কম্পিউটার পরিচর্যা (কম্পিউটার হার্ডওয়্যার ও সফটওয়্যার রক্ষনাবেক্ষন গাইড); লেখকঃ মাহাববুর রহমান , পৃষ্ঠা সংখ্যাঃ ২০০

1. KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
(KgwcDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨vi iÿYv‡eÿY MvBW)
gvneyeyi ingvb
wmm‡UK cvewj‡KkÝ wjwg‡UW
evsjvevRvi eyK GÛ KgwcDUvi Kg‡cø·
38/3, evsjvevRvi, XvKv 1100
B-†gBj t mrsyspub@yahoo.com, info@systechdigital.com
I‡qe mvBU t www.systechpublications.com
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2. 2 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
cÖ_g cÖKvk t A‡±ei 2000
wØZxq cÖKvk t RyjvB 2001
cÂg cÖKvk t †deªæqvwi 2006
wØZxq ms¯‹iY t †deªæqvwii eB‡gjv 2008Bs
Z…Zxq ms¯‹iY t RyjvB 2011 Bs
cÖKvkK t cwiPvjK
wmm‡UK cvewj‡KkÝ wjt
cªª”Q` t gwbiæj nvmvb
¯^Z¡ t †jLK
K‡¤úvR t wmm‡UK cvewj‡KkÝ (cÖKvkbv wefvM)
g~j¨ t 120.00 UvKv
ISBN : 9789848980118
Computer Paricharja by Mahbubur Rahman; Published by Director ,
Systech Publications, 38/3, Banglabazar, Dhaka-1100.
 Author. Price Tk. 120.00 Only
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3. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 3
f‚wgKv
eZ©gvb hy‡M KgwcDUvi GKwU AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© hš¿| AvRKvj hveZxq Z_¨vw` wn‡me-
wb‡Kk, M‡elYv, djvdj cÖwµqvKiY, wbqš¿Y BZ¨vw` meB KgwcDUv‡ii gva¨‡g Kiv
n‡”Q| G ai‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU hš¿ †KejgvÎ iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi Afv‡e wbw`©ó †gqv‡`i
c~‡e©B Zvi Kvh©ÿgZv nvwi‡q †d‡j bó n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| wVKg‡Zv hZœ bv †bqv,
ayjvevwj, DòZv, Av`ª©Zv, †PŠ¤^KZ¡, ˆe`y¨wZK †ÿÎ, AwZwi³ we`y¨r cÖevnRwbZ mgm¨v,
KvR bv Ki‡j Zv‡K cixÿv-wbixÿvi gva¨‡g wVK bv Kiv n‡j †h †Kvb gyn~‡Z©
KgwcDUviwU A‡K‡Rv ev bó n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z †hgb Avw_©K ÿwZ n‡Z cv‡i †Zgwb
msiwÿZ Z_¨mg~n nvwi‡qI †h‡Z cv‡i| ZvB wbw`©ó †gqv`v‡šÍ KgwcDUv‡ii iÿYv‡eÿY
LyeB Riæix| KgwcDUvi wm‡÷g‡K hZUv m¤¢e Gme mgm¨v †_‡K gy³ †i‡L wbiew”Qbœ
†mev †c‡Z n‡j Gi iÿYv‡eÿY cÖ‡qvRb| Ab¨vb¨ wbZ¨ e¨envh© hš¿cvwZi g‡Zv
KgwcDUviI mvaviY mevi gv‡S wePiY Ki‡Q| mvaviY e¨enviKvixiv hv‡Z mn‡RB G
hš¿wU fvjfv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib †mRb¨B G eB| KgwcDUvi iÿYv‡eÿY wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡j A‡bK welq Avmv DwPZ| G eBwU †h‡nZz mvaviY e¨enviKvix‡`i
D‡Ï‡k¨ †jLv ZvB hZUv m¤¢e mswÿßvKv‡i mnR K‡i †jLv n‡q‡Q| mswÿß n‡jI G‡Z
A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq G‡m‡Q| evsjv fvlvq G ai‡bi GKwU cÖKvkbv GB cÖ_g| cÖ_g
cÖKvk n‡Z ïiæ K‡i mg‡qi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q eBwUi wewfbœ ms¯‹iY Kiv n‡q‡Q| G
ms¯‹i‡Y wewfbœ wel‡qi Avc‡MÖ‡Wkb QvovI j¨vcU‡ci iÿYv‡eÿY m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡q‡Q| AvšÍwiK †Póv ¯^‡Ë¡I A‡bK ÎywU †_‡K †h‡Z cv‡i g‡bi A‡MvP‡i|
cÖKvkbvwUi DrKl© mva‡b AwfÁ cvVKe„‡›`i †h †Kvb civgk© mv`‡i MÖnYxq|
gvneyeyi ingvb
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4. 4 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
m~wPcÎ
Aa¨vq-1 t KgwcDUvi †gBb‡Ub¨vÝ
wcÖ‡fbwUf †gBb‡Ub¨vÝ Gi ˆewkó¨mg~n ..........................................................5
Kv‡iKwUf †gBb‡Ub¨vÝ Gi ˆewkó¨mg~n ..........................................................5
KgwcDUv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †fŠZ I ˆe`y¨wZK cwi‡ek ......................................6
KgwcDUv‡ii Ici ZvcgvÎvi cÖfve ..............................................................6
ayjvevwj I Zvi cÖwZKvi .............................................................................8
KgwcDUvi‡K ayjvevwj n‡Z iÿv Kiv .............................................................9
KgwcDUvi cwi®‹v‡ii Av`k© Dcvq ................................................................9
KgwcDUvi‡K ayjvevwj n‡Z gy³ ivLvi Dcvq .................................................10
†PŠ¤^KZ¡ ............................................................................................... 12
ÿq ev K‡ivkb (Corrosion) ................................................................ 13
†kvi ev b‡qR .......................................................................................13
B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK †iwW‡qkb ev BGgAvi (EMR) ...................................... 14
B‡j‡±ªvg¨vM‡bwUK B›Uvidv‡iÝ ev BGgAvB (EMI) ...................................... 15
B‡jK‡Uªv÷¨vwUK wWmPvR© ev BGmwW (ESD) ...............................................15
BGgAvB (EMI) †_‡K KgwcDUvi iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi Dcvq ..................................... 16
ˆe`y¨wZK kU© mvwK©U.................................................................................. 16
we`y¨r mieivn mgm¨v ............................................................................... 16
we`y¨r mieivnRwbZ mgm¨v cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Dcvq .................................................17
BDwcGm (UPS) .....................................................................................18
BDwcGm Gi ¯’vwqZ¡ e„w×i Dcvq ................................................................ 19
†fv‡ëR ÷¨vwejvBRvi (Voltage Stabilizer) ..............................................20
AvBwcGm (IPS) .............................................................................. 21
KgwcDUvi K‡ÿi †fŠZ I ˆe`y¨wZK cwi‡ek .................................................. 21
KgwcDUv‡ii iæwUb ev wbqwgZ iÿYv‡eÿY ....................................................23
Qq gvm ci ci wK ai‡bi hZœ †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i? ...........................................24
Aa¨vq-2 t KgwcDUvi †Kwms
KgwcDUvi †Km Gi Kfvi †Lvjv ................................................................26
Aa¨vq-3 t gwbUi
gwbU‡ii aib ........................................................................................30
gwbU‡ii wKQy mgm¨v Ges mgvavb ...............................................................31
Aa¨vq-4 t nvW©wW¯‹ WªvBf
j¨vcUc nvW©wW¯‹ .............................................................................................36
wewfbœ ai‡Yi nvW© wW¯‹ ............................................................................37
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5. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 5
AvBwWB ev cvUv (IDE/PATA) nvW© wW¯‹ WªvBf ...............................................37
mvUv (SATA) nvW© wW¯‹ WªvBf ................................................................... 38
¯‹¨vwR (SCSI) nvW© wW¯‹ WªvBf ....................................................................39
mvm (SAS) nvW© wW¯‹ WªvBf .......................................................................40
nvW©wW¯‹ iÿYv‡eÿ‡Y KiYxq .....................................................................41
nvW©wW‡¯‹i mgm¨v wPwýZKiY ....................................................................42
nvW© wW¯‹ µ¨vk I Zvi cÖwZKvi ..................................................................43
nvW©wW¯‹ †hme Kvi‡Y µ¨vk Ki‡Z Zvi gvÎv wb‡P †`qv nj ...............................43
µ¨vk nIqv nvW©wW¯‹ †_‡K WvUv cybiæ×vi Kiv ................................................45
nvW©wW¯‹‡K ¸wQ‡q ivLv t Disk Defragmenter e¨envi ......................................46
DB‡ÛvR G·wc‡Z Gi Disk Defragmenter e¨envi ........................................46
DB‡ÛvR 7/wfmZv‡Z Disk Defragmenter e¨envi ............................................51
nvW©wW¯‹‡K wK¬b Kiv t AcÖ‡qvRbxq dvBj ev` †`qv ..........................................54
DB‡ÛvR G·wc‡Z Disk Clean-up Ackb e¨envi Kiv ......................................54
DB‡ÛvR7/wfmZv‡Z Disk Clean-up Ackb e¨envi Kiv .....................................55
wimvB‡Kj web †_‡K gy‡Q nvW©wW‡¯‹i †¯úm evov‡bv .........................................57
DB‡ÛvR G·wc‡Z wimvB‡Kj we‡bi e¨envi .................................................. 58
wimvB‡Kj web LvwjKiY ...........................................................................59
DB‡ÛvR †m‡fb/wfmZv‡Z wimvB‡Kj we‡bi e¨envi .........................................59
wimvB‡Kj web LvwjKiY ...........................................................................60
AcÖ‡qvRbxq †cÖvMÖvg eÜ Kiv .....................................................................61
DB‡ÛvR G·wc‡Z †cÖvMÖvg hy³ Kiv ev mwi‡q †djv ..........................................61
bZzb †cÖvMÖvg Bb÷j Kiv ..........................................................................61
†Kv‡bv †cÖvMÖvg AcmviY Kiv ......................................................................62
DB‡ÛvR †m‡fb/wfmZv‡Z †cÖvMÖvg hy³ Kiv ev mwi‡q †djv ................................63
†Kvb †cÖvMÖvg AcmviY Kiv ........................................................................63
Aa¨vq-5 t Kx-‡evW© Gi e¨envi
Kx †evW© e¨env‡i KiYxq ...........................................................................65
Kx-‡ev‡W©i gqjv cwi®‹vi Kiv ....................................................................66
j¨vcU‡ci Kx †ev‡W©i wfZ‡ii Ask cwi¯‹vi Kiv .............................................68
j¨vcU‡c G·Uvibvj Kx †evW© e¨envi Kiv .................................................... 78
wK‡evW© msµvšÍ mgm¨v I mgvavb ................................................................79
Aa¨vq-6 t gvDm
gvDm BÝUj Kiv ....................................................................................81
gvDm e¨env‡i KiYxq ............................................................................. 83
Iqvi‡jm gvDm e¨envi Kiv ..................................................................... 83
gvDm msµvšÍ mgm¨v I mgvavb ..................................................................84
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6. 6 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
Aa¨vq-7 t AcwUK¨vj wW¯‹ WªvBf
wmwW-ig WªvB‡fi †WUv UªvÝdvi ..................................................................86
wmwW mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv.................................................................................87
wmwW †ei Kiv .......................................................................................87
wmwW WªvB‡fi †jÝ wK¬b Kiv ......................................................................88
G·Uvibvj AcwUK¨vj (wmwW/wWwfwW) WªvBf ..................................................89
wmwW/wWwfwW WªvBf cwi¯‹vi Kiv .................................................................90
wmwW/wWwfwW Gi iÿYv‡eÿY ..................................................................... 91
wmwW-Gi wewfbœ mgm¨v I mgvavb ................................................................92
Aa¨vq-8 t wcÖ›Uvi
wcÖ›Uv‡ii wewfbœ mgm¨v Ges mgvavb ........................................................... 101
Aa¨vq-9 t †cb WªvBf ev BDGmwe d¬¨vk WªvBf
d¬¨vm wW¯‹ e¨env‡i KiYxq ......................................................................107
†cb WªvBf‡K fvBivm gy³ ivLv ................................................................107
Aa¨vq-10 t wnUwmb&K I Kzwjs d¨vb
wnUwmb&K ............................................................................................108
Kzwjs d¨vb .......................................................................................... 109
†W¯‹Uc KgwcDUv‡ii Kzwjs d¨vb cwi¯‹vi Kiv ............................................. 109
j¨vcU‡ci Kzwjs d¨vb cwi¯‹vi Kiv ............................................................ 110
Aa¨vq-11 t j¨vcUc e¨env‡i KiYxq welqvejx
j¨vcU‡ci cv‡k a~gcvb bv Kiv ................................................................ 114
B‡jw±ªK g¨vM‡bwUK wdì †_‡K j¨vcUc‡K wbivc` `yi‡Z¡ ivLv .......................... 114
eÜ Kivi ci mv‡_ mv‡_ Pvjy bv Kiv .......................................................... 114
j¨vcU‡ci mvg‡b cvbvnvi bv Kiv ............................................................. 114
eÜ K‡i mwVKfv‡e e¨v‡M fiv .................................................................. 114
j¨vcUc wK me©`v Gwm cvIqvi †_‡K Pvjy Kiv hvq? ....................................... 115
G·Uvibvj Kx †evW© e¨envi Kiv ............................................................... 115
w¯Œ‡bi eªvBU‡bm GWRv÷ Kiv ................................................................. 116
DB‡ÛvR G·wc‡Z w¯Œ‡bi eªvBU‡bm wVK Kiv ................................................ 116
DB‡ÛvR †m‡f‡b w¯Œ‡bi eªvBU‡bm wVK Kiv ................................................. 117
mvDÛ Kg e¨envi Kiv ........................................................................... 117
j¨vcUc e¨vM e¨envi Kiv ....................................................................... 117
k³ Zjvq j¨vcUc e¨envi Kiv ................................................................ 118
nvW©eywUs bv Kiv ................................................................................... 119
GK&‡mmwiR e¨env‡i mZK©Zv ................................................................... 120
fvjgv‡bi cvU©m e¨envi Kiv ................................................................... 120
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7. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 7
Iqv‡iw›U Ges Bbf‡qm WKz‡g›U mwVKfv‡e msiÿY Kiv ..................................120
Iqvi‡jm gvDm e¨envi Kiv .................................................................... 121
j¨vcUc e¨vUvwi iÿYv‡eÿY Kiv ............................................................... 121
Pv‡R© _vKve¯’vq e¨vUvwi bv †Lvjv ..............................................................122
Aa¨vq-12 t †cb wW‡¯‹ †WUv msiÿY Kiv
nvW©wW¯‹ †_‡K †WUv Kwc Kiv ............................................................................124
nvW©wW¯‹ †_‡K nvW©wW‡¯‹ Kwc Kiv ......................................................................126
