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Nephalo and turbidimetry
T.B.EKNATH BABU 
[T.B.E.K.B] 
STUDENT AT ARULMIGU 
KALASALINGAM 
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
When electromagnetic radiation (light) strikes 
a particle in solution, some of the light will be 
absorbed by the particle, some will be 
transmitted through the solution and some of 
the light will be scattered or reflected. 
 The amount of light scattered is proportional 
to the concentration of insoluble particle. We 
will focus on the concept of light scatter
Scattered light may be measured by 
 Turbidimetry 
Nephelometry 
 In turbidimetry, the intensity of light 
transmitted through the medium, the 
unscattered light, is measured.
 Turbidometric measurements are made at 180o from 
the incident light beam. 
 In Nephelometry, the intensity of the scattered light 
is measured, usually, but not necessarily, at right 
angles to the incident light beam.
 The two techniques differs only in the manner 
of measuring the scattered radiation.
 Turbidity can be measured on most routine 
analysers by a spectrophotometer (absorbed 
light) 
 Reduced sensitivity and precision. 
 Extent of light scattering increases as 
wavelength increases 
 The intensity of scattered light is normally 
measured by Nephelometer.
 Light scattering is the physical phenomenon 
resulting from the interaction of light with a 
particles in solution. 
Dependent on : 
 Particle size 
Wavelength 
 Distance of observation, 
Concentration of particles 
MW of particles
 Scattering of light- by particles in a colloid or 
suspension. 
 the longer-wavelength light is more 
transmitted while the shorter-wavelength light 
is more reflected via scattering.
 The blue color of the sky and the red color of the 
sun at sunset result from scattering of light of 
small dust particles, H2O molecules and other 
gases in the atmosphere. 
 The efficiency with which light is scattered 
depends on its wavelength, λ. The sky is blue 
because violet and blue light are scattered to a 
greater extent than other longer wavelengths.
 NEPHELOMETRY 
 ↓ concentration, uniform scattering, intensity 
of scatted light proportional to conc. 
measured at 900 
 TURBIDIMETRY 
 ↑ concentration, scattering not uniform, 
intensity of transmitted light measured at 1800
Turbidimetry 
↨ 
Colorimetry 
Measurement of the intensity of light transmitted 
through a medium, light intensity is decreased. 
Nephelometry 
↨ 
Fluorimetry 
Measurement of scattered light at 900
COLORIMETER 
Similarity: 
 transmitted light measured 
 measured at 1800 
TURBIDIMETER 
Similarity: 
transmitted light measured 
 measured at 1800 
Difference: 
 Absorption of radiation 
Difference: 
 Scattering of radiation
FLOURIMETRY 
Similarity: 
 Emergent radiation 
measured at 900 
Difference: 
» emitted radiation measured 
» emitted radiation – longer WL 
than incident light 
NEPHELOMETRY 
Similarity: 
 Emergent radiation 
measured at 900 
Difference: 
» Scattered radiation measured 
» emitted radiation – same WL 
as that of incident light
depends upon the amount of light scattered 
by suspended particles present in solution. 
TURBIDIMETRY - high concentrated 
suspensions 
NEPHELOMETRY - low concentrated 
suspensions 
- more accurate results
 The basic instrument contains 
 Light Source:Tungsten lamp, 
White light - nephelometers 
 Filters - Turbidimeter (blue filter or 530 nm) 
Nephelometer (visible filter) 
Sample cells 
Detectors (photometric)
 CELLS 
 cylindrical cells - flat faces to minimize 
reflections & multiple scatterings
 The amount of radiation removed or deviated from 
the primary radiation beam depends on the 
following factors 
1.Concentration 
 Turbidimetry: S = log I/Io= kbc 
 T=Transmittance = I/Io 
 S = turbidence due to scattering 
 k = turbidity constant 
 b= path length 
 c = concentration of suspended material
Nephelometry: 
 Is = Ks Io C 
 Is = scattered intensity 
Ks= empirical constant 
 Io = Incident intensity 
 c = concentration of suspended material
2. Effect of Particle Size on Scattering 
 Size and the shape of the particles responsible 
for the scattering. 
 Because most analytical applications involve 
the generation of a colloidally dispersed phase 
in a solution, those variables that influence 
particle size during precipitation also affect 
both turbidimetric and nephelometric 
measurements.
Turbidimetry-Practical Considerations 
 Selecting λ: Important. It is necessary to avoid 
radiation that is absorbed by the sample. 
