A study of what population policy is, how it evolve, types of population policy; weaknesses and strengths taken from the cases of India, China and Zimbabwe

1. POPULATION POLICY
T. Chako
0782013220
tauraichako@gmail.com
University of Zimbabwe
Center for Population Studies
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2. Population Policy
SO 032: Population Policy
Concepts
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3. Introduction
• Why an interest in population policy?
• Population policy affect migration, fertility, and
mortality
• Overpopulation results in poverty (Malthus).Is this
true?. Or necessity is the mother of invention
(Boserup)?
• Does population policy leads to development?
• Is it not racist in nature?
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4. Learning objectives
• This presentation aims at:
– Illustrating the definition of policy;
– Steps involved in policy cycle;
– Defining the population policy
– Show how population policy affect fertility, mortality and migration
– Imparting knowledge on common elements of population policy;
– Analyse the applicability of population policy in selected cases;
– Identify merits and demerits of population policies;
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5. Population policy
SO 032: Population policy
Defining policy
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6. What is a policy?
• Set of Ideas or Plans that is used as a basis for
decision making;
• Attitude and actions of an organization
regarding a particular issue;
• General Statement of understanding which
guide decision making
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7. What is a policy? Cont..
• It is more than mere statement of goals:
• How the stated goals can be achieved?
• Who will carry out the tasks?
• In what manner?
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8. Basis for Policy
• Set of Values
• Commitments
• Assessment of current situation
• Image of a desired future situation
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9. Population Policy Formulation
• The following stages are ivolved:
1. Identify a population problem:
2. Set your goals, objectives and targets:
3. Define ways/strategies of meeting the goals
4. Implementation of strategies:
5. Monitoring and Evaluation of Progress
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10. What is Population Policy?
• Measures formulated by a range of social institutions
including Government which may influence the size,
distribution or composition of human population
(Driver,1972).
• A deliberate effort by a national government to influence the
demographic variables like fertility, mortality and migration
(Organski & Organski,1961)
• A set of Coordinated laws aimed at reaching some
demographic goal (Biurgeois-Pichat,1974)
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11. Fertility Policies
• Policies affecting fertility are categorized into 3
which are:
A. Pro-natalist policies - policies aimed at keeping
fertility rates high.
B. Anti-natalist policies - policies aimed at reducing
fertility rates.
C. Laissez-faire -Some countries do not have explicit
population policies in place.
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12. Mortality and Migration Policies
• Population policies are also made to reduce mortality
and check on migration
• Other countries have welcomed policies to
immigrants, e.g. USA and SA, to lure cheap labour.
• The rise of infectious diseases such as Ebola, SARS,
TB, and HIV and AIDS, together with the crumpling of
the health delivery system of developing nations,
have led to increased mortality.
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13. Population Policy
SO 032: Population policy
Types of population policy
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14. Types of Population Policies
• Explicit : Document by a national government
announcing its intention to affect the
population growth and composition. (Shiv
Chandra, 2001)
• Implicit : Directives not necessarily issued to
influence the population growth and
composition but may have the effect of doing
so. (Shiv Chandra,2001)
• .
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15. Elements common to Population
Policies
• Rationale : demographic analysis
• Objectives and Goals
• Targets : time bound level of fertility
• Program Measures
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16. Process of Population
Policy making
• Developing the Constituency in favor of
Population Policy
• Identifying the arguments favoring population
policy
• Addressing the issues to a right place
• Visualizing the form a policy should take
• Recognizing the most advantageous time
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17. Bucharest Population Conference
1974• The Conference was attended by government representatives
from 135 countries.
• Debate was on the relationship between population and
development.
• The USA and its allies argued that there should be reduced
fertility in developing nations to foster their economic
development.
• The USSR and its allies argued that resources were to be
shared equally between the rich and poor countries.
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18. Bucharest Population Conference
1974
• The conference produced a World Population Plan of Action
(PoA) which emphasized on:
I. The review and analysis of national and international laws which
bear directly or indirectly on population factors.
II. The collection, analysis and dissemination of information concerning
human rights in relation to population matters.
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19. Mexico Population Conference 1984
• Attended by 146 government representatives and there was
huge support from developing nations.
• Debate had shifted from blaming the third world countries to
adequately promoting family planning programs.
• The following recommendations were made:
a. Provision of FP services
b. Reduction of mortality in general and Infant mortality per se.
c. Improving the roles and status of women - equality in opportunities
for both sexes.
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20. Cairo Population Conference 1994
 International Conference on Population and
Development (ICPD)
• The conference successfully deliberated on reproductive
health issues, promotion of maternal and child health, the
reduction of abortions, STIs, infant and maternal mortality
and the linkage between family planning and prevention and
treatment of STIs.
• The Millennium Development Goals were developed.
• The conference also deliberated on the need to reduce the
unmet need for family planning existent in many developing
nations.