†gvevBj nvW©wW¯‹‡K G·Uvibvj nvW©wW¯‹ wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv ..................................131
†gvevBj nvW©wW¯‹ KbfvU©vi ...............................................................................132
wmwW ivBU Kiv ..............................................................................................133
†b‡iv evwY©s mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g wmwW ivBU Kiv ...........................................136
dvBj K‡¤cÖkb t †WUv ms‡KvwPZ K‡i ivLv .................................................139
wRc (Zip) dvBj wK? ............................................................................140
DBbwRc wK? .......................................................................................140
DBbwRc K¬vwmK (WinZip Classic) .....................................................140
DBbwRc DBRvW© (WinZip Wizard) ..........................................................141
DBbwRc DBRvW© e¨envi K‡i dvBj K‡¤cÖk/wRc Kiv ...................................142
DBbwRc K¬vwmK gyW e¨envi K‡i dvBj K‡¤cÖk/wRc Kiv ...............................146
†d¬vwUs †gby †_‡K dvBj ev †dìvi wRc Kiv ................................................148
dvBj Avb wRc Kiv ..............................................................................148
wRc dvB‡ji †cÖvcvwU©R †`Lv ....................................................................149
dvBj I †dvìvi K‡¤cÖkb (Kg‡cÖm&W GÛ wRc †dvìvi) .................................150
wWwfwW‡Z †WUv Kwc Kiv ........................................................................152
†cb wW‡¯‹ †WUv msiÿY Kiv ...................................................................152
Aa¨vq-13 t Kw¤úDUvi‡K myiwÿZ ivLv
cvmIqvW© fz‡j †M‡j wK Ki‡eb? 156
†dvìvi jK Kiv 157
†dvìvi jK bv K‡i †cÖvMÖvg †_‡K †ei nIqv .................................................160
BDRvi GKvD›U ˆZwi Kiv ....................................................................... 161
BDRvi cvmIqvW© †mU Kiv ......................................................................162
KgwcDUv‡ii cvidi‡gÝ evov‡bv ..............................................................163
÷vU© †gby †_‡K AcÖ‡qvRbxq dvBj ev` †`qv ................................................166
KwgwcDUvi µ¨vk I Zvi cÖwZKv‡ii Dcvq ...................................................167
Aa¨vq-14 t KgwcDUvi fvBivm I Gw›UfvBivm
KgwcDUvi fvBivm ................................................................................169
fvBivm KgwcDUv‡ii wK ÿwZ K‡i? ..........................................................169
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8. 8 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
KgwcDUvi fvBivm Qov‡bvi gva¨gmg~n ......................................................170
fvBiv‡mi gviYv¯¿• t Gw›UfvBivm †cÖvMÖvg ....................................................170
KgwcDUvi fvBivm cÖwZKvi .................................................................... 171
fvBivm †_‡K iÿv cvIqv ....................................................................... 172
Avwfiv Gw›UfvBivm (Avira Antivirus) .......................................................173
Avira AntiVir Personal - FREE Antivirus WvDb‡jvW Kiv .............................173
Avwfiv Gw›UfvBivm BÝUj Kiv ................................................................174
Avwfiv Gw›UfvBivm‡K Avc‡WU Kiv .......................................................... 176
Avwfiv Gw›UfvBiv‡mi e¨envi .................................................................. 176
K¨vmcvivw¯‹ 2010 Gw›UfvBivm ................................................................177
K¨vmcvivw¯‹ 2010 Gw›UfvBivm BÝUj Kiv .................................................177
K¨vmcvivw¯‹ Gw›UfvBivm‡K Avc‡WU Kiv.....................................................178
K¨vmcvivw¯‹ Gw›UfvBiv‡mi e¨envi ............................................................ 179
DB‡ÛvR G·wc‡Z A‡Uvivb Ad K‡i fvBivm †_‡K euvPv ................................. 179
DB‡ÛvR †m‡fb/wfmZvq A‡Uvivb Ad K‡i fvBivm †_‡K euvPv ......................... 182
Aa¨vq-15 t kixi my¯’ †i‡L KgwcDUv‡i KvR Kiv
†Pv‡Li mgm¨v I mgvavb .........................................................................185
†Pv‡Li e¨vqvg .....................................................................................186
nv‡Zi e¨envi .....................................................................................187
Kx-†evW© Gi e¨envi ..............................................................................187
kix‡ii wewfbœ A‡½i e¨vqvg ....................................................................188
wc‡Vi e¨vqvg .......................................................................................189
Nv‡oi e¨vqvg ......................................................................................189
nvZ Ges Kwâi e¨vqvg ...........................................................................189
cv‡qi e¨vqvg ...................................................................................... 190
Kuv‡ai e¨vqvg ...................................................................................... 190
B‡jK‡Uªv g¨vM‡bwUK †iwW‡qkb ................................................................ 190
Mf©eZx‡`i Rb¨ KgwcDUvi e¨envi Kiv ÿwZKi ........................................... 191
†jRvi wcÖ›Uv‡ii ÿwZKi w`K ................................................................... 191
cÖwZ‡iva ............................................................................................ 191
j¨vcU‡c KvR Kivi cwi‡ek ................................................................... 191
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9. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 1
Aa¨vq-1
KgwcDUvi †gBb‡Ub¨vÝ
KgwcDUvi wm‡÷g †_‡K me©vwaK myweav cvIqvi Rb¨ mwVKfv‡e Gi hZœ †bqv,
wbw`©ó mgq ci ci Gi wewfbœ hš¿vsk Ges Avbylw½K hš¿vsk cixÿv-wbixÿvi
gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnY, †Kv‡bv hš¿ wVKgZ KvR bv Ki‡j Zv †givgZ
wKsev cÖ‡qvR‡b cwieZ©b Kiv cÖf„wZ‡K mgwš^Zfv‡e Kw¤úDUvi †gBb‡Ub¨vÝ ev
iÿYv‡eÿY ejv nq| KgwcDUvi †gBb‡Ub¨v݇K mvaviYZ `ywU cÖavb fv‡M fvM
Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv n‡jv t
1. cÖwZ‡ivag~jK iÿYv‡eÿY (Preventive Maintanance)
2. cÖwZKvig~jK iÿYv‡eÿY (Corrective Maintanance)
wcÖ‡fbwUf †gBb‡Ub¨vÝ Gi ˆewkó¨mg~n t
1. KgwcDUv‡i hv‡Z †Kv‡bv ai‡bi mgm¨v m„wó bv nq we‡kl K‡i Gi
nvW©Iq¨viRwbZ †Kv‡bv mgm¨v bv nq †mRb¨ wcÖ‡fbwUf †gBb‡Ub¨vÝ
Gi †ÿ‡Î Av‡M †_‡KB wKQz mZK©Zvg~jK e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
2. KgwcDUv‡ii †ÿ‡Î wcÖ‡fbwUf †gBb‡Ub¨vÝ wn‡m‡e hv Ki‡Z n‡e Zv
n‡”Q iæwUb mvwf©wms ev wK¬wbs|
3. GB ai‡bi †gBb‡Ub¨vÝ Gi †ÿ‡Î cwi‡ekMZ wKQz welq n‡Z
KgwcDUvi‡K myiÿv w`‡Z nq| †hgbÑ AwZwi³ Zvc, ayjvevwj I
Ab¨vb¨ gqjv, b‡qm B›Uviwdqv‡iÝ, ˆe`y¨wZK mgm¨v, K‡ivkb, †PŠ¤^K
†ÿÎ BZ¨vw`|
Kv‡iKwUf †gBb‡Ub¨vÝ Gi ˆewkó¨mg~n t
1. Kv‡iKwUf †gBb‡Ub¨vÝ Gi †ÿ‡Î KgwcDUv‡i m„ó mgm¨v¸‡jv‡K
ms‡kva‡bi Dcvq wb‡q KvR Kiv nq|
2. GB †gBb‡Ub¨vÝ Gi †ÿ‡Î mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Av‡M Aek¨B mgm¨vi
aib, KviY I cÖK…wZ wb‡q wPšÍv K‡i mwVK wm×v‡šÍ †cuŠQ‡Z nq| ZvQvov
mgm¨vwU †Kv_vq †mwUI wba©viY Ki‡Z nq|
3. KgwcDUv‡ii mgm¨v †Kej KgwcDUv‡ii hš¿vsk wb‡qB ev nvW©Iq¨vi
†_‡KB m„wó n‡e Ges Zv nvW©Iq¨vi c×wZ‡ZB mgvavb Ki‡Z n‡e Ggb
†Kv‡bv K_v †bB| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î nvW©Iq¨v‡ii mgm¨v mdUIq¨v‡ii
mvnv‡h¨ mbv³ Ki‡Z nq| ZvB mdUIq¨v‡ii e¨envi Qvov Kv‡iKwUf
†gBb‡Ub¨vÝ ev Uªvejï¨U Z_v nvW©Iq¨v‡ii cÖK…Z e¨envi wbwðZ Kiv
m¤¢e bq|
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10. 2 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
KgwcDUv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †fŠZ I ˆe`y¨wZK cwi‡ek
KgwcDUvi AmsL¨ ms‡e`bkxj B‡j±ªwbK Dcv`vb w`‡q ˆZwi| ZvB wewfbœ †fŠZ
Ae¯’v Gi Dci Lye mn‡RB cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡i| KgwcDUvi e¨e¯’v †_‡K
me©vwaK †mev cvIqvi Rb¨ G‡K Aek¨B Dchy³ †fŠZ cwi‡e‡k ivL‡Z n‡e|
KgwcDUv‡ii ÿwZmvab Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb K‡qKwU †fŠZ Ae¯’v n‡jv t
 AZ¨waK ZvcgvÎv
 AZ¨waK ˆkZ¨
 AwaK Av`ª©Zv
 wbiwew”Qbœ we`y¨r cÖevn bv cvIqv
 ˆe`y¨wZK †ÿ‡Îi D™¢e ev B‡jK‡Uªv÷¨vwUK wWmPvR©
 †PŠ¤^K †ÿÎ m„wó
 ayjvevwj cov
 †auvqv
 cÖvK…wZK ÿq
 †kvi ev b‡qR
 ¯úvBK I mvR©
 B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK †iwW‡qkb ev BGgAvi
 B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK B›Uvidv‡iÝ ev BGgAvB
 B‡jK‡Uªv÷¨vwUK wWmPvR© ev BGmwW
 wewfbœ ai‡bi Zij c`v_© cov
DcwiD³ †fŠZ Ae¯’v QvovI Av‡iv †h me Kvi‡Y KgwcDUv‡ii ÿwZ nevi
m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡”Q t
 gwbU‡i mgm¨v
 WªvBfRwbZ mgm¨v
 mdUIq¨viRwbZ mgm¨v
 fvBivm AvµgY
 ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii d‡j hš¿ ev hš¿vs‡ki ÿwZmvab
KgwcDUv‡ii Ici ZvcgvÎvi cÖfve
KgwcDUvi Aek¨B GKwU wbw`©ó gvÎv ch©šÍ Zvc mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr mvaviY
Ges mnbkxj ZvcgvÎv KgwcDUv‡ii Rb¨ ÿwZKi bq| Z‡e AZ¨waK ZvcgvÎv
KgwcDUv‡ii ÿwZi KviY n‡Z cv‡i| G AwaK ZvcgvÎvi D™¢e wewfbœfv‡e NU‡Z
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11. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 3
cv‡i| GKwU KgwcDUv‡ii Af¨šÍixY ZvcgvÎv e„w× Ges Ab¨wU evwn¨K ev
cwi‡ekMZfv‡e ZvcgvÎv e„w×| Af¨šÍixY ZvcgvÎv bvbv Kvi‡Y e„w× †c‡Z cv‡i|
KgwcDUvi †h‡nZz wewfbœ mvwK©‡Ui mgš^‡q MwVZ GKwU B‡jKUªwbK wWfvBm,
†m‡nZz Gi Af¨šÍi¯’ cÖwZwU B‡jKUªwbK wWfvBmB we`y¨r cÖev‡ni Kvi‡Y DËß
n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i| Avi GB DòZv‡K `ªæZ Kgv‡Z cvi‡j wWfvBmwU `xN©w`b
Kg©ÿg _v‡K| D”P ZvcgvÎvq A‡bK mgq KgwcDUv‡ii wewfbœ hš¿vsk weKj n‡q
†h‡Z cv‡i| we‡kl K‡i †ewk A¨vWvÞvi KvW© mshy³ _vK‡j we`y¨r Pvwn`vI e„w×
cvq| Avi GB Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z wM‡q hš¿wU AZ¨waK DËß n‡q I‡V| G‡Z
B‡jKwUªK mvwK©U bó n‡q hvevi mg~n m¤¢vebv †`Lv †`q| KgwcDUv‡ii wewfbœ
mvwK©‡Ui Zvc MÖnY Ges mnbÿgZv wfbœ| ZvB ZvcgvÎv †ewk n‡j G‡ÿ‡Î
mvwK©UwU weKj n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| m~‡h©i Av‡jv DËvc m„wóKvix cwi‡ekMZ ev
evwn¨K GKwU Dcv`vb| `xN©ÿY mivmwi KgwcDUv‡ii Ici cÖLi m~h©wKiY co‡j
GwU Mig n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i, GgbwK cÖPÐ DËv‡c †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv hš¿cvwZ ev
cøvw÷KRvZxq AveiY M‡j hvIqvI A¯^vfvweK bq|
KgwcDUvi wWfvB‡mi †ÿ‡Î DòZv †Kgb nIqv cÖ‡qvRb? wKfv‡e
DòZv wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq?
KgwcDUv‡ii Rb¨ ¯^vfvweK ZvcgvÎv Avek¨K| G‡Z KgwcDUv‡ii Ici †Zgb
cÖfve c‡o bv| Z‡e Lye †ewk DòZv _vKv DwPZ bq| KgwcDUvi wWfvB‡mi
†ÿ‡Î DòZv †Kv‡bv cÖKv‡iB †hb 40C AwZµg bv K‡i †mw`‡K jÿ¨ ivLv
cÖ‡qvRb| DòZv wbqš¿Y Z_v Kgv‡bvi me‡P‡q fv‡jv Dcvq n‡”Q KgwcDUviwU‡K
wbqwš¿Z DòZvi N‡i ¯’vcb Kiv| A_©vr G‡K kxZvZc wbqwš¿Z N‡i ¯’vcb Kiv|
Z‡e Avgv‡`i g‡Zv GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`‡k G c×wZwUi e¨e¯’v ivLv mevi Rb¨
m¤¢e bvI n‡Z cv‡i| †m †ÿ‡Î wcwmwU‡K Ggb GKwU N‡i ivL‡Z n‡e †hLv‡b
ch©vß evqy PjvP‡ji e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q Ges wba©vwiZ NiwU hv‡Z m~‡h©i Av‡jv †_‡K
`~‡i _v‡K Ges VvÐv nq Zv wbwðZ Kiv|
wK ai‡bi e¨e¯’v wb‡j ZvcgvÎvi ÿwZKi cÖfve †_‡K KgwcDUvi‡K
iÿv Kiv hvq?
ZvcgvÎvi ÿwZKi cÖfve †_‡K KgwcDUvi‡K gy³ ivL‡Z †hme c`‡ÿc †bIqv
cÖ‡qvRb †m¸‡jv n‡”QÑ
 AwaK DËv‡c †gwkb Mig n‡q †M‡j wKQy mg‡qi Rb¨ ˆe`y¨wZK ms‡hvM
gy³ K‡i KgwcDUvi‡K ¯^vfvweK ZvcgvÎvq Avb‡Z n‡e Ges
KgwcDUviwU cybivq e¨env‡ii c~‡e© VvÐv n‡Z h‡_ó mgq †c‡q‡Q wKbv
Zv jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e|
 m¤¢e n‡j hš¿wU‡K kxZvZc wbqwš¿Z N‡i ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi Zv
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12. 4 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
hw` m¤¢e bv nq Z‡e †gvUvgywU evqy PjvPj K‡i Giƒc VvÐv N‡i hš¿wU
¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 KgwcDUv‡i e¨eüZ wmwW Ges wW¯‹mg~n hZUv m¤¢e AZ¨waK DòZvhy³
¯’vb †_‡K mwi‡q ﮋ Ges VvÐv ¯’v‡b ivL‡Z n‡e|
 AZ¨waK DËv‡ci d‡j h‡š¿i mv‡_ †j‡M _vKv ayjvevwj hv‡Z ¯’vqxfv‡e
e‡m bv hvq †m Rb¨ wbqwgZ ayjvevwj cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e|
ayjvevwj I Zvi cÖwZKvi
Lvwj †Pv‡L †`Lv bv †M‡jI evqy‡Z cÖPzi aywjKYv †f‡m †eovq Ges Gme aywjKYv
µgvMZ co‡Z co‡Z ayjvi Av¯ÍiY m„wó K‡i| ïay KgwcDUv‡ii IciB bq,
†h‡Kv‡bv e¯‘i Ici ayjvevwj co‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e B‡jKUªwbK hš¿vw`i Ici ayjv
GKUz †ewkB c‡o| Gi KviY n‡”Q h‡š¿ hLb DËv‡ci m„wó nq ZLb GB DËvc
Øviv evqyw¯’Z aywjKYv mn‡RB AvKwl©Z n‡q c‡o| GQvov KgwcDUv‡ii Af¨šÍi¯’
mvwK©Umg~n ev hš¿vw`i ga¨ w`‡q we`y¨r cÖev‡ni d‡j ˆe`y¨wZK †ÿ‡Îi m„wó n‡j
GB †ÿÎ ØvivI ayjvevwj AvKwl©Z nq| µgvMZfv‡e G cÖwµqv Pj‡Z _vK‡j
hš¿wU ayjvevwj Øviv AvµvšÍ n‡q c‡o Ges ayjv Rg‡Z _v‡K| ˆe`y¨wZK †ÿÎ
QvovI A‡bK mgq B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK wdì ev we`y¨r Pz¤^Kxq †ÿÎ ˆZwi nq hv
evqyw¯’Z PvwR©Z aywjKYv‡K AvKl©Y K‡i wb‡Ri Kv‡Q wb‡q Av‡m| mvaviYZ G
mg¯Í Kvi‡YB KgwcDUvi ayjvevwj Øviv AvµvšÍ nq| ayjvevwj Øviv AvµvšÍ n‡j
KgwcDUv‡ii †hme ÿwZ n‡Z cv‡i †m¸‡jv n‡”Q t
 ayjvevwj ev Ab¨vb¨ m~² gqjv gv`vi‡evW© ev KvW©¸‡jvi Ici R‡g
G‡`i‡K Zvc wewKi‡Y evav cÖ`vb K‡i| d‡j KgwcDUv‡ii †fZ‡ii
B‡jKUªwbK wWfvBm¸‡jv AwZwi³ DËß n‡q I‡V hv KgwcDUvi
wm‡÷‡gi Rb¨ ÿwZKi n‡Z cv‡i|
 ayjvevwj cvIqvi mvcøvB, nvW©wW¯‹, d¬wcwW¯‹ WªvBf cÖf…wZi evqy PjvP‡ji
c‡_ Rgv n‡q evqy PjvP‡j cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i KgwcDUv‡ii e¨vcK
ÿwZmvab Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 KgwcDUv‡ii N~Y©vqgvb As‡k ayjvevwj Rg‡j †mB As‡k N~Y©bMwZ kø_
n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
 DËv‡ci d‡j wewfbœ ¯’v‡b †j‡M _vKv ayjvevwj k³ Ges AvVv‡jv n‡q
hš¿vs‡ki Mv‡q ¯’vqxfv‡e †j‡M _vK‡Z cv‡i|
 A‡bK mgq wW¯‹ WªvB‡f RgvK…Z gqjv G‡K weKjI K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i|
 wewfbœ wcb Ges Kv‡b±‡i c‡o ayjvevwj A·vBW RvZxq c`v_© ˆZwi