Sample Preparation 
 Scattering is related to: 
 1.Concentration of the scattering particles 
 2.Particle size 
 3.Particle shape
1. Analysis of water 
clarity, conc. of ions 
2. Determination of CO2 
3. Determination of inorganic substances 
Sulphate – barium chloride 
Ammonia – Nesslers reagent 
Phosphorus – Strychine molybedate 
4. Biochemical Analysis 
5. Quantitative Analysis – (ppm level)
6. Miscellaneous 
Water treatment plants, sewage work, refineries, 
paper industry 
7. Atmospheric pollution 
smokes & fogs 
8. Determination of mole. Wt of high polymers 
9. Phase titration 
NEPHLOTURBIDIMETER 
Two detectors
Nephalo and turbidimetry

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Nephalo and turbidimetry

  • 2. T.B.EKNATH BABU [T.B.E.K.B] STUDENT AT ARULMIGU KALASALINGAM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
  • 3. When electromagnetic radiation (light) strikes a particle in solution, some of the light will be absorbed by the particle, some will be transmitted through the solution and some of the light will be scattered or reflected.  The amount of light scattered is proportional to the concentration of insoluble particle. We will focus on the concept of light scatter
  • 4. Scattered light may be measured by  Turbidimetry Nephelometry  In turbidimetry, the intensity of light transmitted through the medium, the unscattered light, is measured.
  • 5.  Turbidometric measurements are made at 180o from the incident light beam.  In Nephelometry, the intensity of the scattered light is measured, usually, but not necessarily, at right angles to the incident light beam.
  • 6.  The two techniques differs only in the manner of measuring the scattered radiation.
  • 7.  Turbidity can be measured on most routine analysers by a spectrophotometer (absorbed light)  Reduced sensitivity and precision.  Extent of light scattering increases as wavelength increases  The intensity of scattered light is normally measured by Nephelometer.
  • 8.  Light scattering is the physical phenomenon resulting from the interaction of light with a particles in solution. Dependent on :  Particle size Wavelength  Distance of observation, Concentration of particles MW of particles
  • 9.  Scattering of light- by particles in a colloid or suspension.  the longer-wavelength light is more transmitted while the shorter-wavelength light is more reflected via scattering.
  • 10.  The blue color of the sky and the red color of the sun at sunset result from scattering of light of small dust particles, H2O molecules and other gases in the atmosphere.  The efficiency with which light is scattered depends on its wavelength, λ. The sky is blue because violet and blue light are scattered to a greater extent than other longer wavelengths.
  • 11.  NEPHELOMETRY  ↓ concentration, uniform scattering, intensity of scatted light proportional to conc. measured at 900  TURBIDIMETRY  ↑ concentration, scattering not uniform, intensity of transmitted light measured at 1800
  • 12. Turbidimetry ↨ Colorimetry Measurement of the intensity of light transmitted through a medium, light intensity is decreased. Nephelometry ↨ Fluorimetry Measurement of scattered light at 900
  • 13. COLORIMETER Similarity:  transmitted light measured  measured at 1800 TURBIDIMETER Similarity: transmitted light measured  measured at 1800 Difference:  Absorption of radiation Difference:  Scattering of radiation
  • 14. FLOURIMETRY Similarity:  Emergent radiation measured at 900 Difference: » emitted radiation measured » emitted radiation – longer WL than incident light NEPHELOMETRY Similarity:  Emergent radiation measured at 900 Difference: » Scattered radiation measured » emitted radiation – same WL as that of incident light
  • 15. depends upon the amount of light scattered by suspended particles present in solution. TURBIDIMETRY - high concentrated suspensions NEPHELOMETRY - low concentrated suspensions - more accurate results
  • 16.  The basic instrument contains  Light Source:Tungsten lamp, White light - nephelometers  Filters - Turbidimeter (blue filter or 530 nm) Nephelometer (visible filter) Sample cells Detectors (photometric)
  • 17.  CELLS  cylindrical cells - flat faces to minimize reflections & multiple scatterings
  • 18.  The amount of radiation removed or deviated from the primary radiation beam depends on the following factors 1.Concentration  Turbidimetry: S = log I/Io= kbc  T=Transmittance = I/Io  S = turbidence due to scattering  k = turbidity constant  b= path length  c = concentration of suspended material
  • 19. Nephelometry:  Is = Ks Io C  Is = scattered intensity Ks= empirical constant  Io = Incident intensity  c = concentration of suspended material
  • 20. 2. Effect of Particle Size on Scattering  Size and the shape of the particles responsible for the scattering.  Because most analytical applications involve the generation of a colloidally dispersed phase in a solution, those variables that influence particle size during precipitation also affect both turbidimetric and nephelometric measurements.
  • 21. Turbidimetry-Practical Considerations  Selecting λ: Important. It is necessary to avoid radiation that is absorbed by the sample. Sample Preparation  Scattering is related to:  1.Concentration of the scattering particles  2.Particle size  3.Particle shape
  • 22. 1. Analysis of water clarity, conc. of ions 2. Determination of CO2 3. Determination of inorganic substances Sulphate – barium chloride Ammonia – Nesslers reagent Phosphorus – Strychine molybedate 4. Biochemical Analysis 5. Quantitative Analysis – (ppm level)
  • 23. 6. Miscellaneous Water treatment plants, sewage work, refineries, paper industry 7. Atmospheric pollution smokes & fogs 8. Determination of mole. Wt of high polymers 9. Phase titration NEPHLOTURBIDIMETER Two detectors