1792-
1795)
● Directory and Napoleon Bonaparte’s
rise(1795-1804)

9. The Fall of the Bastille
The Constituent Assembly
Maximilien Robespierre
The execution of Louis XVI

10. DIRECTORY AND
NAPOLEON’S RISE (1795-
1804)
-After the fall of Robespierre, the Thermidor Convention ruled, which established a
new Constitution(1795).This Constitution represented the interests of the
moderate burgeoisie.
Later, this Convention was replaced by a Directory, which was supported by the
military, where Napoleon stood.He also cooperated in the coup of 18th
Brumaire.As a result of this coup, three consuls took the power.

11. Napoleonic Empire
Napoleón was getting more and more power into the army, so in 1804 he
proclaimed himself emperor of France, there were different changes in politics
during the time in which Napoleón had the power and was emperor:
-Local policy: the civil code was made, this means that all the citizens are equal
before the law, and the education was renovated to.
-Foreign policy: Napoleon made his empire bigger by conquering most of the
countries of Europe.

12. Napoleonic empire
- Napoleon defeated Austria,Prussia and Russia, but he could not defeat
United Kingdom, so France paralyzed UK with the “continental blockade”.
The first defeat of the troops of Napoleon was in Leipzig, in the 1813, the armies that were
against Napoleon entered in France in 1814, so Napoleon was exiled and the
monarchy of the “borbones” entered in France, later Napoleon returned to France and
he recovered the power of France in the “Empire of the 100 days”, later he was
defeated in Belgium in the war of Waterloo in 1815, finally he was exiled to Santa
Elena, an island in the Atlantic.

13. Napoleonic empire
Napoleon “emperor” Santa Elena
Napoleon

14. CONSEQUENCES OF THE
FRENCH REVOLUTION AND
THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE-The Old Regime disappeared and the equality of rights was established forever.
-The king became a constitutional monarch.From that moment there were no
subjects but there were citizens.
-Constitutions were approved and rulers and ruled rights and obligations were
defined by hand for the first time in history.
-National sovereignty was recognized.It was controlled by the bourgeoisie.

15. -The bourgeoisie achieved the political power that it wanted.
-Independence ideas began to emerge in Latin American colonies.
-The nationalist movements and democratic ideas that had triumphed in France
were spread.
-Napoleon´s fall didn´t mean the end of the Revolution because after that there
were revolutionary waves which affected a big part of Europe.

16. Congress of Vienna and
restoration.After Napoleon had been defeated, the winners met to restructure the map of Europe
and to restore the Ancient Regime. The UK, Austria, Prussia, Russia and France met in
the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815).
The agreements they took are:
-Principle of legitimacy; each territory has a certain king from a certain dynasty.
-Principle of patrimony; each country has its own territories.
-Principle of balance; there shouldn’t be any force bigger or stronger than others, they
must be balanced.

17. -Principle of intervention; some countries promised they were going to protect the
Absolutism against the Liberalism. For this they formed different alliances:
-The Holy Alliance, formed by Russia, Prussia and Austria.
-The quadruple alliance, formed by Russia, Prussia, Austria and the UK.
-The quintuple alliance, formed by Russia, Prussia, Austria, the UK and
France.
A new map was designed with these characteristics:
-Belgium and Holland were together in the same kingdom, called the Netherlands.
-Italy was divided and Austria still had presence in the kingdom of Lombardía-
Veneto. -France returned
to its borders of 1792. -The Germanic
confederation was formed by 39 German states. -Renania joined Prussia.

18. The liberalism
The liberalism is a political thinking that was developed in the XIX century, its
objective was to defend the liberty of the person, which means that the power of
the king was limited and the people had the power. The liberalism defended the
class society. This thinking was based on the principle of the Declaration of the
Rights of Man and of the Citizen, proclaimed in 1776 in the USA and in 1791 in
France.

19. Liberal Principles:
-National sovereignty. The power resides in the people, who delegate their representatives in
Parliament through an electoral system. Elections must be held by census suffrage.
-Separation of powers. The legislative, executive and judicial powers may not be held by the same
person or group of people.
-Promulgation of a constitution. It is the document in which are reflected the fundamental
principles by which a country is governed, and where freedoms and rights of citizens are collected.
-Freedoms. There are certain rights that citizens must have, including freedom of conscience, of
expression, of pray, of assembly, of association, etc.
-Natural rights. They are possessed by every human being by virtue of being. The most important
ones are the right of property, life, liberty, equality before the law and tolerance.

20. liberal revolutions
Luis Felipe de OrleanS, new
king; independence of
Belgium from Netherlands
(1830)

21. Nationalism
Nationalism is the belonging feeling towards a community or nation with the same
past, language and culture.There are two types:
-Separatist nationalism: Places that aren't joined to its nation.
-unionist nationalism: Places that are separated but they want to be joined to a
nation.

22. The revolutions of 1848
In 1848 there were some new revolutions characterized by their democratic ideals
and, sometimes, nationalism ones. In France (1848) there was a new
revolutionary movement that joined the low bourgeoisie’s interests and the
interests of the workers. This caused the abdication of the king, the 2nd French
republic and the general male suffrage.

23. Unification of Italy
Italy was divided into Piamonte-Cerdeña, Lombardo-Véneto and Dos sicilias
kingdoms and Parma-Módena-Tuscany and Pontifical States duchies.
In Piamonte-Cerdeña Víctor Manuel II was the king and Cavour was the prime
minister. Piamonte and France managed the expulsion of Austria from Lombardía.
The central states were joined to Piamonte and thanks to Garibaldi, some years
later, Naples and Sicily were incorporated. In 1861, V.M II was proclaimed the
Italian king. Finally, in 1871, Italy was unified thanks to Germany because of the
wars between Austria and France. So, Rome was the capital of Italy.

24. unification of germany
Germany was formed by 39 states, each one with it own government. In 1834 the
Zollverein (customs union) was established among the northern states.
Austria and Prussia were the most powerful states. Otto von Bismarck was the
leader of this unification. In 1886 there was a war between Austria and Prussia
that provided the Northern German Confederation. Bismarck forced a war against
France where Prussia won in 1870; in the Sedan battle they obtained Alsacia and
Lorena.