K‡i, G‡Z KgwcDUv‡ii ¯^vfvweK KvRKg© A‡bK mgqB e¨vnZ nq|
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13. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 5
 wW‡¯‹i Ici µgvMZ ayjvevwj co‡Z _vK‡j Zv A‡bK †ÿ‡Î wW‡¯‹i
msiwÿZ Z_¨vw`i Awbó mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i|
m‡e©vcwi ayjvevwj KgwcDUvi hš¿vsk Ges mvwK©U¸‡jv‡K ÿwqòz K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i|
KgwcDUvi‡K ayjvevwj n‡Z iÿv Kiv
Kv‡Ri †k‡l KgwcDUviwU eÜ Kivi ci evB‡ii ayjvevwj h_vm¤¢e wUmy¨ ev big
Kvco w`‡q cwi®‹vi K‡i wb‡q mwÂZ Zvc wewKi‡Y KgwcDUvi‡K LvwbKUv mgq
w`‡Z n‡e| Gici hš¿wU VvÐv n‡q G‡j A_©vr ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq Avm‡j Wv÷
Kfvi w`‡q KgwcDUviwU †X‡K w`‡Z n‡e| evRv‡i cøvw÷‡Ki ˆZwi Wv÷ Kfvi
cvIqv hvq hv Avjv`vfv‡e wmwcBD, gwbUi Ges wK‡ev‡W© e¨envi Kiv hvq| Wv÷
Kfvi bv _vK‡j fvwi Kvco w`‡q KgwcDUviwU †X‡K ivL‡Z n‡e †hb †Kv‡bv
AskB evB‡i bv _v‡K| ayjvevwj cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ KgwcDUvi K‡ÿi `iRv-Rvbvjv
eÜ ivLv DwPZ| KgwcDUv‡ii mvg‡b a~gcvb Kiv ev ¸u‡ov Lvevi LvIqv wVK bq|
wbw`©ó mgq AšÍi mwVK wbq‡g KgwcDUvi cwi®‹vi Kiv DwPZ|
wPÎ t BDGmwe wgwb Wv÷ wK¬bvi
KgwcDUvi cwi®‹v‡ii Av`k© Dcvq
KgwcDUvi cwi®‹v‡ii Av`k© Dcvq n‡”Q †eøvqvi A_ev f¨vKzqvg wK¬bvi hš¿
e¨envi| GKwU wbw`©ó mgq AšÍi AšÍi †Kwms Gi XvKbv Kfvi Ly‡j gv`vi‡evW©
Ges wewfbœ KvW©¸‡jv †eøvqvi w`‡q ayjvgy³ ivLv DwPZ| G mgq jÿ ivLv DwPZ
†hb K‡¤úv‡b›Umg~‡ni ms‡hvM boe‡o bv n‡q hvq|
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14. 6 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
wPÎ t f¨vKzqvg wK¬bvi
KgwcDUvi‡K ayjvevwj n‡Z gy³ ivLvi Dcvq
KgwcDUvi‡K ayjvevwj n‡Z gy³ Ki‡Z †h mg¯Í Dcvq Aej¤^b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i
†m¸‡jv n‡”QÑ
 KgwcDUvi eÜ Kivi ciciB GwU VvÐv n‡j Kvco w`‡q Gi
ewnivei‡Yi ayjvevwj gy‡Q cwi®‹vi Kiv|
 mßv‡n AšÍZ GKw`b wK‡evW©, gwbUi, gvDm, wmwcBD BZ¨vw`i Mv‡q
†j‡M _vKv ayjvevwj cwi®‹vi Kiv DwPZ|
 ayjvevwj †iv‡a Wv÷ Kfvi e¨envi Kiv DwPZ|
 KgwcDUviwU KLbB †Lvjv Rvbvjvi cv‡k ivLv wVK bq| G‡Z K‡i
Rvbvjv w`‡q Avmv ayjvevwj Ges e„wó Lye mn‡RB wm‡÷gwU bó K‡i
w`‡Z cv‡i|
 A¨vj‡Kvnj mg„× wK¬bvi, Zzjv ev big mywZ Kvco w`‡q Lye mn‡RB
KgwcDUv‡ii evwn¨K hš¿vsk¸‡jv cwi®‹vi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
 †h mg¯Í ïK‡bv Lvevi ¸uov Drcbœ K‡i Zv KgwcDUv‡ii mvg‡b e‡m
LvIqv DwPZ bq|
 KgwcDUv‡ii mvg‡b e‡m a~gcvb Kiv DwPZ bq| G‡Z a~gcvb mvgMÖxi
QuvB RvZxq ayjv gqjv KgwcDUv‡ii hš¿vs‡k co‡Z cv‡i|
 wmwcBD Ges gwbU‡ii ewniveiY Ly‡j †fZ‡ii gqjv cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z
†eøvqvi ev f¨vKzqvg wK¬bvi e¨envi Kiv DËg|
 mvwK©U‡evW© ev gv`vi‡evW© †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡ZB wfRv Kvco I Zzjv w`‡q
cwi®‹vi Kiv hv‡e bv|
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15. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 7
 Zij RvZxq c`v‡_©i ms¯úk© n‡Z KgwcDUviwU‡K h_vm¤¢e `~‡i ivLv
DwPZ|
 gwbUi w¯Œb cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z ÷¨vwUK wiwWDwms c`v_© gv‡S gv‡S e¨envi
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
 KLbI ivBU Kiv wmwW/wWwfwW BZ¨vw`i †h cv‡k Z_¨ ivBU Kiv n‡q
_v‡K †mLv‡b ¯úk© Kiv DwPZ bq| G‡Z nv‡Z †j‡M _vKv ayjvevwj
†j‡M †h‡Z cv‡i|
 gv‡S gv‡S gvD‡mi Uª¨vKejwU Ly‡j Gi †fZ‡ii Ask cwi®‹vi Kiv
DwPZ|
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16. 8 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
†PŠ¤^KZ¡
KgwcDUv‡ii Rb¨ †PŠ¤^KZ¡ ÿwZi KviY n‡q `uvovq| Pz¤^‡Ki cÖfve †ewk KvR
K‡i KgwcDUvi wW¯‹ Ges wW¯‹ WªvB‡fi Ici| †PŠ¤^K c`v_© d¬wc wW¯‹ ev nvW©
wW‡¯‹i †WUv ¯’vqxfv‡e bó K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| Gi †fZi †KvwU †KvwU AYyPz¤^K
we`¨gvb| ZvB hw` †Kv‡bv kw³kvjx †PŠ¤^K‡ÿÎ ev D”P wefe nvW© wW¯‹ Ges d¬wc
wW‡¯‹i KvQvKvwQ Ae¯’vb K‡i, Z‡e Gme wW‡¯‹i †fZ‡i AYyPz¤^‡Ki web¨vm ev
m¾v G‡jv‡g‡jv n‡q hvq| d‡j G‡Z msiwÿZ Z_¨vw`I G‡jv‡g‡jv ev webó n‡q
hvq| G‡Z e¨enviKvix ÿwZi m¤§yLxb n‡q _v‡Kb|
mvaviYZ M„n¯’vjx‡Z e¨envh© B‡jKwUªK¨vj mvgMÖx D”P wefe ev †PŠ¤^Kxq Av‡ek
m„wó K‡i| M„n¯’vjx‡Z e¨eüZ †Uwjwfkb, wfwmwc, wfwmAvi, †Uwj‡dvb BZ¨vw`
Ges KgwcDUv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ gwbUi, wcÖ›Uvi BZ¨vw` †PŠ¤^Kxq Av‡ek m„wó K‡i
_v‡K| †PŠ¤^Kxq Av‡e‡ki ÿwZKi cÖfve †_‡K iÿv †c‡Z Gme e¨envh© hš¿vw`
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17. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 9
h_vm¤¢e `~‡i ivLv DwPZ| Avi gwbUi, wcÖ›Uvi BZ¨vw` †_‡K wbivc` `~i‡Z¡ wW¯‹ I
wW¯‹ WªvBf ivLv DwPZ| evmvq e¨eüZ †Uwj‡dvb ev †h‡Kv‡bv Z_¨ cwienb
K¨vej KgwcDUvi †_‡K `~‡i ivLv cÖ‡qvRb| G mg¯Í e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡j †PŠ¤^K
cÖfve †_‡K KgwcDUvi‡K iÿv Kiv hvq|
ÿq ev K‡ivkb (Corrosion)
`xN©w`b e¨env‡ii d‡j †h‡Kv‡bv wRwb‡mB ÿqfve †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| KgwcDUviI
Gi evB‡i bq| e¯‘Z KgwcDUvi eû ÿz`ª ai‡bi hš¿vsk †hgb t mvwK©U, ms‡hvM
wcb, B›Uvi‡dm KvW©, wPc, wcb, K¨vej BZ¨vw` wRwb‡mi mgš^‡q MwVZ|
e¨env‡ii †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ch©v‡q GgbwK cÖwZwbqZ G¸‡jv bvbv ai‡bi ivmvqwbK
cwieZ©‡bi m¤§yLxb nq| G‡Z K‡i D³ hš¿vsk¸‡jv miæ n‡q c‡o| G RvZxq
ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b‡KB ÿq ev K‡ivkb e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq| ÿq ev K‡ivkb
(Corrosion) mvaviYZ wZb cÖKvi n‡q _v‡K| G¸‡jv n‡”QÑ
 Aw·‡Wkb cÖwµqv
 AvenvIqvRwbZ ev GU‡gvm‡dwiK ÿq cÖwµqv
 M¨vj‡fwbK ÿq cÖwµqv
KgwcDUvi‡K ÿq cÖwµqv †_‡K iÿv Ki‡Z wewfbœ KgwcDUvi wbg©vZv cÖwZôvb
Zv‡`i Drcvw`Z c‡Y¨ we‡kl ai‡bi avZz I msKi avZzi cÖ‡jc w`‡q _v‡K| Z‡e
Gme KgwcDUvi wKQyUv `vwg| Gme cÖ‡jchy³ cY¨ wKQyUv e¨qeûj n‡jI ÿq
cÖwZ‡ivaKvix| ÿq cÖwµqv †iv‡ai GKwU mnR Dcvq n‡jv wbqwgZ cwi®‹vi Kiv|
wewfbœ B›Uvi‡dm KvW©, K¨vej, ms‡hvM wcb, †¯úÖ `ªeY cvIqv hvq hv e¨envi Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i| big ivevi, Ggvwi K¬_ BZ¨vw` Øviv mn‡RB ms‡hvM ¯’‡j †j‡M _vKv
A·vBW cwi®‹vi Kiv hvq| wewfbœ B›Uvi‡dm KvW©, K¨vej, ms‡hvM wcb, †¯úÖ-Gi
mvnv‡h¨ cwi®‹vi †i‡LI ÿq wbeviY Kiv hvq|
†kvi ev b‡qR
AbvKvw•ÿZ †fv‡ëR, Kv‡i›U, †WUv Ges kã‡K †kvi ev b‡qR (Noise) ejv nq|
KgwcDUvi wcÖ›Uv‡ii kã, w¯úKv‡ii AcÖ‡qvRbxq kã BZ¨vw` b‡q‡Ri AšÍfy©³|
wZb ai‡bi b‡qR n‡jv t
1. kvwãK b‡qRÑ G b‡qR e¨enviKvixi Kv‡Ri g‡bv‡hvM bó K‡i|
2. KgwcDUvi wm‡÷‡gi ÿwZKviK b‡qR|
3. Ab¨vb¨ B‡j±ªwbK hš¿vs‡ki Dci ÿwZKi cÖfve m„wóKvix b‡qR|
wcÖ›Uv‡ii AbvKvw•ÿZ kã n‡jv kvwãK b‡qR| G b‡qR `~i Kivi Rb¨ mvDÛ
Uª¨vwcs Gb‡K¬vRvi e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GQvovI kã †kvlY †dvg (Sound
absorbing foam) e¨envi K‡iI kvwãK b‡qR †_‡K KgwcDUvi‡K iÿv Kiv
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18. 10 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
hvq| wW¯‹ WªvBf I wcÖ›Uv‡ii wb‡P c¨vW e¨envi K‡iI b‡q‡Ri gvÎv Kgv‡bv
hvq| KgwcDUv‡ii cvIqvi mvcøvB, d¨vb, ms‡hvM, K¨vej, d¬y‡i‡m›U jvBU BZ¨vw`
KZ…©K m„ó b‡qR‡K KgwcDUv‡ii wm‡÷g b‡qR ejv nq|
¯úvBK I mvR© (Spike and Surge)
nVvr K‡i AZ¨šÍ ¯^í mg‡qi Rb¨ ˆe`y¨wZK kw³ †e‡o hvIqv‡K ¯úvBK (Spike)
ejv nq| ¯úvBK wbevi‡Yi e¨e¯’v bv _vK‡j mvwK©‡Ui †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv As‡ki ÿwZ
n‡Z cv‡i| ˆe`y¨wZK wef‡ei ÿY¯’vqx †e‡o hvIqv‡K mvR© ejv nq| wgUv‡i
cÖ`k©b Kiv hvq, Kgc‡ÿ GZUzKz mgqKvj ch©šÍ mv‡R©i ¯’vwqZ¡ _v‡K|
B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK †iwW‡qkb ev BGgAvi (EMR)
BGgAvi (EMR) Gi c~Y© bvg ÔB‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK †iwW‡qkbÕ| G ai‡bi
AevwÃZ `~lY ev wewKwiZ iwk¥ KgwcDUUvi e¨e¯’v Ges mswkøó cÖhyw³c‡Y¨i ÿwZ
mvab K‡i _v‡K| BGgAvi‡K g~jZ `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv nq|
1. D”P K¤úvs‡Ki BGgAvi
2. wbæ K¤úvs‡Ki BGgAvi
BGgAvi b‡q‡Ri K¤úvsK hw` 1 nvU©R †_‡K 10 wK‡jvnvU©‡Ri g‡a¨ nq, Z‡e
Zv‡K wbæ K¤úvs‡Ki BGgAvi ev AviGdAvB (†iwWI wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ B›Uvidv‡iÝ)
ejv nq| AviGdAvB (RFI) `yB cÖKvi| h_v t
(K) cwievwnZ AviGdAvB (Conducted RFI)
(L) wewKwiZ AviGdAvB (Rediated RFI)
cwievwnZ AviGdAvB (RFI)
KgwcDUv‡i m„ó b‡qR cvIqvi K‡W©i (Cord) gva¨‡g Gwm cvIqvi jvBb w`‡q
cwievwnZ n‡q AviGdAvB m„wó nq| G‡ÿ‡Î Gwm cvIqvi jvBb G‡›Ubv wn‡m‡e
KvR K‡i Ges b‡qR B›Uvidv‡iÝ †cÖiY K‡i|
wewKwiZ AviGdAvB (RFI)
KgwcDUvi e¨e¯’v Ges Gi mv‡_ mswkøó K¨vej KZ…©K wewKwiZ AviGdAvB
b‡qR‡K wewKwiZ AviGdAvB ejv nq| AviGdAvB (RFI) b‡q‡Ri cÖfve †_‡K
KgwcDUvi gy³ ivL‡Z n‡j t
1. †Uwjwfkb †_‡K KgwcDUvi‡K Kgc‡ÿ 6 dzU `~‡i ivL‡Z nq|
2. wW‡iKkbvj AvDU‡Wvi wUwf G‡›Ubv e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
3. wUwf †m‡Ui mv‡_ jvBb wdëvi mshy³ Ki‡Z nq|
4. UzBb-wjW Iq¨vi (Twin-lead wire) Gi cwie‡Z© G‡›Ubvi Rb¨ 75
In‡gi mgvwÿK K¨vej e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
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19. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 11
B‡j‡±ªvg¨vM‡bwUK B›Uvidv‡iÝ ev BGgAvB (EMI)
BGgAvB ev B‡j‡±ªvg¨vM‡bwUK B›Uvidv‡iÝ KgwcDUv‡ii ÿwZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wewfbœ Drm †_‡K BGgAvB b‡qR m„wó n‡Z cv‡i; †hgb
(K) KjKviLvbvq e¨eüZ hš¿cvwZ
(L) wPwKrmv miÄvgvw`
(M) M‡elYv hš¿cvwZ
(N) B‡jKwUªK †gvUi
(O) wWªj †gwkb
(P) KivZ Kj BZ¨vw`
GQvov KgwcDUv‡ii Af¨šÍi¯’ eZ©bxi Lvivc †mvjWvwis, wXjv ms‡hvM BZ¨vw`i
Kvi‡YI BGgAvB Drcbœ n‡Z cv‡i| BGgAvB ev B‡j‡±ªvg¨vM‡bwUK B›Uvidv‡iÝ
g~jZ wZb cÖKvi| h_v
(K) Uªvw݇q›U BGgAvB (Transient EMI)
(L) B›Uvibvj BGgAvB (Internal EMI)
(M) B‡jK‡Uªv÷¨vwUK wWmPvR© (ESD - Electrostatic discharge)
Uªvw݇q›U BGgAvB (Transient EMI)
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿ ev hš¿vsk Ab/Ad Kivi mgq m„ó ¯úvBK ev
AbvKvw•ÿZ mvov‡K Uªvwm‡q›U BGgAvB ejv nq|
B›Uvibvj BGgAvB (Internal EMI)
gv`vi‡evW© Ges mswkøó Ab¨vb¨ eZ©bx Øviv m„ó b‡qR‡K B›Uvibvj BGgAvB ejv
nq|
B‡jK‡Uªv÷¨vwUK wWmPvR© ev BGmwW (ESD)
¯^íKvj ¯’vqx B‡jKwUªK¨vj wW÷vi‡e݇K (Disturbance) wMøP ejv nq| wMø‡Pi
¯’vwqZ¡ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wWwRUvj mvwK©‡Ui ÿwZ mva‡bi Rb¨ h‡_ó| wMøP (Glitch)
g~jZ B‡jK‡Uªv÷¨vwUK wWmPvR© ev BGmwW (ESD) Gi d‡j Drcbœ nq|
B‡jK‡Uªv÷¨vwUK wWmPvR© wMø‡Pi K‡qKwU Drm n‡jv t
(K) gvby‡li nuvUvPjv
(L) AwZ DËß hš¿vsk
(M) h_vh_ MÖvDwÛs bv _vKv
(N) †Ke‡ji Lvivc wkwìs (Shielding)
(O) Lvivc KvjvB ms‡hvM
(P) Kg Av`ª©Zv
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20. 12 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
BGmwW b‡q‡Ri ÿwZKi cÖfve †_‡K KgwcDUvi iÿ‡Yi Rb¨ wbæwjwLZ e¨e¯’v
†bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i t
1. KgwcDUvi Ges mswkøó hš¿vs‡k Gw›U÷¨vwUK †¯cÖ e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
2. KgwcDUvi K‡ÿ ÷¨vwUK-wd« Kv‡c©U e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
3. KgwcDUvi †Pqv‡ii wb‡P Gw›U÷¨vwUK gv`yi weQv‡Z nq|
4. Av`ª©Zv me mgq 50%-Gi Dc‡i eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ wWwnDwgwWdvqvi
e¨envi Kiv `iKvi|
5. †g‡S‡Z Gw›U÷¨vwUK gv`yi bv w`‡j, Gw›U÷¨vwUK `ªeY Øviv †g‡S
cwi®‹vi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
6. KbWvw±f (Conductive) †dv‡gi Dci wPc ¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq|
7. KgwcDUv‡ii †Kv‡bv hš¿vsk ev mvwK©U ¯úk© Kivi c~‡e© MÖvD‡ÛW avZe
e¯‘ ¯úk© K‡i wb‡Z nq|
BGgAvB (EMI) †_‡K KgwcDUvi iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi Dcvq
BGgAvB b‡qR †_‡K KgwcDUvi iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi Rb¨ wkwìs (Shielding),
MÖvD‡ÛW K¨vej (Grounded Cable), wdëvi (Filter), Uªvw݇q›U †kvlK
(Transient absorber) BZ¨vw` e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| †gUvj Gb‡K¬vRvi ev †gUvj
†Km e¨envi Ki‡j wewfbœ iKg BGgAvB b‡qR KgwcDUv‡ii gv`vi‡evW© wKsev
B›Uvi‡dm mvwK©‡U †cŠuQ‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j BGgAvB-Gi ÿwZKi cÖfve †_‡K
KgwcDUvi A‡bKUv iÿv cvq| wkwìs K¨vej, wkwìs †eW, dvBevi AcwUK
K¨vej, weëBb wdëvi BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡iI BGgAvB b‡qR MÖnY‡hvM¨ gv‡b
Kwg‡q Avbv hvq|
ˆe`y¨wZK kU© mvwK©U
we`y¨rkw³ cÖev‡ni †ÿ‡Î †h c‡_ we`y¨r Kg euvavi m¤§yLxb nq Zv‡K ˆe`y¨wZK
kU©mvwK©U e‡j| we`y¨r mvaviYZ †h c‡_ Kg euvav cvq †m c‡_B mn‡R I `ªæZ
PjvPj K‡i| ˆe`y¨wZK h‡š¿ G ai‡bi cwiw¯’wZ m„wó n‡j gvivZ¥K ÿwZ nq|
GgbwK ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ A‡K‡RvI n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
we`y¨r mieivn mgm¨v
KgwcDUvi cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ b‡qRgy³ cwi”Qbœ we`y¨rkw³ cÖ‡qvRb| B‡jKwUªK¨vj
hš¿vs‡ki Zzjbvq KgwcDUvi cvIqvi jvBb mgm¨v Øviv †ewk AvµvšÍ nq| AwZ
D”P †fv‡ëR wKsev wbæ †fv‡ë‡Ri d‡j KgwcDUv‡ii eZ©bx ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq| GRb¨
KgwcDUv‡i b‡qRgy³ we`y¨‡Zi Aweivg mieivn wbwðZ Kiv GKvšÍ Riæwi|
cvIqvi jvBb mgm¨v cÖavbZ wZb ai‡bi| h_vÑ
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21. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 13
1. eªvDbAvDU (Brownout)
2. eøvKAvDU (Blackout)
3. Uªvbwm‡q›U (Transient)
eªvDbAvDU (Brownout)
cwiKwíZ ev AcwiKwíZ †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y mieivn †fv‡ëR K‡g hvIqv‡K
eªvDbAvDU ejv nq| AwZwi³ we`y¨r Pvwn`vi d‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq we`y¨r Pvwn`v
†gUv‡bvi AÿgZvi Kvi‡Y G NUbv N‡U|
eøvKAvDU (Blackout)
nVvr we`y¨rkw³ P‡j hvIqv‡K eøvKAvDU ejv nq| So, myBwPs mgm¨v BZ¨vw` bvbv
Kvi‡Y G NUbv NU‡Z cv‡i| eøvKAvD‡Ui mgq KgwcDUv‡ii i¨vg n‡Z me Z_¨
gy‡Q hvq| S‡oi mgq eøvKAvD‡Ui ci we`y¨r mvcøvB cybivq Pvjy n‡j mewKQy
ch©‡eÿY K‡i KgwcDUvi mPj Kiv DwPZ| we‡kl K‡i evB‡i eRªcvZ Ae¨vnZ
_vK‡j KgwcDUvi mPj Kiv wVK bq| KviY G mgq ¯úvBK m„wó n‡q
KgwcDUv‡ii wewfbœ eZ©bx ev cy‡iv e¨e¯’vwU‡K weKj K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i|
Uªvbwm‡q›U (Transient)
we`y¨r mieivn jvB‡b m„ó †fv‡ëR ev Kv‡i‡›Ui A‡cÿvK…Z eo ai‡bi ¯úvBK‡K
Uªvbwm‡q›U ejv nq| A‡bK Uªvbwm‡q›U cvIqvi mvcøvB Øviv euvavcÖvß n‡q wbt‡kl
nq, wKš‘ A‡bK Uªvbwm‡q›U GB euvav AwZµg K‡i KgwcDUv‡ii eZ©bx‡Z †cŠu‡Q|
d‡j Z_¨ gy‡Q hvq ev cwiewZ©Z n‡q hvq| Avevi KLbI KLbI eZ©bx m¤ú~Y©fv‡e
weKj n‡q hvq|
we`y¨r mieivnRwbZ mgm¨v cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Dcvq t
