Presentation held @Knowledge Capture (K-CAP) 2015 in Palisades, NY
Presenting how explanations have been defined in Cognitive Science and abstracting an ontological model from it
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An Ontology Design Pattern to Define Explanations
1. An Ontology Design Pattern
to Define Explanations
Ilaria Tiddi, Mathieu d’Aquin, Enrico Motta
Knowledge Media Institute, The Open University, UK
@IlaTiddi
2. General problem
We need of a formal definition for an explanation
Explanations?
• many systems are based on them (data
analysis)
• vague definition
• process, components, interactions are
undefined
3. Motivation: Dedalo
Why?
Patterns (observable regularities in data) need to
be explained by an expert to be fully understood
Transformed
Data
Patterns
Pre-
processing
Data Mining Interpreting
Automatically explaining patterns of data
4. Motivation: Dedalo
✚ people look for Daniel Radcliffe at specific times
Why is Daniel Radcliffe popular only at specific times?
live demo: http://linkedu.eu/dedalo/demo
5. Motivation: Dedalo
✚ people look for Daniel Radcliffe at specific times
✚ because a new Harry Potter movie is out
Without knowing who Daniel Radcliffe is, the explanation
makes no sense
live demo: http://linkedu.eu/dedalo/demo
6. Motivation: Dedalo
✚ people look for Daniel Radcliffe at specific times
✚ because a new Harry Potter movie is out
✪ and because Daniel Radcliffe plays in Harry Potter
Without knowing who Daniel Radcliffe is, the explanation
makes no sense unless some context is given too
live demo: http://linkedu.eu/dedalo/demo
7. Challenge
Dedalo needs a formal definition of an
explanation
• what components ?
• which interactions?
to differentiate it from a mere correlation
Challenge: how to figure out this definition
11. Explanation in Philosophy
Philosophy – asking questions and checking answers
Putting in a relation
✚ an event
✪ some initial conditions
✚ with an output phenomenon
according to a set of (empirical or metaphysical) laws
Planets are near ✚; what is near does not twinkle
; therefore, planets do not twinkle ✚ (context ✪: planets)
[Aristotles]
12. Explanation in Psychology
Psychology – understanding the human cognitive
processes
Producing
✪ behavioural changes
✚ to a termination condition
✚ from set of mechanically interactive entities
according to the human capacities
According to psychological theories , Borderline
Personality disorder ✚ can be explained by a childhood
trauma ✚ (context ✪: a person’s behaviour)
13. Explanation in Neuroscience
Neuroscience – understanding the human brain
Describing a relationship between
✚ an input (cause) variable
✚ an output (effect) variable
✪ which stable under some interventions
without any law nor sufficient conditions
Neuroimaging has proven that humans can do math
calculations ✚ because some neurons actively respond to
quantities ✚ (context ✪: human capacities)
14. Explanation in Computer Science
Computer science – performing human operations with
machines
Generating
✚ some new knowledge
✚ from some starting facts
and some prior knowledge
✪ under constraints of certain criteria
Enrico, Ilaria and Mathieu submit their paper to KCAP
but only Mathieu is accepted and goes ✚, therefore, to go
to KCAP ✚, one has to have both submitted and accepted
a paper (context ✪: conference submissions)
15. Explanation in Sociology
Sociology – linking human processes and the sociocultural world
Deriving
✚ social regularities
✚ from some social behaviours
based on some human experience
✪ in a social world
Living on your own in Italy is hard: the job opportunities
are low** ✚, so Italians live with their parents until later
ages ✚ (context ✪: Italy’s social world)
**also, nobody cooks like mom
16. Explanation in Linguistics
Linguistics – explaining the nature of the human language
Deriving
✚ grammar regularities
✚ from a set of facts
✪ which are linguistic-specific
based on some wellformedness constraints
“*the my book” is not allowed in English ✚ because English
does not allow double determiners and “the” and “my”
are both determiners ✚ (context ✪: English)
17. Survey Conclusion
Disciplines change
The structure and interactions remain the same
✚ ✚ ✪
This structure of an explanation can be
represented as an ontology design pattern
18. part:Event
The Explanation ODP
✚ ✚
When ✚ happens, then, due to a given set of circumstances ✪, ✚ will occur
too because of a given law
dul:Theory
sit:Situation ✪
Explanation
posterior
anterior
setting
condition
basedOn
dul:Agent conceptualisedBy
subPropertyChain:
anterior o setting,
posterior o setting
condition some sit:Situation
anterior some part:Event and
posterior some part:Event
subclassOf
subclassOf
22. Application on Dedalo
Given a data pattern ✚
DedaloExpl Data Patternposterior