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21. Cairo Population Conference 1994
cont’d
• Governments were urged to work with NGOs to
achieve the health goals cited above
• A successful conference attended by 179
government representatives, church leaders,
academics, NGOs and many other stakeholders.
• The conference also deliberated on the need to
reduce the unmet need for family planning existent
in many developing nations.
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22. Population Policies Developed
• In pursuit of the 1994 ICPD Programme of
Action (PoA), governments developed national
population policies.
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23. Population Policy
SO 032: Population policy
Case Studies - India, China and Zimbabwe
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24. National Population Policy-2000,
India aims at:
• Short Term : fulfill unmet need for contraception,
strengthening the health infrastructure, integrating
the services for Reproductive and Child Health.
• Medium Term :effective implementation of
intersectorstrategies to substantially reduce the TFR
by 2010.
• Long Term : to sustain the economic growth, social
development and eco-conservation, stabilise the
population by 2045.
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25. Demographic Targets of NPP-
2000 India (2010)
• Fulfilling the Unmet Need for RCH
• Free and compulsory education for children
under-fourteen
• Reducing the school dropout between boys
and girls to 20 percent
• Bringing IMR < 30
• Bringing MMR < 100
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26. Demographic Targets of NPP-
2000 India (2010) Cont’d
• Increasing Immunization against VPDs to 100
percent
• Encouraging the increase in average age at
marriage of girls
• Increasing Institutional Deliveries to 80
percent
• > delivery by trained hands to 100 percent
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27. Demographic Targets of NPP-
2000 India (2010) Cont’d
• Making contraceptive of choice available to
100 percent population
• Enhancing the IEC coverage for RTI/STI/AIDS
to cent percent population
• Integrating allopathy with ISM for betterment
of RCH services
• Encouraging the small family norm to
substantially reduce TFR
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28. China’s One Child Policy, China
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29. History of the One Child Policy
• 1950s: In the early 1950s the philosophy of the Chinese
government was ‘a large population gives a strong
nation’. The government wanted many children to be
born.
• 1959-61: Up to 20 million people died in a famine
including many children
• 1960s: There was a population boom. The population
increased by 55 million during the decade ( roughly the
total population of the UK)
• 1980s: Asking families to have fewer children during the
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30. History of the One Child Policy cont’d
• 1980s: Asking families to have fewer children
during that time began
• Strong pressure was put on women to use
contraception
• There were even people known as‘granny
police’ whose job it was to watch their
neighbours to make sure they were taking the
pill
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31. History of the One Child Policy cont’d
• If they suspected women were pregnant without
permission they were reported to the authorities.
Some women were forced to have abortions and
sterilisations.
• 1990s: The policy has been deemed a failure. At
ameeting in Peking in 1989 delegates were told
therewould be around 120mn more Chinese people
than had been planned.
• 2000: Policy has been relaxed, but you are still
finedheavily is you have more than one child.
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32. Government Propaganda for the
One Child Policy
• For those with one child
I. Free Education for your one child.
II. An extra months salary per year until your child is 14.
III. A house normally reserved for a family of 4.
IV. Pension benefits
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33. Government Propaganda for the
One Child Policy cont’d
• For those with two children:
I. No free education
II. No allowances
III. No pension benefits
IV. Payment of a fine to the state from earnings
V. Demotion at work, or even unemployment
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34. Effects of the One Child Policy
• Birth control measure seem to be working in
the cities.
• In the Shaanxi Province there are 145 males
born for every 100 females born.
• This leads to large numbers of unmarried men
• The baby boom of the 1950s means China has
a large greying population.
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35. Effects of the One Child Policy cont’d
• The policy means there are low numbers of younger
people to support the old.
• Children with no brothers and sisters receive a great
deal of attention – spoilt In rural areas problems
have risen as they need the children to help on the
farm. They go to great lengths to ensure the first
child born is male. If the first child is a girl the child
may be disposed or killed (female infanticide)
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36. Zimbabwe National Population Policy
1998
• Zimbabwe, with the support of UNFPA, developed a
comprehensive and explicit National Population Policy in
1998 under the auspices of the then National Economic
Planning Commission (NEPC)
• Established a Population and Development Unit within
the Ministry of Economic Planning and Investment
Promotion in 2007.
• The Unit is chiefly responsible for ordination and
monitoring implementation of population issues, and their
integration into national development plans and
strategies.
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37. Zimbabwe National Population Policy
1998 cont’d
• The main aim of the population policy is to achieve higher
standards of living of the people through influencing
population variables and development trends in order to
achieve the economic and social goals of the nation.
 ZNPP has its main emphasis on:
Education
Economy
Health
Mining
HIV and AIDS
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38. Conclusion
• We have learned the definition of PP, types
and its likely targets; how population policy
have been used in China, India, and Zimbabwe
• Population policy is used to control fertility eg
China, mortality as well as migration among
other areas
• Better population policies enhance
development.
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39. THANK YOU
0782013220
tauraichako@gmail.com
THE END !!
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