KgwcDUvi‡K wbivc` ivLvi Rb¨ we`y¨‡Zi mieivnRwbZ mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv
Riæwi| GRb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i|
1. AvB‡mv‡jUi, †i¸‡jUi, wdëvi, mvR© cÖ‡U±i cÖf„wZ e¨envi K‡i
we`y¨‡Zi mvR© wKsev †fv‡ë‡Ri nVvr †e‡o hvIqvi gvivZ¥K ÿwZ †_‡K
KgwcDUvi‡K iÿv Kiv hvq|
2. †fv‡ëR‡K GKwU wbw`©ó gvÎvq w¯’i ivLvi Rb¨ g~j we`y¨r mieivn
jvB‡b †i¸‡jUi e¨envi Kiv hvq|
3. †fv‡ëR ÷¨vwejvBRvi e¨envi K‡i wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv h‡š¿ w¯’i we`y¨r
mieivn Kiv hvq|
4. wbw`©ó hš¿ †hgbÑ KgwcDUv‡ii mv‡_ BDwcGm jvMv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|
wKQz wKQz BDwcGm G weëBb †fv‡ëR ÷¨vwejvBRvi _vKvi d‡j GKB
mv‡_ w¯’i gvÎvi we`y¨r miveivn wbwðZ Kivi cvkvcvwk we`y¨r P‡j
hvevi ciI wKQzÿY GB mieivn cvIqv hvq|
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22. 14 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
5. we`y¨‡Zi g~j ms‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ AvBwcGm mshy³ K‡i †mLvb †_‡K GK ev
GKvwaK ˆe`y¨wZK h‡š¿ we`y¨r mieivn Ki‡j `xN©ÿY a‡i ˆe`y¨wZK
hš¿cvwZ e¨envi Kiv hvq|
6. m¤¢e n‡j †cv‡U©ej †Rbv‡iUi e¨envi Kiv hvq| we`y¨r P‡j hvevi mv‡_
mv‡_ †Rbv‡iUi Pvjy K‡i w`‡q `xN©ÿY we`y¨r mieivn wbwðZ Kiv hvq|
BDwcGm (UPS)
BDwcGm (UPS)-Gi c~Y© bvg Uninterruptible Power Supply| GwU we‡kl GK
ai‡bi we`y¨r mieivn e¨e¯’v| Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †MŠY mÂqK †Kvl ev e¨vUvwi hv
we`y¨rkw³ mÂq K‡i iv‡L| d‡j nVvr K‡i we`y¨r mieivn eÜ n‡q †M‡j G‡Z
mwÂZ we`y¨r KgwcDUv‡i we`y¨rkw³ mieivn K‡i| mieivn eÜ nIqvi GK †_‡K
`yB wgwj‡m‡K‡Ûi g‡a¨ cÖwµqvwU m¤úbœ nq| KgwcDUv‡ii mv‡_ BDwcGm
e¨envi Kiv n‡j we`y¨r mieivn eÜ nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ BDwcGm-G RgvK…Z
we`y¨‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ KgwcDUvi mPj _v‡K| evRv‡i wewfbœ mg‡qi e¨vKAvc
msewjZ BDwcGm cvIqv hvq| d‡j e¨enviKvixMY we`y¨r mieivn eÜ nIqvi
ci BDwcGm-Gi e‡`Šj‡Z cwiPvwjZ KgwcDUv‡ii ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †WUvmg~n G mg‡qi
g‡a¨ msiÿY Ki‡Z cv‡i| ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq KgwcDUv‡ii we`y¨r mieiv‡ni Rb¨
ms‡hvMe¨e¯’v BDwcGm-Gi g‡a¨ w`‡qB Kiv nq, †hb mieivn eÜ nIqv gvÎB
BDwcGm Zvi KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i| evRv‡i wewfbœ ÿgZvi BDwcGm cvIqv
hvq| G¸‡jv 5/10 wgwbU †_‡K ïiæ K‡i K‡qK NÈv ch©šÍ wbiwew”Qbœ we`y¨‡Zi
mieivn wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wPÎ t BDwcGm
BDwcGm e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î †hme ˆewk‡ó¨i Dci we‡kl `„wó †`qv cÖ‡qvRb t
1. BDwcGm Gi c~Y© we`y¨r kw³ mieiv‡ni ÿgZv ev Iqv‡UR K¨vcvwmwUi
mv‡_ cvIqvi d¨v±iI RwoZ _v‡K| GwU mvaviYZ 1 nIqv cÖ‡qvRb hv
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23. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 15
ev¯Í‡e m¤¢e bv n‡jI Zv †hb 0.8 Gi wb‡P bv bv‡g †mwU we‡ePbvq
ivLv DwPZ|
2. ¯^vfvweK we`y¨r mieivn eÜ n‡q hvevi ci BDwcGm †hb 2 †_‡K 4
wgwj‡m‡K‡Ûi g‡a¨ PvR© Ifvi Ki‡Z cv‡i †mwU †Lqvj ivLv cÖ‡qvRb|
3. GKwU BDwcGm †h cwigvY †jvW MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi cy‡ivUvB e¨envi
Kiv DwPZ bq| AšÍZc‡ÿ kZKiv 80 fvM †jvW e¨envi Kiv DwPZ|
bB‡j Gi Dci gvÎvwZwi³ Pvc c‡o †M‡j ÿwZi KviY n‡Z cv‡i|
4. †hme BDwcGm G A‡Uv †f‡ëR †i¸‡jUi ev ÷¨vwejvBRvi i‡q‡Q
†m¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv DwPZ|
5. BDwcGm e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î mwVKfv‡e ˆe`y¨wZK ms‡hvM cÖ`vb Kiv
DwPZ|
jvBb B›UviA¨vKwUf BDwcGm (Line interactive UPS) t jvBb B›UviA¨vKwUf
BDwcGm¸‡jv BbfvU©vi‡K jvB‡b †gb‡UBb K‡i Ges hLb we`y¨r P‡j hvq ZLb
we`y¨r mieiv‡ni Rb¨ bigvj PvwR©s †gvW †_‡K e¨vUvwii DC Kv‡i›U cv_‡K
wiwW‡i± K‡i| 1 kVA Gi wb‡Pi AwaKvsk BDwcGm¸‡jvB jvBb B›UviA¨vKwUf
ev ÷¨vÛevB ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K †h¸‡jv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg `vgx|
BDwcGm Gi ¯’vwqZ¡ e„w×i Dcvq
BDwcGm n‡Z cwic~Y© †mev †c‡Z PvB‡j ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQz wel‡qi cÖwZ `„wó ivL‡Z
n‡e| A‡bK e¨enviKvixB KgwcDUv‡i KvR Kivi ci hLb KgwcDUviwU eÜ K‡i
†`q ZLb cvkvcvwk BDwcGm-wU‡KI we`y¨‡Zi ms‡hvM jvBb n‡Z wew”Qbœ K‡i
iv‡L| GwU †gv‡UI Kiv DwPZ bq| †h‡nZz BDwcGm cÖavb we`y¨‡Zi jvBb †_‡K
we`y¨r †K wbR e¨vUvwi‡Z mÂq K‡i iv‡L †m‡nZz hw` g~j ms‡hvM jvBb †_‡K
GwU‡K wew”Qbœ ivLv nq Z‡e BDwcGm G mwVKfv‡e PvR© nq bv| ZvB GwU we`y¨r
mÂq Ki‡Z cv‡i bv d‡j hLb we`y¨r P‡j hvq ZLb †mwU mwVKfv‡e I `xN©ÿY
we`y¨r mieivn Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GRb¨ KgwcDUvi eÜ Kivi ci PvB‡j BDwcGm
Gi Ab Kivi evUbwU Ad Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ g~j we`y¨r jvB‡bi myBPwU Ad
Kiv hv‡e bv| G‡Z me mgq BDwcGm-wU c~Y© Pv‡R© _vK‡e Ges `xN©w`b Zvi †mev
DËgiƒ‡c w`‡Z mÿg n‡e|
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24. 16 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
†fv‡ëR ÷¨vwejvBRvi (Voltage Stabilizer)
we`y¨‡Zi nVvr IVv-bvgv RwbZ mgm¨v‡K wbqš¿YKvix GKwU hš¿ n‡”Q †fv‡ëR
÷¨vwejvBRvi| KgwcDUvi AZ¨šÍ ms‡e`bkxj GKwU ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿| Gi Rb¨
wbiwew”Qbœ we`y¨r mieiv‡ni cÖ‡qvRb| cÖevngvÎv I wefe cv_©‡K¨i m~²
cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡YI Gi A‡bK ÿwZ n‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡`i †`‡k we`y¨r e¨e¯’vq
†fv‡ë‡Ri cwigvY mvaviYZ 220 †fvë| wKš‘ AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB D³ gvÎv n«vm-
e„w× n‡q me©wbæ 120 †fvë †_‡K m‡e©v”P 290 †fvë ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| we`y¨‡Zi
GB A¯^vfvweK AvPi‡Y KgwcDUv‡i e¨eüZ m~² hš¿mg~‡n ÿwZi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
ZvB me©`v GB cÖevngvÎv I wefe cv_©‡K¨i wbZ¨Zv eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ †fv‡ëR
÷¨vwejvBRvi (Voltage Stabilizer) e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| we`y¨r cÖev‡ni gvÎv n«vm-
e„w× n‡q hv-B mieivn †nvK bv †Kb †fv‡ëR ÷¨vwejvBRvi D³ gvÎv‡K wbqš¿Y
K‡i MÖnY‡hvM¨ gvÎvq (220 †fvë) mieivn K‡i _v‡K| d‡j g~j we`y¨r jvB‡b
we`y¨‡Zi cwigvY n«vm-e„w× n‡jI KgwcDUv‡i MÖnY‡hvM¨ we`y¨r mieivn n‡q
_v‡K| †Kvb Kvi‡Y †fv‡ëR ÷¨vwejvBRv‡ii ÿgZvi †ewk we`y¨r cÖevwnZ n‡q
†M‡j mv‡_ mv‡_ †fv‡ëR ÷¨vwejvBRv‡ii Af¨šÍ‡i _vKv wdDRwU cy‡o wM‡q
ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ‡K ÿwZi nvZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i _v‡K|
wPÎ t †fv‡ëR ÷¨vwejvBRvi
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25. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 17
÷¨vwejvBRvi‡K cÖ_‡g ˆe`y¨wZK jvB‡bi m‡½ ms‡hvM Kiv nq| Zvici †mLvb
†_‡K KgwcDUv‡i kw³ mieivn Kiv nq| G‡Z KgwcDUv‡ii Rb¨ wba©vwiZ
cwiwgwZi †Kvb cwieZ©b n‡j Zv mivmwi Gi Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i bv|
evRv‡i wewfbœ ÿgZvi †fv‡ëR ÷¨vwejvBRvi cvIqv hvq| ˆe`y¨wZK h‡š¿i ÿgZv
†fvë-A¨vw¤úqv‡ii cwigv‡Yi Dci wbf©i K‡i ZvB cÖ‡qvRbxq ÿgZvm¤úbœ
†fv‡ëR ÷¨vwejvBRvi †Kbv DwPZ| mvaviYZ 500 †_‡K 600 wfG ÿgZvm¤úbœ
†fv‡ëR ÷¨vwejvBRvi †Kvb mvaviY KgwcDUvi I wcÖ›Uv‡ii Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv n‡q
_v‡K|
AvBwcGm (IPS)
AvBwcGm (IPS) Gi c~Y© bvg Instant Power Supply| AvBwcGm n‡jv Ggb
GKwU wWfvBm hvi g‡a¨ we`y¨rkw³‡K mÂq K‡i ivLv nq Ges g~j we`y¨r mieivn
jvB‡b we`y¨r P‡j †M‡j wbw`©ó mgq ch©šÍ Gi g‡a¨ mwÂZ we`y¨r mieivn K‡i
ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ‡K Pvjv‡bv m¤¢eci nq| AvBwcGm Gi g~j wWfvBmwUi †fZi
GKwU e¨vUvwi mshy³ _v‡K †hLv‡b cÖPwjZ we`y¨r jvBb †_‡K we`y¨r G‡m †mwU‡K
wiPvR© K‡i iv‡L| mvaviY we`y¨r jvB‡b †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y we`y¨r mieivn eÜ n‡j
wiPvR© ev mwÂZ we`y¨r †_‡K hš¿ Pvjv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³ mieivn Kiv nq|
BDwcGm Gi PvB‡Z AvBwcGm G AwaK mgq we`y¨‡Zi mieivn cvevi wbðqZv
i‡q‡Q| †mRb¨ M„n¯’vwj‡Z e¨eüZ B‡jKUªwb· cY¨ †hgbÑ †Uwjwfkb, †iwWI,
wWwfwW †cøqvi, ˆe`y¨wZK cvLv, ˆe`y¨wZK evwZ, KgwcDUvi cÖf„wZ Pvjv‡Z
†jvW‡kwWs PjvKvjxb mg‡q AvBwcGm e¨envi Kiv nq| g~j jvB‡b we`y¨r P‡j
hvIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_B AvBwcGm Zvi mwÂZ we`y¨r mieivn Kiv ïiæ K‡i| welqwU
GZ `ªæZ N‡U †h e¨enviKvix Zv eyS‡ZI cv‡ib bv| AvBwcGm Gi kw³ hZ
†ewk nq †mwU ZZ †ewk mgq a‡i we`y¨rkw³ mieivn Ki‡Z cv‡i|
KgwcDUvi K‡ÿi †fŠZ I ˆe`y¨wZK cwi‡ek
KgwcDUv‡ii ms‡e`bkxj hš¿vsk¸‡jv‡K Kvh©ÿg ivLvi Rb¨ Gi wbivc` †fŠZ
cwi‡ek _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| we‡kl K‡i KgwcDUvi‡K †h K‡ÿ ivLv nq †mLvbKvi
†fŠZ cwi‡e‡ki Dci bRi †`qv Riæwi| G‡ÿ‡Î mwVK †fŠZ cwi‡ek eRvq
ivLvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi e¨e¯’v¸‡jv MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i t
1. KgwcDUvi‡K Ggb K‡ÿ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e †hLv‡b Lye †ewk Mig ev Lye
†ewk VvÐv bv c‡o| KgwcDUv‡ii wewfbœ hš¿vsk KZ…©K m„ó Zvc hv‡Z
mylgfv‡e evB‡i †ewi‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ KgwcDUvi K‡ÿi
ZvcgvÎv LvwbKUv VvÐv nIqv PvB Z‡e Lye †ewk bq| m¤¢e n‡j GRb¨
N‡i Gwm jvwM‡q †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avi †mwU m¤¢e bv n‡j
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †h KÿwU GKUz VvÐv †mLv‡b ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
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26. 18 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
2. ayjvevwj hv‡Z KgwcDUv‡ii wewfbœ As‡k Rg‡Z bv cv‡i †m iKg GKwU
¯’v‡b KgwcDUvi ivL‡Z n‡e| we‡kl K‡i Rvbvjvi cvk †_‡K h_vm¤¢e
`~‡i ivLv cÖ‡qvRb| cÖwZw`b KgwcDUv‡ii Dc‡ii Ask‡K Ges gv‡S
g‡a¨ wmwcBD Ly‡j †fZiUv †eøvqvi w`‡q cwi®‹vi Ki‡jB ayjvevwj †_‡K
iÿv cvIqv hv‡e| we‡kl K‡i gv`vi‡evW©wU‡K fv‡jv K‡i ayjvgy³ Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb| wbqwgZ Kv‡Ri ci Wv÷ Kfvi w`‡q KgwcDUvi‡K †X‡K
w`‡j ayjvevwj †_‡K KgwcDUvi‡K A‡bKvs‡k iÿv Kiv hvq|
3. KgwcDUv‡ii Dci hv‡Z mivmwi m~‡h©i Av‡jv bv c‡o †mRb¨ G‡K
Rvbvjvi cv‡k ivLv wVK bq| `xN©ÿY m~‡h©i DËv‡c †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv
hš¿vsk DËß n‡q M‡j hvevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
4. M„n¯’vjx‡Z e¨eüZ †Uwjwfkb, wfwmwc, wfwmAvi, †Uwj‡dvb BZ¨vw` Ges
KgwcDUv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ gwbUi, wcÖ›Uvi BZ¨vw`i g‡Zv †PŠ¤^Kxq Av‡ek
m„wóKvix e¨envh© hš¿vw` KgwcDUvi †_‡K h_vm¤¢e `~‡i ivLv DwPZ| Avi
gwbUi, wcÖ›Uvi BZ¨vw` †_‡K wbivc` `~i‡Z¡ wW¯‹ I wW¯‹ WªvBf ivLv
DwPZ| evmvq e¨eüZ †Uwj‡dvb ev †h‡Kv‡bv Z_¨ cwienb K¨vej
KgwcDUvi †_‡K `~‡i ivLv cÖ‡qvRb|
5. AviGdAvB (RFI) b‡q‡Ri cÖfve †_‡K KgwcDUvi‡K gy³ ivLvi Rb¨
†Uwjwfkb †_‡K KgwcDUvi‡K Kgc‡ÿ 6 dzU `~‡i ivL‡Z n‡e Ges
wW‡iKkbvj AvDU‡Wvi wUwf G‡›Ubv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| cvkvcvwk wUwf
†m‡Ui mv‡_ jvBb wdëvi mshy³ Ki‡Z n‡e| UzBb-wjW Iq¨vi (Twin-
lead wire) Gi cwie‡Z© G‡›Ubvi Rb¨ 75 In‡gi mgvwÿK K¨vej
e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
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27. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 19
6. KgwcDUv‡ii cvIqvi mvcøvB, d¨vb, ms‡hvM, K¨vej, d¬y‡i‡m›U jvBU
BZ¨vw` KZ…©K m„ó b‡qR‡K A_©vr KgwcDUv‡ii wm‡÷g b‡qR‡K
KgwcDUvi Kÿ †_‡K gy³ ivLv cÖ‡qvRb|
7. B‡jKwUªK¨vj hš¿vs‡ki Zzjbvq KgwcDUvi cvIqvi jvBb mgm¨v Øviv
†ewk AvµvšÍ nq| AwZ D”P †fv‡ëR wKsev wbæ †fv‡ë‡Ri d‡j
KgwcDUv‡ii eZ©bx ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq| GRb¨ KgwcDUv‡i b‡qRgy³ we`y¨‡Zi
Aweivg mieivn wbwðZ Kiv GKvšÍ Riæwi| ZvB we`y¨‡Zi IVv bvgv
†iva Ki‡Z †fv‡ëR ÷¨vwejvBRvi e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| KgwcDUv‡ii
mv‡_ BDwcGm e¨envi Ki‡j Zv ˆe`y¨wZK av°v mvg‡j wb‡Z cv‡i Ges
we`y¨r P‡j †M‡jI wKQz mg‡qi Rb¨ KgwcDUvi‡K mPj ivL‡Z cv‡i|
mivmwi AvBwcGm Gi jvB‡b KgwcDUvi e¨envi Ki‡j we`y¨r P‡j
†M‡jI e¨enviKvix Zv eyS‡Z cv‡ib bv| AvBwcGm KgwcDUv‡i 1
NÈviI †ewk we`y¨‡Zi mieivn wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB m¤¢e n‡j
`xN©ÿY †mev †`q Ggb ai‡bi AvBwcGm e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
KgwcDUv‡ii iæwUb ev wbqwgZ iÿYv‡eÿY
iÿYv‡eÿY cÖwµqv‡K ejv nq iæwUb wcÖ‡fw›Uf ev wbqwgZ cÖwZiÿvg~jK
iÿYv‡eÿY| †hgb t cÖwZ gv‡m AšÍZ GKevi wmwW-ig/wWwfwW-ig WªvBf
cwi®‹vi Kiv DwPZ|
ˆ`wbK †hme wel‡qi w`‡K jÿ¨ ivLv cÖ‡qvRb t
 cvIqvi Ab Kivi mgq Zv h_vh_fv‡e n‡q‡Q wKbv †mwU †`Lv|
 wW¯‹ WªvB‡fi Ôivb-jvBU AbÕ n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv jÿ¨ Kiv|
 wcÖ›Uv‡i †Kv‡bv wcÖw›Us Gi c~‡e© K¨vej ms‡hvM †`‡L, KvMR h_vh_ ¯’v‡b
¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv †`Lv|
 KgwcDUv‡ii Ici mivmwi m~h©v‡jvK co‡Q wKbv Zv jÿ¨ Kiv|
 N‡ii Av`ª©Zv cixÿv Kiv|
 ˆ`wbK e¨env‡ii mgq wj‡L ivLv|
 †gwkb h_vh_fv‡e kvU WvDb Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv jÿ¨ ivLv|
cÖwZ mßv‡n KgwcDUv‡ii †h ai‡bi hZœ †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb t
 †h †W¯‹wUi Ici KgwcDUvi ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi Pvicv‡k †h me
¯’v‡b ay‡jv-gqjv R‡g _v‡K Zv cwi®‹vi Kiv|
 KgwcDUviwUi evB‡i †h me ¯’v‡b ay‡jv-gqjv †j‡M _v‡K Zv gy‡Q
†djv|
 gwbUi cwi®‹vi Kiv| G‡ÿ‡Î Gw›U÷¨vwUK †¯úÖ ev `ªeY wKsev Kvco
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28. 20 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
 wcÖ›Uvi I Ab¨vb¨ †cwi‡divj cwi®‹vi Kiv|
 †Uwej, †Pqvi, †g‡S BZ¨vw`‡Z ayjv R‡g _vK‡j Zv cwi®‹vi Kiv|
 cÖwZw`b wcÖ›U Kivi cÖ‡qvRb co‡j †QvU †QvU KvM‡Ri UzKiv GLv‡b
†mLv‡b c‡o _vK‡Z cv‡i| G me UzK‡iv cwi®‹vi Kiv|
 e¨eüZ KvMRcÎ ¸wQ‡q ivLv|
 mßv‡n AšÍZ GKw`b ¯‹¨vbwW¯‹, wWd«¨vM‡g›U †cÖvMÖvg Pvjbv Kiv|
cÖwZ gv‡m KgwcDUv‡ii †hme iÿYv‡eÿY ev hZœ †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb t
 gvDm Ly‡j cixÿv Kiv G‡Z †Kv‡bv gqjvi Av¯Íi c‡o‡Q wKbv Zv
†`Lv| Av¯Íi co‡j Zv cwi®‹vi K‡i †djv|
 †fw›U‡jkb wdëvi cixÿv Kiv| G‡Z †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j Zv `ªæZ
cwieZ©b Kiv|
 e¨eüZ wcÖ›Uv‡ii †fZ‡ii Ask cixÿv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î
mZK© n‡Z n‡e|
 KgwcDUv‡ii †fZ‡ii As‡k †j‡M _vKv ayjvevwj cwi®‹vi Kiv|
 wewfbœ ms‡hvM wcb Ges ms‡hv‡M †j‡M _vKv gqjv cwi®‹vi Kiv| Z‡e
wc‡b †hb †Kv‡bv Pvc ev AuvPo bv jv‡M|
Qq gvm ci ci wK ai‡bi hZœ †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i?