when people
search for Daniel
Radcliffe
posterior
DedaloExpl ✚
23. Application on Dedalo
Given a data pattern ✚
Find some candidate anterior events ✚ in Linked Data
DedaloExpl Data Patternposterior
when people
search for Daniel
Radcliffe
posterioranterior
Explanans anterior
DedaloExpl
Harry Potter
movie**
The World Cup**
✚✚
24. Application on Dedalo
Given the two events ✚ and ✚
DedaloExpl Data Patternposterior
when people
search for Daniel
Radcliffe
posterioranterior
Explanans anterior
DedaloExpl
Harry Potter
movie**
The World Cup**
✚✚
25. Application on Dedalo
Given the two events ✚ and ✚
Find in Linked Data the context ✪ in which ✚ and ✚ occur
DedaloExpl Data Patternposterior
when people
search for Daniel
Radcliffe
posterioranterior
Explanans anterior
DedaloExp
Daniel Radciffe is the
actor
playing Harry Potter
context
context
situation
Context
context
context
situation
Harry Potter movie
The World Cup
✪
✚✚
26. Conclusions and Future Work
Identifying what is an explanation
Surveying how cognitive sciences have defined it
Formally modeling it (with instances and examples)
DedaloExpl
Data
Pattern
Explanans
Context
Theory
Next?
• automatically finding the theory
(not that easy)
• refining the pattern
• finding other applications
• assessing the strength of two
candidate contexts
27. Many thanks!
Do you need (more) explanations?
ilaria.tiddi@open.ac.uk
live demo: http://linkedu.eu/dedalo/demo
@IlaTiddi
Editor's Notes
even tho
but if we explain it using linked data background knowledge the explanation process is faster
...in our case we had popular searches over the Web...
we were interested at knowing why something becomes more popular at a given time
it can be interesting especially when this happens regularly
✚★✚✪
...in our case we had popular searches over the Web...
we were interested at knowing why something becomes more popular at a given time
it can be interesting especially when this happens regularly
✚★✚✪
...in our case we had popular searches over the Web...
we were interested at knowing why something becomes more popular at a given time
it can be interesting especially when this happens regularly
✚★✚✪
thisi is hwo we came out with
if we want to talk about a process that automatically produces explanations
We looked for disciplines that try to understand the human mind
this is the cognitive hexagon as presented in 1971
connections
Find each discipline’s view of explanations
Abstract a model from it
Represent it as a reusable ontology design pattern
odp.... building blocks
Explaining is (across time)
comparing facts against general principles (Ancient Greeks)
finding causality (Determinism)
everything stems from experience (Empiricism)
modern models for explanation (Carl Hempel)
Explaining is (across time)
comparing facts against general principles (Ancient Greeks)
finding causality (Determinism)
everything stems from experience (Empiricism)
modern models for explanation (Carl Hempel)
upper level explanations with macroscopic causes (e.g., environmental)
lower level explanations with fine-grained causes (e.g. neural, genetic)
Abduction - inference of the case from a rule and a result
Induction - inference of a rule from a case and its result
observations tentative hypotheses empirical pro
goesToESWC(X) <- submitted(X)^paperAccepted(X,‘ESWC’)
Explaining is
finding how is the language acquisition possible
finding language regularities but some are innate (Chomsky/Generativism)
external elements are needed too (Greenberg/Functionalism
interaction : some facts, something that governs, something that constraint
ODP: Small ontologies exploited as building blocks in ontology design
allow reuse, extension and integration
we use existing ODPs to create ours
The main class is inilised in each disclipline : it is “the process of providing an explanation”
one Event (class from the participation ODP) is the explanans, the antecedent event
the other one is the postertior /explanadum “that what is explained”
the condition relating the event is expressed by the situation class from the situation ODP
the owl axiom shows what we can infer: the context of an Explanation is shared by the two events (they have setting in it)
Theory class from DolceUlL is the law governing the explanation
Agent
Plato Explanation
InitialFact
PosteriorFact
Circumstance
Form
Plato Explanation
InitialFact
PosteriorFact
Circumstance
Form
Plato Explanation
InitialFact
PosteriorFact
Circumstance
Form
Dedalo is a CS instance of the odp
Other examples
Dedalo is a process of induction (generalisation)
Other examples
Dedalo is a process of induction (generalisation)
Other examples
Dedalo is a process of induction (generalisation)
theory can be in different domains
at the moment the theory is left to the humans