Qq gvm ci ci KgwcDUv‡ii evwn¨K h‡Zœi †P‡q Gi Af¨šÍixY h‡Zœi w`‡K †ewk
g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e| G mgqKvi hZœ¸‡jv n‡”Q
 K¨vej ms‡hvM Ly‡j †d‡j G‡Z gqjv †j‡M _vK‡j ev Av¯Í‡ii m„wó n‡j
Zv cwi®‹vi Kiv|
 K¨vej cybtms‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î mveavbZv Aej¤^b Kiv †hb AwaK Pv‡c
ms‡hvM wcb †eu‡K bv hvq|
 wcÖ›UviwU cixÿv K‡i †`Lv| AwaK e¨env‡i wieb/KvwU©R-Gi †gqv`
†k‡li w`‡K _vK‡j Zv jÿ ivLv|
 †f›U wdëvi cwieZ©b Kiv|
 gv`vi‡evW© Ges Ab¨vb¨ mvwK©U †evW© cixÿv Kiv Ges G‡Z A·vBW ev
gqjv co‡j cwi®‹viK c`v_© Øviv cwi®‹vi Kiv| G †ÿ‡Î h_vh_
mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv DwPZ|
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29. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 21
Aa¨vq-2
KgwcDUvi †Kwms
KgwcDUvi †Km n‡jv Ggb GKwU GjvKv hv KgwcDUv‡ii cÖavb
K‡¤úv‡b›U¸‡jv‡K enb K‡i| G‡K KgwcDUvi †Pwmm, K¨vwe‡bU, e·, UvIqvi,
Gb‡K¬vRvi, nvDwRs ev ïay †Km bv‡gI WvKv n‡q _v‡K| KgwcDUvi †KmwU
cvIqvi mvcøvB, gv`vi‡evW©, i¨vg, MÖvwd· KvW©, j¨vb KvW©, mvDÛ KvW©, nvW©wW¯‹,
wmwW/wWwfwW ig WªvBf ev ivBUvi BZ¨vw`i g‡Zv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© hš¿vsk¸‡jv‡K GKwU
KvVv‡gvi †fZi Ave× ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| KgwcDUvi †Km mvaviYZ w÷j
(w÷j, B‡jKwUªK¨vwj †µv‡gU †Kv‡UW ev SECC) ev A¨vjywgwbqvg w`‡q ˆZwi|
A‡bK mgq cøvw÷K I Kv‡Vi g‡Zv e¯‘I G‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq| KgwcDUv‡ii
cvIqvi mvcøvB BDwbUwU †Kwms‡qi †fZi mvaviYZ weëBb _v‡K|
wPÎ t ATX KgwcDUvi †Km
wPÎ t GKwU UvIqvi †Kwms
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30. 22 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
†Kwms e¨env‡i KiYxq t
 Ab/Ad Kivi mgq myB‡P Lye †Rv‡i Pvc w`‡eb bv|
 †Kwms Gi wcQb w`‡K †Lvjv‡gjv ivL‡eb| KviY KgwcDUvi Pvjy
Ae¯’vq Kzwjs d¨vb Pj‡Z _v‡K|
 †`qvj ev †Kvb wKQy Mv‡q jvwM‡q †Kwms ivL‡eb bv|
 gv‡S gv‡S †Kwms Gi evwn‡i w`K Kvco w`‡q cwi®‹vi Kiæb|
 gv‡S gv‡S †Kwms Gi ms‡M mshy³ cøvM¸‡jv cixÿv Kiæb| †KvbUv
wX‡j n‡q _vK‡j k³ K‡i jvMvb| jvMvevi mgq †ewk †Rv‡i Pvc
w`‡eb bv|
 †Kwms mwVKfv‡e ivLyb| D‡ëv K‡i ivL‡eb bv|
 KvR †k‡l wKQyÿY ci †KwmswU Wv÷ Kfvi ev Ab¨ wKQy w`‡q †X‡K
ivLyb|
 cvIqvi mvcøvB hw` fvj bv nq Zvn‡j we‡kl K‡i DB‡Ûv KivÞ n‡Z
cv‡i, Pvjbvq Amyweav n‡Z cv‡i| ‡mRb¨ fvjgv‡bi cvIqvi mvcøvB
m¤^wjZ †Kwms †Kbv DwPZ|
 ˆe`y¨wZK e¨e¯’v Avw_©s Kiv bv _vK‡j KgwcDUvi Pvjy Ae¯’vq †Kwms Gi
avZe As‡k ¯úk© Ki‡eb bv| we`y¨r kK Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 †Kwms cwi¯‹vi Kivi mgq cvIqvi Ad K‡i cvIqvi KW© Ly‡j †djyb|
wjKzBW †h c`v_© w`‡q cwi¯‹vi Kiv n‡e Zv †Kwms bv †X‡j Kvc‡o †X‡j
w`‡q Zv w`‡q cwi¯‹vi Kiæb| †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z wjKzBW Mwo‡q
wfZ‡i bv c‡o|
 †Kwms Gi wfZ‡ii gqjv cwi¯‹vi Kivi Rb¨ XvKbv Ly‡j cÖ_‡g eªvk
w`‡q Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í gqjv cwi¯‹vi K‡i c‡o †eøvqvi w`‡q wK¬b Ki‡Z n‡e|
KgwcDUvi †Km Gi Kfvi †Lvjv
1. cv‡m©vbvj KgwcDUvi¸‡jv‡Z mvaviYZ wgW-UvIqvi †Km¸‡jv e¨eüZ
n‡q _v‡K| Gme †K‡mi Kfvi Ly‡j †fZ‡ii gqjv cwi¯‹vi Ki‡Z nq|
†Kwms †Lvjvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv wb‡Z n‡e t
2. KgwcDUvi †K‡mi mv‡_ jvMv‡bv cvIqvi K¨vej mshy³ _vK‡j †m¸‡jv
Ly‡j wbb| †h cvIqvi KW© †_‡K KgwcDUv‡i cvIqvi G‡m‡Q †mwUI eÜ
Kiæb|
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31. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 23
3. Gevi KgwcDUvi †K‡mi †cQ‡bi AskwU‡K Nywi‡q Avcbvi mvg‡bi
w`‡K wb‡q Avmyb| GLv‡b wKQz ¯Œz jvMv‡bv Av‡Q †`L‡Z cv‡eb|
4. ¯Œz WªvBfvi e¨envi K‡i GKcv‡ki XvKbv †h `ywU ev wZbwU ¯Œz w`‡q
AvUKv‡bv Av‡Q †m¸‡jv Ly‡j †djyb| ¯Œz¸‡jv‡K wbivc` †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b
ivLyb hv‡Z cieZ©x‡Z Avevi †m¸‡jv Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq|
5. Gevi †Km Gi XvKbvwU mvgvb¨ wcQ‡bi w`‡K †U‡b XvKbvwU Ly‡j †djyb|
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32. 24 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
6. wKQz wKQz KgwcDUvi †Km _v¤^¯Œz w`‡q jvMv‡bv _v‡K| Avevi wKQz wKQz
†K‡m †Kv‡bv ¯Œz _v‡K bv| Gi e`‡j †mLv‡b wK¬c RvZxq †Kv‡bv e¨e¯’vq
XvKvbv AvU‡K ivLvi e¨e¯’v _v‡K| _v¤^¯Œz Gi †ÿ‡Î †m¸‡jv AvOyj w`‡q
Nywi‡q Nywi‡q Kz‡j †djv hvq| Avi wK¬c RvZxq e¨e¯’v _vK‡j
wK¬c¸‡jv‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K mvgvb¨ Pvc w`‡j ms‡hvM wXjv n‡q hvq|
Gici XvKbvwU †cQ‡bi w`‡K mvgvb¨ †U‡b cy‡ivcywi Ly‡j Avbv hvq|
_v¤^¯Œz jvMv‡bv KgwcDUvi †Km
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33. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 25
Aa¨vq-3
gwbUi
gwbUi ev wWm‡cøn‡jv KgwcDUv‡ii cÖavb AvDUcyU wWfvBm| G‡K A‡bK mgq
wfRy¨qvj wWm‡cøBDwbU bv‡gI WvKv n‡q _v‡K| KgwcDUv‡i KvR Kivi mgq
†U·U I MÖvwd· B‡g‡Ri gva¨‡g gwbUi ZvrÿwYK AvDUcyU cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
AwaKvsk †W¯‹Uc gwbUi¸‡jv wjKz¨BW wµ÷vj wWm‡cø(GjwmwW) ev K¨v‡_vi †i
wUDe (wmAviwU) cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i AvDUcyU cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| GQvov enb‡hvM¨
ev Zvi KvQvKvwQ †hgb j¨vcU‡ci gwbUi¸‡jv GjwmwW cÖhyw³i n‡q _v‡K|
CRTgwbUi
LCD gwbUi
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34. 26 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
gwbU‡ii aib
eZ©gvb mg‡q †h ai‡bi gwbUi¸‡jv evRv‡i cvIqv hvq †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q t
1. K¨v‡_vW †i wUDe ev wmAviwU gwbUi (Cathode Ray Tube or
CRT Monitor)
2. wjKz¨BW wµ÷vj wWm‡cøev GjwmwW gwbUi (Liquid Crystal
Display or LCD Monitor)
3. cøvRgv gwbUi (Plasma Monitor)
4. UvPw¯Œb gwbUi (Touchscreen Monitor)
5. AM©vwbK jvBU GwgwUs wWm‡cø ev IGjBwW gwbUi (Organic Light
Emitting Display or OLED Monitor)
GK mg‡q CRT gwbUi¸‡jv e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡jI eZ©gv‡b LCD
gwbUi¸‡jv †ek RbwcÖq n‡q D‡V‡Q| G¸‡jvi e¨enviI †e‡o‡Q|
gwbUi KgwcDUv‡ii GKwU AZ¨vek¨Kxq hš¿| me Kv‡Ri djvdj gwbU‡ii
c`©vq dz‡U D‡V| KgwcDUv‡i KvR Kivi mgq me©ÿY G hš¿wUi w`‡KB Avgiv
ZvwK‡q _vwK| ÿz`ª ÿz`ª A‡bK we›`yi mvnv‡h¨ gwbU‡ii c`©vq wPÎ cÖ`©kb Kiv nq|
Gme Av‡jvK we›`y‡K wc‡·j ejv nq| mvaviYfv‡e GKeM© Bw‡Z 72 wU wc‡·j
_v‡K| wc‡·jmg~n WU& w`‡q wMÖ‡Wi gZ K‡i mvRv‡bv _v‡K| G ai‡bi GKwU
gwbU‡ii †iRy‡jkb ev myÿ¥Zv 72 wWwcAvB ( dpi = dot per inch) AviI †ewk
†iRy‡jkb n‡j WUmg~n AviI KvQvKvwQ _v‡K| gwbU‡i wUwfi gZ CRT
(Cathode Ray Tube) _v‡K| wfwWI Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g gwbUi‡K gv`vi‡ev‡W©i
mv‡_ ms‡hvM †`qv nq| G KvW©‡K ¯ŒxY wfwWI KvW©I ejv nq| gwbU‡ii c`©vi
†jLv ev Qwei ¸YMZ gvb G Kv‡W©i Dci wbf©i K‡i| wmwcBD wfwWI Kv‡W©i
gva¨‡g gwbU‡ii Z_¨ cvVvq| G Z_¨ A¯’vwqfv‡e wfwWI Kv‡W©i ¯§„wZ‡Z msiÿY
Kiv nq| GB ¯§„wZ‡K wf-i¨vg (V-RAM) ejv nq| gwbU‡ii †iRy¨‡jkb †ewk
n‡j Ges wf-i¨v‡gi cwigvY †ewk n‡j DbœZ MÖvwdK wWRvB‡bi Kv‡R fvj
cvidi‡gÝ cvIqv hvq|
 fv‡jv gwbUi †Kbv DwPZ|
 gwbU‡ii cvIqvi Kv‡bkb wVKgZ jvM‡Z n‡e|
 gwbU‡ii Av‡jv e¨enviKvixi †Pv‡Li mv‡_ mnbkxj K‡i G¨vWRv÷ Kiv
DwPZ|
 m~‡h©i Av‡jv ev N‡ii jvBU hv‡Z gwbU‡ii ¯Œx‡b wi‡d± bv K‡i Ggb
¯’v‡b †mU Kiv DPZ|
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35. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 27
 gwbUi wKQyÿY Pjvi ciB Mig n‡q hvq| ZvB Pvjy Ae¯’vq gwbUi †X‡K
ivL‡eb bv| Mig evZvm †ei n‡Z bv cvi‡j gwbUi‡ii ÿwZ n‡e|
 me©`v gwbUi‡K VvÛv cwi‡e‡k ivLyb|
 e¨env‡ii ci mv‡_ mv‡_ Kfvi w`‡q bv †X‡K wKQyÿY ci VvÛv n‡j
†X‡K ivLyb|
 gwbU‡ii ¯Œx‡b me mgq cwi®‹vi cvZjv KvMo ev wUmy †ccvi w`‡q
wbqwgZ cwi”Qbœ ivLyb|
 gwbU‡iii Av‡kcv‡k †PŠ¤^K‡ÿÎ m„wóKvix hš¿ †hgbt K¨v‡mU †cøqvi,
†Uwj‡dvb †mU, wUwf, mvDÛ e· BZ¨vw` ivL‡eb bv| †PŠ¤^K †ÿ‡Îi
Kvi‡Y gwbU‡ii ÿwZ n‡Z cv‡i|
 `xN©w`b N‡i gwbU‡ii mvwf©m bv Kiv‡j cÖPzi ayjvevwj R‡g mvwK©‡Ui
ÿwZ K‡i gwbU‡iii ÿgZv bó K‡i †`q| ZvB 6 gvm ev erm‡i
AšÍtZ GKevi gwbU‡ii e¨vK Kfvi Ly‡j f¨vKz‡qg wK¬bvi w`‡q ayjvgy³
Ki‡Z n‡e| G e¨vcv‡i wb‡R bv cvi‡j wek¦¯’ †Kvb mvwf©m †m›Uvi †_‡K
mvwf©m Kiv‡Z n‡e|
 KgwcDUvi Pvjy Ae¯’vq gwbU‡i hv‡Z SuvwK bv jv‡M †mRb¨ mZK© n‡Z
n‡e| wcÖ›Uvi, ¯‹¨vbvi BZ¨vw` gwbUi ivLv †Uwe‡j bv ivLvB fvj|
 gwbU‡ii mvg‡b `xN©ÿY GKUvbv e‡m KvR Ki‡j †Pv‡Li ÿwZ n‡Z
cv‡i ,†mRb¨ gv‡S gv‡S weiwZ †`qv `iKvi| †Pv‡Li Kó Kgv‡bvi Rb¨
A¨vw›U‡Møqvi ¯‹xb e¨envi Kiv DwPZ|
gwbU‡ii wKQy mgm¨v Ges mgvavb
A‡bK mgq AwZ mvaviY wKQy e¨vcv‡ii Rb¨ gwbU‡ii wewfbœ mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z
cv‡i| Gÿ‡Î †Kvb nvW©Iq¨vi BwÄwbqv‡ii kibvcbœ bv n‡q Avcwb wb‡RB
mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wb‡P Giƒc K‡qKwU mgm¨v Ges Gi cÖwZKvi Av‡jvPbv
Kiv nj|
mgm¨v-01 w¯Œ‡bi Kvjvi nVvr Av‡m Avevi P‡j hvq|
KviY t
1. gwbU‡ii AvDUcyU Uvwg©bvj jy¨R _vK‡Z cv‡i|
2. gwbU‡ii Kvjvi †ev‡W©i B‡jK‡UªvjvBwUK K‡ÛÝvi Lvivc|
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36. 28 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
mgvavb t
1. gwbU‡ii AvDUcyU Uvwg©bvjwU jy¨R wKbv cixÿv Kiæb| jy¨R _vK‡j
†mwU UvBU K‡i jvwM‡q w`b|
2. Kvjvi †ev‡W©i B‡jK‡UªvjvBwUK K‡ÛÝvi Lvivc _vK‡j `ÿ nvW©Iq¨vi
mvivBLvbvi kiYvcbœ †nvb|
mgm¨v-02 gwbU‡ii w¯Œb jvj‡P †`Lvq|
KviY t we`y¨‡Zi †jv †fv‡ë‡Ri mgm¨v _vK‡j GgbwU n‡Z cv‡i|
mgvavb t
1. mwVK †fv‡ë‡Ri we`y¨Z e¨envi Kiæb|
2. †fv‡ëR‡K w¯’i Ae¯’vq ivL‡Z †fv‡ëR ÷¨vwejvBRvi e¨envi Kiæb|
mgm¨v-03 w¯Œ‡b Kv‡jv myZvi g‡Zv Uvbv `vM †`Lv hvq|
KviY t wcKPvi wUD‡e ÎæwU _vK‡Z cv‡i|
mgvavb t `ÿ nvW©Iq¨vi mvivBLvbvi kiYvcbœ †nvb|
mgm¨v-04 gwbU‡ii w¯Œb Dc‡i-wb‡P A_ev evg-Wvb cv‡k †P‡c Av‡m|
mgvavb t
1. gwbU‡ii w¯Œb Dci-wb‡P wKsev ev‡g-Wv‡b mgš^q Kivi Rb¨ K‡›Uªvj be
_v‡K| b‡ei gva¨‡g mgš^‡qi †Póv Kiæb|
2. nivBR›Uvj wW‡d¬Kkb K‡qjwU kU© n‡q _vK‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î `ÿ
nvW©Iq¨vi mvivBLvbvi kiYvcbœ †nvb|
mgm¨v-05 w¯Œ‡bi gvSLvbwU mv`v Av‡jvi †iLv Øviv `yB fv‡M wef³ n‡q c‡o|
KviY t
1. nivBR›Uvj AvDUcyU UªvbwR÷i Lvivc
2. ETH Lvivc _vK‡Z cv‡i|
mgvavb t `ÿ nvW©Iq¨vi mvivBLvbvi kiYvcbœ †nvb|
mgm¨v-06 gwbUi w¯Œb †Nvjv ev Out of fucus
KviY t Flyback Gi focus adjust knob mwVK
¯’v‡b †bB|
mgvavb t gwbUiwUi e¨vK Kfvi Ly‡j KgwcDUvi Pvjy Ae¯’vq Gi Display
focus cixÿv Kiæb| Gevi KvV ev euv‡ki ˆZwi ¯Œz WªvBfv‡ii gva¨‡g d¬vBe¨vK
Gi focus adjust knob †K Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í Wv‡b ev ev‡g Nyivb| †dvKvm mwVK
¯’v‡b Avm‡j GB Ae¯’v‡b †i‡L w`b| Gevi KgwcDUvi I gwbUi eÜ K‡i cybivq
Gi e¨vK Kfvi jvwM‡q wbb|
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37. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 29
mgm¨v-07 KgwcDUvi wKQyÿY Pjvi ci gwbUi w¯Œb ax‡i ax‡i mv`v ev
†Nvjv n‡Z _v‡K|
KviY t
1. gwbU‡ii Af¨šÍ‡i Flyback G mgm¨v|
2. gwbU‡ii High Voltage mvwK©‡U mgm¨v|
mgvavb t
1. gwbU‡ii Flyback †_‡K †h ZviwU Flyback †_‡K CRT †Z Kv‡b±
K‡i‡Q †mLvbUvq cvZjv Kvc‡o w_bvi (Thiner evRv‡i wKb‡Z cvIqv
hvq) w`‡q wfwR‡q cwi®‹vi Kiæb| Gfv‡e wVK bv n‡j FlyboackwU
cwieZ©b Kiæb|
2. Flyback QvovI Hight Voltage mvwK©‡U Ab¨ †Kv‡bv mgm¨v _vK‡Z
cv‡i| we‡kl K‡i G‡Z e¨eüZ K¨vcvwmUimg~n (evRv‡i †KD †KD
G‡K Condenser e‡j _v‡Kb) fv‡jvfv‡e cixÿv Kiæb| GQvovI
Resistor, Diode Ges Transistor ¸‡jvI cixÿv K‡i †`Lyb|
mgm¨v cvIqv †M‡j mggv‡bi cvU©m¸‡jv Øviv wi‡cøm Kiæb|
mgm¨v-08 gwbUi w¯Œ‡b cÖ`wk©Z Qwe gqjv †Zj †Z‡j †`Lvq|
KviY t
1. wfwWI AvDUcy‡U ÎæwU _vK‡Z cv‡i|
2. wfwWI A¨v¤úwjdvqvi mvwK©‡U ÎæwU _vK‡Z cv‡i|
3. wfwWI KvW©wU bó _vK‡Z cv‡i|
mgvavb t
1. gwbU‡ii wfwWI AvDUcy‡U ev wfwWI A¨v¤úwjdvqvi mvwK©‡U ÎæwU aiv
co‡j Zv mvwi‡q wb‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î `ÿ †Kv‡bv nvW©Iq¨vi mvivB
cÖwZôv‡bi kiYvcbœ †nvb|
2. wfwWI KvW©wU bó wKbv Zv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ m¤¢e n‡j Ab¨ GKwU wfwWI
KvW© †hvMvo K‡i †mwU Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡i jvwM‡q cixÿv Kiæb| ÎæwU
†c‡j bZzb GKwU wfwWI KvW© wK‡b ev msMÖn K‡i e¨envi Kiæb|
mgm¨v-09 gwbU‡i Kvjvi cÖ`wk©Z nq bv|
KviY t K‡ÛÝvi ev Kvjvi †evW© jy¨R _vK‡Z cv‡i|
mgvavb t K‡ÛÝvi ev Kvjvi †evW© jy¨R †c‡j Zv fv‡jv K‡i mshy³ Kiæb|
mgm¨v-10 gwbU‡ii w¯Œ‡b myZvi g‡Zv `vM †`Lv hvq|
KviY t
1. G ai‡bi mgm¨v mvaviYZ ZLbB †`Lv †`q hLb gwbU‡ii fvwU©K¨vj
mvwK©‡U ÎæwU _v‡K ev †mvìvwis WªvB n‡q hvq|
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38. 30 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
2. wmAviwU Gwm Kvcwjs Kb‡WÝvi Lvivc|
3. wmAviwU Gwm Kvcwjs Kb‡WÝviwU cwieZ©‡bi ciI hw` mgm¨v †_‡K
hvq Z‡e wcKPvi wUDewU Lvivc|
mgvavb t welq¸‡jv cixÿv K‡i †`Lyb| †ZgbwU n‡j `ÿ †Kv‡bv nvW©Iq¨vi
†`vKv‡bv wb‡q hvb| †mLvb †_‡K mvwi‡q wb‡q Avmyb|
mgm¨v-11 gwbU‡ii w¯Œ‡bi Dfq cv‡k †XD †`Lv hvq|
KviY t
1. gwbU‡ii B‡qvK K‡qjwU mgš^q Kiv †bB|
2. nivBR›Uvj wW‡d¬Kk‡b ÎæwU _vK‡Z cv‡i|
mgvavb t GRvZxq mgm¨v n‡j mvaviYZ wb‡R †Kv‡bv wKQz Kiv wVK bq| me‡P‡q
fv‡jv Dcvq n‡jv `ÿ †Kv‡bv nvW©Iq¨vi mvivBLvbvq wb‡q hvIqv| †mLvb †_‡K
GwU mvwi‡q Avbyb|
mgm¨v-12 gwbUi eÜ Kivi ci w¯Œ‡b GKwU Av‡jvKwe›`y †`Lv hvq| GwU
ax‡i ax‡i wgwj‡q hvq|
KviY t GwU gwbU‡ii wcKPvi wUD‡ei mgm¨v| wcKPvi wUD‡ei MÖvD‡ÛW wVK †bB
e‡j GgbwU n‡q _v‡K|
mgvavb t `ÿ †Kv‡bv nvW©Iq¨vi †`vKv‡bv wb‡q hvb| †mLvb †_‡K mvwi‡q wb‡q
Avmyb|
mgm¨v-13 gwbU‡ii w¯Œ‡b AvovAvwo D¾¡j `vM †`Lv hvq|
KviY t
1. fvwU©K¨vj †mvqvBc mvwK©‡U ÎæwU _vK‡Z cv‡i|
2. fvwU©K¨vj AvDUcyU †_‡K Avi¤¢ K‡i wW‡d¬Kkb K‡qj mvwK©U ch©šÍ
†mvìvwis WªvB n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
mgvavb t `ÿ †Kv‡bv nvW©Iq¨vi †`vKv‡bv wb‡q hvb| †mLvb †_‡K mvwi‡q wb‡q
Avmyb|
mgm¨v-14 gwbU‡ii Qwe¸‡jv Lye †ewk D¾¡j †`Lvq|
mgvavb t cÖwZwU gwbU‡ii mv‡_ evUb ev be RvZxq wKQz _v‡K| G‡`i G‡KKwU
G‡KK ai‡bi KvR K‡i _v‡K| D¾¡jZv Kvgv‡bv evov‡bvi Rb¨I GKwU evUb ev
be cv‡eb| †mwU Øviv D¾¡jZv mgš^‡qi †Póv Kiæb| GiciI mgm¨v _vK‡j Lye
m¤¢eZ GwU Avcbvi wfwWI Kv‡W©i mgm¨v| ZvB `ÿ †Kv‡bv nvW©Iq¨vi
mvivBLvbvq wb‡q welqwU wbwðZ †nvb Ges ÎæwU †c‡j Zv mvwi‡q Avbyb|
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39. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 31
mgm¨v-15 gwbU‡i Mvi‡eR †`Lv hvq|
KviY t wWm‡cø Kv‡W©i ms‡hvM jy¨R ev bó|
mgvavb t wWm‡cø KvW© jy¨R _vK‡j GwU mwVKfv‡e ¯ø‡U emvb| Gfv‡e wVK bv
n‡j wWm‡cø KvW©wU cwieZ©b K‡i †`Lyb|
mgm¨v-16 gwbU‡i nVvr K‡i Qwe Av‡m Avevi P‡j hvq|
KviY t K¨ve‡ji ms‡hvM jy¨R ev bó n‡Z cv‡i|
mgvavb t KgwcDUvi Ges gwbU‡ii g‡a¨ mshy³ †WUv K¨vejwU jy¨R wKbv †mwU
cixÿv Kiæb Ges jy¨R _vK‡j †mwU fv‡jvg‡Zv mshy³ Kiæb|
mgm¨v-17 gwbU‡ii w¯ŒbwU w¯’i _v‡K bv eis AbeiZ Kuvc‡Z _v‡K|
KviY t
1. K¨vej ms‡hvMwU jy¨R _vK‡Z cv‡i|
2. GwRwc Kv‡W© ÎæwU _vK‡Z cv‡i|
3. †jv †fv‡ëR mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i|
mgvavb t
1. K¨vej ms‡hvMwU jy¨R wKbv cixÿv Kiæb| jy¨R _vK‡j †mwU mwVKfv‡e
jvwM‡q w`b|
2. GwRwc Kv‡W©i ÎæwU wbY©‡q m¤¢e n‡j Av‡iKwU KvW© msMÖn K‡i jvwM‡q
wbb| Zvici †`Lyb †mwU wVK wKbv| Avcbvi KvW©wU‡Z ÎæwU †c‡j Zv
e`‡j wbb|
3. we`y¨‡Zi †fv‡ëR wVK ivL‡Z †fv‡ëR ÷¨vwejvBRvi e¨envi Kiæb|
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40. 32 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
Aa¨vq-4
nvW©wW¯‹ WªvBf
nvW© wW¯‹ WªvBf Z_v ms‡ÿ‡c nvW© wW¯‹ ev nvW© WªvBf n‡jv GKwU bb-†fvjvUvBj
†÷v‡iR wWfvBm †hwU wWwRUvj Dcv‡q Gb‡Kv‡WW †WUv‡K i¨vwcWwj †iv‡UwUs
wiwRW (nvW©) cøvUv‡i g¨vM‡bwUK mvi‡dmmn msiÿY K‡i| GB wW¯‹‡K
DBb‡P÷vi wW¯‹I ejv nq| KgwcDUv‡ii ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU mnvqK ¯§„wZ n‡jv nvW©
wW¯‹ WªvBf| GB wW‡¯‹ iwÿZ Z_¨mg~n mn‡R bó nq bv e‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj
c¨v‡KR Ges ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨mg~n nvW©wW‡¯‹ msiÿY Kiv nq| nvW©wW¯‹ bó nIqv ev
†gvQbxq †Kvb KgvÛ e¨ZxZ GLvbKvi
Z_¨mg~n bó nq bv| Z‡e fvBiv‡mi
Avµg‡Y Z_¨ bó n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| wW¯‹wU
AwaK aviYÿg weavq GLv‡b A‡bK Z_¨
msiÿY Kiv hvq| eZ©gv‡b mvaviYZ 250
wMMvevBU †_‡K m‡e©v”P 3 †UivevBU ev
3000 wMMvevBU (†deªæqvwi 2011 ch©šÍ
cvIqv me©‡kl Z_¨ Abyhvqx) aviY ÿgZv
m¤úbœ nvW©wW¯‹ evRv‡i cvIqv hv‡”Q|
j¨vcUc nvW©wW¯‹
j¨vcU‡ci nvW©wW¯‹‡K Ggbfv‡e wWRvBb K‡i ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z G‡Z cvIqvi
Kg e¨envi n‡q ZvcgvÎv Kg ˆZwi nq| ZvB GwU †W¯‹Uc nvW©wW‡¯‹i †P‡q Kg N~Y©b
MwZi n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-mvaviYfv‡e †W¯‹Uc nvW©wW‡¯‹i AviwcGg 7200 †mLv‡b
j¨vcUc nvW©wW‡¯‹i AviwcGg 5400 n‡q _v‡K| mvaviYfv‡e †W¯‹Uc nvW©wW‡¯‹i
WvqvwgUv‡ii mvBR 3.5 Bw †mLv‡b j¨vcUc nvW©wW‡¯‹i WvqvwgUv‡ii mvBR 2.5
BwÂ| eZ©gvb mg‡q me j¨vcUc
nvW©wW¯‹ SATA UvB‡ci n‡q _v‡K|
†gvevBj nvW©wW¯‹ mvaviYZ †W¯‹Uc
nvW©wW¯‹ †_‡K Kg aviY ÿgZvi
n‡q _v‡K| †gvevBj ev †cvU©vej
nvW©WªvB‡ei `vg †W¯‹Uc
nvW©WªvB‡fi †P‡q †ewk n‡q _v‡K|
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41. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 33
wewfbœ ai‡Yi nvW© wW¯‹
KgwcDUv‡ii nvW© wW¯‹‡K cÖavbZ Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv n‡jv t
1. AvBwWB ev cvUv (IDE/PATA) nvW© wW¯‹ WªvBf
2. mvUv (SATA) nvW© wW¯‹ WªvBf
3. ¯‹¨vwR (SCSI) nvW© wW¯‹ WªvBf
4. mvm (SAS) nvW© wW¯‹ WªvBf
AvBwWB ev cvUv (IDE/PATA) nvW© wW¯‹ WªvBf
AvBwWB nvW© wW¯‹ WªvB‡fi cy‡iv A_© n‡jv ÔBw›U‡MÖ‡UW WªvBf B‡jKUªwb·
(Integrated Drive Electronics)Õ| G‡K cvUv ev c¨vivjvj A¨vWfvÝ †UK‡bvjwR
A¨vUvP‡g›U (PATA - Parallel advance technology attachment ) bv‡gI WvKv
nq| Gi ˆewk󨸇jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q t
1. IDE/PATA WªvBf¸‡jvi mvaviYZ 40wU wcb _v‡K|
2. IDE/PATA WªvBf¸‡jv 133 MB/sec UªvÝdvi †iU cÖ`vb K‡i|
3. GB WªvBf GKB mg‡q 8 weU †WUv †cÖiY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. PATA nvW© wW¯‹¸‡jv‡K mshy³ Kivi Rb¨ PATA K¨vej e¨envi Kiv
nq| GKwU GKK PATA K¨ve‡j `ywU WªvBf‡K hy³ Kiv hvq| G‡`i
GKwU gv÷vi wn‡m‡e Ges AciwU †møf wn‡m‡e| nvW© wW¯‹ WªvB‡f
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42. 34 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
Rv¤úvimg~‡ni wewfbœ mgš^‡qi gva¨‡g gv÷vi I †møf KbwdMv‡ikb
wba©viY Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
mvUv (SATA) nvW© wW¯‹ WªvBf
wmwiqvj AvUv ev mvUvi cy‡iv A_© n‡jv Ôwmwiqvj A¨vWfvÝ †UK‡bvjwR
A¨vUvP‡g›U WªvBf (SATA - Serial Advance Technology Attachment Drive)Õ|
Gi ˆewk󨸇jvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q t
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43. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 35
1. SATA WªvBf¸‡jv mvaviYZ 7 wc‡bi n‡q _v‡K| G‡`i g‡a¨ †WUv
†cÖiY I MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ 4 wcb `ywU †Rvovq _v‡K Ges evwK 3 wcb
MÖvD‡ÛW Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
2. SATA WªvBf¸‡jv mvaviYZ 300MB/sec UªvÝdvi †iU cÖ`vb K‡i|
3. GwU †WUv‡K we‡Ui ci weU AvKv‡i †cÖiY K‡i|
4. SATA nvW© wW¯‹¸‡jv‡K mshy³ Kivi Rb¨ SATA K¨vej e¨envi Kiv
nq| GKwU mvUv K¨ve‡j ïay GKwU WªvBfB mshy&³ Kiv hvq|
¯‹¨vwR (SCSI) nvW© wW¯‹ WªvBf
¯‹¨vwR Gi cy‡iv A_© n‡jv Ô¯§j KgwcDUvi wm‡÷g B›Uvi‡dm WªvBf (Small
Computer System Interface Drive)Õ| Gi ˆewk󨸇jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q t
1. SCSI WªvBf¸‡jvi mvaviYZ 50wU †_‡K 68wU wcb _v‡K|
2. SCSI WªvBf¸‡jv mvaviYZ 640MB/sec UªvÝdvi †iU cÖ`vb K‡i|
3. GB WªvBf¸‡jv †mvqv‡cej (swappable) bq|
4. SCSI nvW© wW¯‹ ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ mvaviYZ SCSI K¨vej e¨eüZ nq|
GKwU SCSI K¨ve‡j m‡e©v”P 16wU WªvBf mshy³ Kiv hvq| K¨ve‡j Gi
AvB‡Ww›Uwd‡Kk‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZwU nvW© wW¯‹ WªvB‡fi GKwU 8 evBU
†n·v‡Wwmg¨vj †KvW i‡q‡Q hv WWN (world wide name) bv‡g
cwiwPZ|
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44. 36 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
mvm (SAS) nvW© wW¯‹ WªvBf
mvm Gi cy‡iv A_© n‡jv Ôwmwiqvj A¨vUvPW ¯‹¨vwR WªvBf (SAS - Serial Attached
SCSI Drive)Õ| Gi ˆewk󨸇jvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q t
1. SAS WªvBf¸‡jv mvaviYZ 805 MB/sec UªvÝdvi †iU cÖ`vb K‡i|
2. GB WªvBf¸‡jv nU †mvqv‡cej (hot swappable)|
3. SAS WªvBf¸‡jv‡K mshy³ Kivi Rb¨ SAS K¨vej e¨eüZ nq| GKwU
SAS K¨ve‡j m‡e©v”P 128wU WªvBf‡K mshy³ Kiv hvq|
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45. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 37
GQvovI AviI K‡qK ai‡bi nvW© wW¯‹ WªvBf i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv t
 mvwm (SASI - Shugart Associates System Interface) nvW© wW¯‹
WªvBf t GwU SCSI Gi c~e©cyiæl|
 GmwU-506 (ST-506 - Seagate Technology) nvW© wW¯‹ WªvBf t
HwZnvwmK wm‡MU B›Uvi‡dm| ST-412 Gi LvwbKUv DbœZ iƒc|
 GmwU-412 (ST-412 - Seagate Technology) nvW© wW¯‹ WªvBf t
HwZnvwmK wm‡MU B›Uvi‡dm|
 BGmwWAvB (Enhanced Small Disk Interface) nvW© wW¯‹ WªvBf t
HwZnvwmK| ST-412/506 Gi mv‡_ e¨vKIqvW© K¤úvwUej| Z‡e
`ªæZMwZi Ges AwaK Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW|
nvW©wW¯‹ iÿYv‡eÿ‡Y KiYxq
 nvW©wW¯‹ me©`v Kgc‡ÿ 1015% duvKv ivLyb|
 nvW©wW¯‹ Kg‡cÖkb bv KivB fvj| G‡Z wW‡¯‹i RvqMv evo‡e wKš‘
KgwcDUv‡ii Kvh©KvwiZv n«vm cv‡e|
 fvBiv‡mi e¨vcK AvµgY †_‡K iÿv, `ªæZ †WUv wiW Kiv, `ªæZ Gw›U-
fvBivm Pvjbv BZ¨vw` myweavi Rb¨ nvW©wW¯‹‡K K‡qKwU cvwU©kb Kiæb|
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46. 38 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
 nvW©wW¯‹ †_‡K AcÖ‡qvRbxq dvBj gy‡Q †djyb|
 nvW©wW¯‹ †_‡K wewfbœ dvBj gyQvi ciI wimvB‡Kj we‡b †_‡K
nvW©wW‡¯‹B †_‡K hvq| ZvB Recycle Bin †_‡K G‡Kev‡i
AcÖ‡qvRbxq dvBjmg~n gy‡Q w`b| wimvB‡Kj web dvKv n‡q wW‡¯‹i
†¯úm e„w× cv‡e|
 gv‡S gv‡S nvW©wW‡¯‹ Scandisk †cÖvMÖvg Pvwj‡q Gi surface ¯‹¨vwbs
Kiæb|
 gv‡S gv‡S Defrag †cÖvMÖvg Pvwj‡q wW‡¯‹ Qov‡bv wQUv‡bv dvB‡ji
Ask¸‡jv GKwÎZ K‡i wW‡¯‹i Kg©`ÿZv e„w× Kiæb|
 bZzb nvW©wW¯‹ jvMv‡j ev‡qvm nvW©wW¯‹wU‡K mv‡cvU© K‡i wKbv Zv wbw`©ó
Kiæb| bv Ki‡j ev‡qvm Avc‡WU Kiæb|
 cÖ‡qvR‡b nvW©wW¯‹ wbg©vZv‡`i I‡qe mvB‡U wM‡q wewfbœ Z_¨ Rvbyb Ges
cÖ‡qvRbxq †cÖvMÖvg WvDb †jvW Kiæb| I‡qe mvBU¸‡jv‡Z Frequently
Ask Questions Gi ZvwjKvq wKQy Kgb I mvaviY cÖ‡kœi mgvavb _v‡K |
 PjšÍ Ae¯’vq wm‡÷g BDwbU‡K †Rv‡i SvwK w`‡j ev †d‡j w`‡j
nvW©wW¯‹ bó n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| ZvB G e¨vcv‡i Lye mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e|
A‡b‡K Mvwo‡Z e‡m j¨vcUc e¨envi K‡ib| hw` †ewk bovPov nq
Zvn‡j Gfv‡e j¨vcUc e¨envi bv KivB fvB|
 KgwcDUv‡i Kv‡Ri mgq cÖwZw`bB ˆZwi nq AmsL¨ Temporary (.tmp)
dvBj| Gme dvBj gy‡Q nvW© wW¯‹‡K RÄvjgy³ ivLyb|
 bZzb nvW©wW¯‹¸‡jv Ny‡i †ewk w¯ú‡W Ges Kuv‡cI †ewk| Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í Zv
Kgvi K_v| bv K‡g hw` evo‡ZB _v‡K Zvn‡j nvW©wW‡¯‹ †Kvb mgm¨v
n‡q‡Q a‡i wb‡Z n‡e| GiKg wKQy n‡j fvj nvW©Iq¨vi cÖ‡KŠkjxi
kiYvcbœ n‡Z n‡e|
nvW©wW‡¯‹i mgm¨v wPwýZKiY
jÿY-1 t ev‡qvm nvW©wW¯‹ kbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv
mgm¨vi KviY t we`y¨r mieivn m¤¢e bv n‡j, †Kej ms‡hvM wew”Qbœ n‡j, WªvB‡fi
B‡jKUªwbK KvW© Kvh©ÿgZv nvwi‡q †dj‡j|
jÿY-2 t i¨vbWg µ¨vk, Gii †g‡mR, WªvBf kbv³ nIqv m‡Ë¡I e¨env‡i Aÿg
mgm¨vi KviY t wgwWqv KivÞ, wW‡mM‡bw÷K ev †PŠ¤^KZ¡nxb n‡j|
jÿY-3 t WªvBf b‡qkK m„wó K‡i/ wK¬K mvDÛ m„wó nq
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47. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 39
mgm¨vi KviY t eyU †m±i fvBivm AvµvšÍ, dvBj A¨v‡jv‡Kkb †Uej KivÞ, cvwU©kb
†Uej KivÞ/ ev gwWdvBW n‡j, †nW GKPy‡qUi †gKvwbRg Gii ev †nW cvwKs
†gKvwbRg Kvh©ÿgZv nvwi‡q †dj‡j|
nvW© wW¯‹ µ¨vk I Zvi cÖwZKvi
Kw¤úDUv‡ii GKwU Ab¨Zg mgm¨v n‡jv Kw¤úDUvi µ¨vk Kiv| AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB
Kw¤úDUvi µ¨vk ej‡Z nvW©wW¯‹ µ¨vk‡KB †evSv‡bv nq| hLb Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
nvW©wW‡¯‹ msiwÿZ WvUv ev Bb÷ªvKkb wiW Ki‡Z e¨_© nq, ZLbB ejv nq †h nvW©wW¯‹
µ¨vk K‡i‡Q| ‡W¯‹Uc KgwcDUv‡ii †ejvq nvW©©wW¯‹ µ¨vk GLb A‡bKUv wbZ¨
ˆbwgwËK e¨vcv‡i cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| j¨vcU‡ci Rb¨ ˆZwiK…Z †gvevBj nvW©wW¯‹ †W¯‹U‡ci
nvW©wW‡¯‹i Zzjbvq Kg µ¨vk nq| nvW©wW¯‹ µ¨vk Ki‡j G‡Z iwÿZ e¨enviKvixi
g~j¨evb A‡bK Z_¨ b÷ n‡q hvq| nvW©wW¯‹ µ¨vk Ki‡j Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g wewfbœ
ai‡bi †g‡mR cÖ`vb K‡i| †hgb-
 †g‡mR : ‘Invalid partitin table……’’
 †g‡mR : ‘Sector not found……’’
 †g‡mR: ‘Invalid media type error……’’
 †g‡mR : ‘General failure reading drive X…’’
wW‡¯‹i †Kvb ¸iæZi mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g mgm¨vi aib cÖK…wZi Dci
wfwË K‡i Dchy©³ †g‡mR¸‡jv cÖ`vb K‡i wW‡¯‹ jwRK¨vj I wdwRK¨vj GB `yÕai‡bi
mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| jwRK¨vj mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y eyU †m±i , cvwU©kb †Uej, d¨vU Gwiqv
A_ev WvB‡i±i Gwiqv bó n‡Z cv‡i| wdwRK¨vj mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y wW‡¯‹i †Kv‡bv
†Kv‡bv K‡¤úv‡b›U wKsev jwRK KvW© AKvh©Ki n‡q c‡o|
nvW©wW¯‹ †hme Kvi‡Y µ¨vk Ki‡Z Zvi gvÎv wb‡P †`qv nj t
mdUIq¨vi KivÞ-22%, wnDg¨vb Gii-30%, wm‡÷g g¨vjdvskbÑ18%, nvW©Iq¨vi
Gii-13%, fvBivm-9%, m¨v‡ev‡UR-6% I b¨vPvivj wWRv÷vi -2%|
nvW©wW¯‹ µ¨v‡ki Dchy©³ KviY¸‡jv wbf©i Ki‡Q wewfbœ cvwicvwk©K Ae¯’vi Dci| GB
cvwicvwk©K KviYMy‡jv wb‡P †`qv n‡jvt
1. †gKvwbK¨vj d›U t cÖPÛ SvKzwbi Kvi‡Y nvW©wW¯‹ wiW/ivBU †nW‡K cøUv‡ii bb-
†÷v‡iR cÖv‡šÍ hw` cvK© Kiv bv nq, Zvn‡j cøUvi mvi‡dm µ¨vk Ki‡Z cv‡i,
G‡Z nvW©wW¯‹ µ¨vk Ki‡Z cv‡i| G Ae¯’vq nvW©wW‡¯‹i msiwÿZ WvUv ev
Bb÷ªvKkb bó n‡e Zv‡Z †Kvb m‡›`n †bB| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b wKQz wKQz nvW©wW¯‹
†Kv¤úvwb wW‡¯‹ ¯^qswµqfv‡e cøUvi cvwK©s †gKvwbR‡g mw¾Z K‡i‡Qb G‡Z
WªvBfv‡ii cvIqvi Ab bv _vK‡j wcwm ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii mgq nvW©wW¯‹ µ¨v‡ki
m¤¢vebv ej‡Z †M‡j cÖvq _v‡K bv |
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48. 40 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
2. ZvcgvÎv t nvW©wW¯‹‡K ZvcgvÎvi GKwU wbw`©ó mxgvi g‡a¨ Acv‡iU Kivi Rb¨
wWRvBb Kiv nq| ZvB, †fw›U‡jkb e¨e¯’v hw` h_vh_ bv nq, Zvn‡j
nvW©wW‡¯‹i †nW cwRk‡bi †gKvwbK¨vj dvskb ev mvwK©U Dcv`v‡bi dvskb
h_vh_fv‡e KvR Ki‡Z bvI cv‡i| d‡j †n‡Wi wiW/ivBU Kvh©µg h_vh_fv‡e
m¤úbœ n‡Z cv‡i bv Ges nvW©wW¯‹ µ¨v‡ki KviY n‡q `uvovq|
3. wgwWqv Gii/ µywUc~Y© WvUv t g¨vby‡dKPvwis µwUi Kvi‡Y ev AgvwR©Z AvPi‡Yi
Kvi‡YI A‡bK mgq cøUv‡ii wbw`©ó wKQz Ask W¨v‡gR Ask¸‡jv‡K e¨vW †m±i
wn‡m‡e MY¨ Ki‡Z Ges Gwiqv‡K WvUv wiW ivB‡Ui †Póv K‡i| wKš‘ WvUv
wiW/ivBU e¨_© n‡q Gii g¨v‡mR cÖ`vb K‡i Ges wb‡`©k K‡i wW¯‹ G‡·m‡hvM¨ bq
G ai‡bi wW¯‹ e¨envi bv KivB fv‡jv|
4. Kb‡Wbkb ev Nbxfeb t nvW©wW‡¯‹i AvKw¯§K ZvcgvÎv cwieZ©‡bi Kb‡Wbk‡bi
KviY n‡Z cv‡i| wW¯‹ Gb‡K¬vRv‡ii Af¨šÍ‡i Nbxfe‡bi Kvi‡Y gvivZ¥K ai‡bi
mgm¨v †hgb-†nW µ¨vk Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov nvW©wW‡¯‹i mvi‡dm Nxfe‡bi
d‡j B‡jKwUª‡Kj mvwK©‡Ui Bbmjy¨kb n‡Z cv‡i wKsev ÿ‡qi KviY n‡Z cv‡i|
hv cieZx©‡Z Aweivgfv‡e Gi‡ii m~ÎcvZ NUv‡Z cv‡i|
5. fvB‡eªkb t nvW©wW‡¯‹i cÖwZwU g‡W‡ji fvB‡eªk‡bi gvÎv wbw©`©ó _v‡K| nvW©wW¯‹
Acv‡ik‡bi mgq hw` wbw`©ó mxgvi †P‡q †ewk fvB‡eªkb nq, Zv n‡j Zv †n‡W
UªvÝwgU nq| d‡j †n‡Wi cwRkwbs Kb‡Uªvj wm‡÷g ÿwZMÖ¯’ nq Ges †n‡Wi
wiW/ivBU cvidi‡g݇K e¨vnZ K‡i|
6. a~jvevjy t mvaviYZ nvW©wW‡¯‹I †nW Ges wW¯‹ Dfq wW¯‹ Gb‡K¬vRvi Øviv Ave„Z
_v‡K| GwU †nW Ges wW¯‹‡K a~jvevjy gy³ ivLvi Rb¨ mxj Kiv _v‡K| wKš‘
evZv‡mi cÖev‡ni ZviZg¨ NU‡j ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©b N‡U Ges a~jvevjy Rgvi
m¤¢vebv †`Lv †`q| G‡Z nvW©wW‡¯‹i ¸iæZi mgm¨vi m„wó K‡i|
7. †nW µ¨vk t nvW©wW‡¯‹i †nW wiW/ivBU Kivi Rb¨ wW¯‹ Dfq wW¯‹ Gb‡K¬vRvi Øviv
Ave„Z _v‡K | GwU †nW Ges wW¯‹‡K a~jvevjy, Zij ev AvVvj c`v_© Rg‡j,
†n‡Wi ¯^vfvweK †f‡m †eov‡bv Kvh©µg e¨enZ nq Ges †nW I wW‡¯‹i g‡a¨
ms‡hvM NUvq| mvaviYZ †nW ¯^vfvweKfv‡e Gme ewnivMZ Dcv`vb‡K
¯^qswµqfv‡e AcmviY Ki‡Z Ges ¯^vfvweK Kvh©µg Pvwj‡q †h‡Z mÿg nq|
Z‡e, †Kvb KviYekZ we‡kl K‡i ZvcgvÎv evovi Kvi‡Y G me a~jvevjy KwVb
(mwjW) e¯‘‡Z cwiYZ n‡j Gai‡bi ÿwZ‡K †nW µ¨vk bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
8. kK t fvB‡eªk‡bi g‡ZvB nvW©wW¯‹ kK Gi gvÎv wbw`©ó _v‡K| hw` †Kvb Kvi‡Y
kK&-Gi gvÎv e„w× †c‡q wbw`©ó mxgv Qvwo‡q hvq, Zvn‡j w¯úÛj bg©vj cwRkwbs
†gKvwbRg‡K ÿwZMÖ¯’ K‡i d‡j nvW©wW¯‹‡K W¨v‡gR K‡i Ges msiwÿZ WvUvi
e¨vcK ÿwZmvab K‡i|
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49. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 41
µ¨vk nIqv nvW©wW¯‹ †_‡K WvUv cybiæ×vi Kiv
nvW©wW¯‹ µ¨vk Ki‡j w`‡knviv nIqvi †Kvb KviY †bB| †Kbbv AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB WvUv
cybiæ×vi Kiv hvq | GgbwK nvW©wW¯‹ KivÞ Ki‡j ev wW‡¯‹i B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK¡ †jvc
†c‡jI WvUv cybiæ×vi Kiv m¤¢e|
nvW©wW‡¯‹I wdwRK¨vj Gii ev B‡jKwUªK¨vj †dBjy¨i msµvšÍ mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi Rb¨
nvW©wW¯‹‡K Db¥y³ K‡i cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv K‡¤úv‡b›U e`wj‡q bZzb
K‡¤úv‡b›U †mwUs‡qi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi KvR †KejgvÎ GKRb AwfÁ
†UKwbwkqv‡bi c‡ÿB m¤¢e| hw` nvW©wW¯‹ wdwRK¨vj W¨v‡gR nq, Zvn‡j wiKfvwi
mdUIq¨vi w`‡q WvUv cybiæ×vi Kiv ev wi‡cqvi Kiv m¤¢e bq| G †ÿ‡Î wW¯‹‡K
wewfbœfv‡e cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e| hw` mgm¨vwU B‡jKUªwbK Gii nq A_©vr
nvW© WªvB‡fi jwRK KvW© hw` AKvh©Ki n‡q c‡o, Zvn‡j Lye mn‡RB jwRK KvW©
e`wj‡q Dchy³ bZzb jwRK KvW© ewm‡q mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv hvq|
nvW©wW‡¯‹i wiW Gii wb‡`©k K‡i †h, wW‡¯‹i gUi †dj K‡i‡Q ev nvW©wW¯‹ †nW W¨v‡gR
n‡q‡Q, nvW©wW‡¯‹I G ai‡bi wgwWqv Gii Gi †ÿ‡Î w¯úÛj †_‡K cøUvi‡K wdwRK¨vwj
AcmviY K‡i GKwU wfbœ WªvBf †gKvwbRg emv‡Z nq| cieZx©‡Z †mLvb †_‡K
Kv÷gvBR WvUv wiKfvwi mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g nvW©wW¯‹ Gi ÿwZMÖ¯’ Gwiqv †_‡K WvUv
wiW Kiv‡bv nq| GB †gKvwbR‡gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Gii Lyu‡R †ei Kiv Ges WvUv
wiKfv‡ii †Póv Kiv| hw` Avcbvi nvW©wW¯‹wU wdwRK¨vj W¨v‡gR bv nq, Zvn‡j †h
†KD evmvq e‡m dvBj wiKfvwi BDwUwjwU ev Kv÷g Uzj †hgbÑAbUª¨v‡Ki BwR
wiKfvwi ev j÷ A¨vÛ dvDÛ cÖf„wZ w`‡q WvUv cybiæ×v‡ii †Póv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e,
BDwUwjwU mdUIq¨vi w`‡q WvUv cybiæ×vi Kiv hv‡e bv| G‡ÿ‡Î WvUv wiKfvi Kivi
Rb¨ e¨enviKvix‡K wfbœ Av‡iKwU nvW©wW‡¯‹i mnvqZv wb‡Z n‡e|
WvUv cybiæ×v‡ii wUcm t
1. nvW©wW¯‹ µ¨vk Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ Kw¤úDUviwU kvU©WvDb Kiæb hv‡Z ÿwZi gvÎv
†e‡o bv hvq| AZtci Kw¤úDUviwU Ab K‡i ev‡qv‡m P‡j hvb Ges †PK K‡i †`Lyb
†h, ev‡qv‡m Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©wW¯‹wU wW‡U± K‡i wK bv| hw` ev‡qv‡m nvW©wW¯‹wU
wW‡U± Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zvn‡j Avcwb wb‡R wb‡RB WvUv wiKfvwi BDwUwjwU w`‡q
WvUv cybiæ×v‡ii †Póv Kiæb|
2. nvW©wW¯‹ µ¨vk Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ Kw¤úDUviwU kvUWvDb Kiæb| hv‡Z K‡i ÿwZi
gvÎv †e‡o bv hvq| AZtci Kw¤úDUviwU Ab K‡i ev‡qv‡m P‡j hvb Ges †PK
K‡i †`Lyb †h ev‡qv‡m Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©wW¯‹ wW‡U± K‡i wK bv| hw` ev‡qv‡m
nvW©wW¯‹ wW‡U± Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j Avcbv‡K mvwf©m †m›Uv‡ii kiYvcbœ n‡Z n‡e|
hw` ev‡qv‡m nvW©wW¯‹‡K wW‡U± Ki‡Z bv cv‡i , Zvn‡j Avcwb wb‡R wb‡RB WvUv
wiKfvwi BDwUwjwU w`‡q WvUv cybiæØv‡ii †Póv Kiæb|
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50. 42 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
(hviv G·cvU© BDRvi Zviv wiKfvwi BDwUwjwU w`‡q WvUv cybiæ×vi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,
Z‡e bZzb BDRvi ev mvaviY e¨enviKvixiv G ai‡bi mgm¨v n‡j nvW©Iq¨vi
BwÄwbqvi‡`i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kiæb|)
nvW©wW¯‹‡K ¸wQ‡q ivLv t Disk Defragmenter e¨envi
KgwcDUvi nvW© wW¯‹ AZ¨waK e¨env‡ii d‡j nvW© wW‡¯‹i †jLv¸‡jv wewfbœ
RvqMvq Qwo‡q wQwU‡q hvq| G Ae¯’v‡K nvW© wW¯‹ Amw¾Z ev Defrag e‡j|
ZLb KgwcDUvi‡K †Kvb wKQy co‡Z ej‡j A‡cÿvK…Z †ewk mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb
nq| G Ae¯’vq wW‡¯‹i m‡e©v”P Kvh©KvwiZv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ Disk Defragmenter
KgvÛwU e¨envi Kiv hvq| Defragmenter KgvÛwU dvB‡ji Z_¨vewj‡K mvwR‡q
¸wQ‡q cybivq wjwce× K‡i d‡j †Kvb dvBj co‡Z wM‡q KgwcDUv‡ii
A‡cÿvK…Z Kg mgq cÖ‡qvRb nq|
DB‡ÛvR G·wc‡Z Gi Disk Defragmenter e¨envi
1. KgwcDUv‡ii †W¯‹Uc †_‡K My Computer Gi AvBK‡b Wvej wK¬K
K‡i gvB KgwcDUv‡i cÖ‡ek Kiæb|
2. †h WªvB‡f wWd«¨vM‡g‡›Ukb cÖwµqv Pvjv‡Z Pvb †mB WªvB‡f gvDm
c‡q›Uvi †i‡L gvD‡mi Wvb evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
3. AvMZ ccAvc †gby †_‡K Properties G wK¬K Kiæb|
4. †cÖvcvwU©R WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLvb †_‡K Tools U¨v‡e wK¬K Kiæb|
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51. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 43
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52. 44 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
5. Tools U¨v‡ei Aax‡b _vKv Defragmentation n‡Z Defragment Now
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Disk Defragmenter bv‡g GKwU DB‡Ûv Avm‡e|
GB Ae¯’vq WªvBfwU wbe©vwPZ Ae¯’vq _vK‡e|
weKí c×wZ
Start > Programs > Accessories > System Tools > Disk Defragmenter wb‡`©k
w`‡qI wW¯‹ wW‡d«M‡g›Uvi DB‡ÛvwU I‡cb Kiv hvq| †m‡ÿ‡Î AvMZ DB‡Ûv †_‡K
wbw`©ó WªvBfwU wm‡j± K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|
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53. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 45
6. AvMZ DB‡Ûv n‡Z Defragment evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| cÖ_‡g wbw`©ó
WªvBfwU‡K A¨vbvjvBR Kivi cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e|
7. A¨vbvjvBR cÖwµqv †kl n‡q hvevi ci ïiæ n‡e wW¯‹ wWd«¨vM‡g‡›Ukb
cÖwµqv| DB‡Ûvi wb‡Pi w`‡K `ywU evi †`Lv hv‡e| Dc‡ii eviwU‡Z
wWd«¨vM‡g‡›Uk‡bi Av‡Mi Ae¯’v Ges Zvi wb‡Pi eviwU‡Z
wWd«¨vM‡g‡›Uk‡bi c‡ii Ae¯’v cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| GB Ae¯’vq d«¨vM‡g‡›UW
dvBj, Kw›UwRqvm dvBj, Avbgy‡fej dvBj I wd« †¯úm¸‡jv wfbœ wfbœ
i‡O cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
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54. 46 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
8. cy‡iv cÖwµqv m¤úbœ nevi ci GKwU evZ©v cÖ`wkZ n‡e| wi‡cvU© †`L‡Z
PvB‡j View Report evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
9. wWd«¨vM‡g‡›UW WªvBfwUi wb‡Pi g‡Zv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| evi¸‡jv †`‡L Lye
mn‡RB eySv hv‡e G‡jv‡g‡jv Ae¯’vb¸‡jv †h web¨v¯Í n‡q‡Q|
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55. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 47
10.  Close †evZvg wK¬K K‡i DB‡ÛvwU eÜ Kiæb|
DB‡ÛvR 7/wfmZv‡Z Disk Defragmenter e¨envi
1. Start >All Programs >Accessories > System Tools > Disk
Defragmenter wb‡`©k w`b| wW¯‹ wW‡d«M‡g›Uvi WvqvjM e· cÖ`wk©Z
n‡e|
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56. 48 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
2. †h WªvBfwU‡K Defrag Ki‡Z Pvb Zv wbe©vPb K‡i cÖ_‡g Analyze disk
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| A¨vbvjvBR cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e| GB cÖwµqv †kl nevi
ci Defragment disk evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Defragmenting DB‡Ûv
cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| wP‡Î Defragmenting nIqvi cÖwµqv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
KZUzKz Defragment m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q Zv DB‡Ûv‡Z cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
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57. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 49
3. wW‡d«M‡g›U cÖwµqv PjvKv‡j Avcwb hw` Zv _vwg‡q w`‡Z Pvb Z‡e Stop
Operation evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
4. Defragment cÖwµqv mgvß nIqvi c‡i WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
5. cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv View Report ev Close evUb wK¬K Kiæb|
6. GLvb †_‡K View Report †evZvg wK¬K Ki‡j †h WªvB‡fi Defragment
Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi djvdj cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
7. Close †evZvg wK¬K K‡i DB‡ÛvwU eÜ Kiæb|
8. Avcwb hw` wbw`©ó mgq AšÍi AšÍi ¯^qswµqfv‡e wW¯‹ wW‡d«M‡g›Uvi Pvjy
Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e Zvi wkwWDj KbwdMvi K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib| GRb¨ g~j
DB‡Ûvi Configure Schedule evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| wb‡Pi WvqvjM e·
Avm‡e| GLvb †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Ackb¸‡jv wba©viY K‡i w`‡q OK
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
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58. 50 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
nvW©wW¯‹‡K wK¬b Kiv t AcÖ‡qvRbxq dvBj ev` †`qv
KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q KgwcDUvi wm‡÷‡g A‡bK AcÖ‡qvRbxq dvBj Rgv nq| †hgb
†U¤úivwi dvBj, B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K WvDb-†jvW Kiv dvBj, Recycle Bin-G Rgv
nIqv dvBj| G mKj dvBj nvW©wW‡¯‹ RvqMv `Lj K‡i _v‡K| Disk Clean-up
bvgK GKwU Ackb e¨envi K‡i G mKj AcÖ‡qvRbxq dvBj wm‡÷g †_‡K gy‡Q
†djv hvq| AcÖ‡qvRbxq dvBj gy‡Q nvW©wW¯‹‡K SÄvUgy³ †i‡L cvidi‡gÝ
evov‡bvi gva¨‡g j¨vcU‡ci e¨vUvwii Dci Pvc Kgv‡bv hvq|
DB‡ÛvR G·wc‡Z Disk Clean-up Ackb e¨envi Kiv t
1| Start †gby †_‡K h_vµ‡g Program  Accessories  System tools wbe©vPb
Kiæb|
2| cÖ`wk©Z mve-†gby †_‡K Disk Clean-up wbe©vPb Kiæb| WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
3| †h WªvBf †_‡K dvBj gy‡Q †dj‡Z Pvb Zv GLvb †_‡K wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq|
cÖ‡qvRbxq WªvBf wbe©vPb K‡i OK †evZvg wK¬K Kiæb| D³ WªvB‡f hw` gy‡Q
†djvi g‡Zv AcÖ‡qvRbxq dvBj _v‡K Zvn‡j wb¤œiƒc WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
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59. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 51
4| wbe©vwPZ WªvB‡f wK wK ai‡bi AcÖ‡qvRbxq dvBj Av‡Q Zv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
cÖ‡Z¨K ai‡bi dvB‡ji Av‡M GKwU †PK e· Av‡Q| †h RvZxq AcÖ‡qvRbxq
dvBj gyQ‡Z Pvb D³ K¨vUvMwii †PK e· wbe©vPb Kiæb|
5| Ok †evZvg wK¬K Kiæb| mwZ¨B dvBj¸‡jv gy‡Q †djv n‡e wKbv Zvi Rb¨
g¨v‡mR e· Avm‡e|
6| Yes wK¬K Ki‡j Disk clean-up †cÖvMÖvgwU KvR Ki‡e Ges wbe©vwPZ
AcÖ‡qvRbxq dvBj¸‡jv gy‡Q †dj‡e| D‡jøL¨ †h Disk Clean-up †cÖvMÖvg
w`‡q gy‡Q †djv dvBj RecycleBin †dvìv‡i Rgv nq bv| d‡j Zv Avi
cybiæ×vi Kiv hvq bv|
DB‡ÛvR7/wfmZv‡Z Disk Clean-up Ackb e¨envi Kiv t
1. Start >All Programs >Accessories > System Tools > Disk
Defragmenter wb‡`©k w`b|
2. Disk Cleanup : Drive Selection WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
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60. 52 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
3. †h WªvBf †_‡K dvBj gy‡Q †dj‡Z Pvb Zv GLvb †_‡K wbe©vPb Ki‡Z
nq| cÖ‡qvRbxq WªvBf wbe©vPb K‡i OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| D³ WªvB‡f
wK cwigvY gy‡Q †djvi g‡Zv AcÖ‡qvRbxq dvBj Av‡Q Zvi MYbv ïiæ n‡e|
wKQzÿY ci wbgœiƒc WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
4. wbe©vwPZ WªvB‡f wK wK ai‡bi AcÖ‡qvRbxq dvBj Av‡Q Zv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e
Ges Gi mevB wg‡j wW‡¯‹i wK cwigvY †¯úm `Lj K‡i Av‡Q Zvi
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61. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 53
cwigvYI †`Lv‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K ai‡bi dvB‡ji Av‡M GKwU †PK e· Av‡Q|
†h RvZxq AcÖ‡qvRbxq dvBj gyQ‡Z Pvb D³ K¨vUvMwii †PK e·
wbe©vPb Kiæb|
5. wm‡÷g dvBjmg~n gyQ‡Z PvB‡j Cleanup System files evU‡b wK¬K
Kiæb|
6. OK †evZvg wK¬K Kiæb| mwZ¨B dvBj¸‡jv gy‡Q †djv n‡e wKbv Zvi
Rb¨ wbgœiƒc g¨v‡mRe· Avm‡e|
Delete Files wK¬K Ki‡j Disk Cleanup †cÖvMÖvgwU KvR Ki‡e Ges wbe©vwPZ
AcÖ‡qvRxq dvBj¸‡jv gy‡Q †dj‡e| D‡jøL¨ †h, Disk Cleanup †cÖvMÖvg w`‡q gy‡Q
†djv dvBj Recycle Bin †dvìv‡i Rgv nq bv| d‡j Zv Avi cybiæ×vi Kiv hvq
bv|
wimvB‡Kj web †_‡K gy‡Q nvW©wW‡¯‹i †¯úm evov‡bv
mvaviYfv‡e †Kvb dvBj ev †dvìvi gyQ‡j A¯’vwqfv‡e gy‡Q hvq Ges wimvB‡Kj we‡b
Rgv nq| wimvB‡Kj web †cÖvMÖvgwU e¨envi K‡i gy‡Q hvIqv dvBj cybiæ×vi Kiv hvq
Ges wimvB‡Kj we‡b Rgv nIqv dvBj wimvB‡Kj web n‡Z ¯’vqxfv‡e gy‡Q wW‡¯‹i RvqMv
gy³ Kiv hvq| j¨vcU‡ci cvidi‡gÝ evov‡Z n‡j me mgq wW¯‹ †_‡K AcÖ‡qvRbxq
dvBj gy‡Q wW¯‹wU‡K nvjKv ivL‡Z n‡e| d‡j Gw›U fvBivm Pvjbvq Ges Ab¨vb¨
wb‡`©kbvq mgq Kg jvM‡e Ges Gfv‡e j¨vcU‡ci e¨vUvwii Dci Pvc Kg co‡e|
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62. 54 KgwcDUvi cwiPh©v
DB‡ÛvR G·wc‡Z wimvB‡Kj we‡bi e¨envi
 DB‡ÛvR ïiæ K‡i ÷vU© Avc w¯Œ‡b Avmyb|
 Recycle Bin AvBKb G Wvej wK¬K& Kiæb| c`©vq wimvB‡Kj web DB‡Ûv
I‡cb n‡e| DB‡Ûv‡Z gy‡Q hvIqv dvB‡ji ZvwjKv (†jv‡Kkb, ZvwiL, aib Ges
mvBRmn) †`Lv‡”Q| GLvb †_‡K †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU dvBj A_ev GKmv‡_ wm‡j±
K‡i K‡qKwU dvBj cybiæ×vi Kiv hvq A_ev ¯’vqxfv‡e gy‡Q †`qv hvq|
DB‡Ûv‡Ri †h‡Kv‡bv †cÖvMÖvg †_‡K dvBj gy‡Q †dj‡j Zv wimvB‡Kj web-G G‡m
Rgv nq| wimvB‡Kj web †_‡K gy‡Q †dj‡j dvBj ¯’vqxfv‡e gy‡Q wW‡¯‹i RvqMv
gy³ Ki‡e| ¯’vqxfv‡e gyQvi Rb¨ t
 wimvB‡Kj web DB‡Ûv‡Z G‡m †h dvBjwU gyQ‡Z Pvb †mwU wm‡j± Kiæb|
(GKvwaK dvBj GKmv‡_ gyQvi Rb¨ dvBjmg~n wbe©vPb Kiæb|)
 File > Delete wb‡`©k w`b| c`©vq g¨v‡mR DB‡Ûv Avm‡e|
 Yes G wK¬K& Kiæb|
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63. KgwcDUvi †gbB‡Ub¨vÝ 55
wimvB‡Kj web LvwjKiY
DB‡Ûv‡Ri hZ †cÖvMÖvg †_‡K dvBj gyQv †nvK bv †Kb Zv wimvB‡Kj we‡b G‡m
Rgv nq| Gfv‡e A‡bK dvBj Rgv n‡q Ab_©K wW‡¯‹i RvqMv `Lj K‡i iv‡L|
Avcbvi wW‡¯‹ †ewk cwigvY RvqMv bv _vK‡j wimvB‡Kj web Lvwj K‡i wb‡Z
cv‡ib| †mRb¨ t
 wimvB‡Kj web DB‡Ûv‡Z G‡m cÖ‡qvRbxq †Kv‡bv dvBj Av‡Q wKbv †`‡L
wbb| KviY wimvB‡Kj web Lvwj Ki‡j me dvBj ¯’vqxfv‡e gy‡Q hv‡e| ZvB
gy‡Q †djv cÖ‡qvRbxq dvBj _vK‡j Zv †`‡L wi‡÷vi K‡i wbb|
 File G wK¬K& Kiæb A_ev Alt+F Pvcyb|
 Empty Recycle Bin G wK¬K Kiæb A_ev B Pvcyb| c`©vq Avm‡e -
 Yes G wK¬K Kiæb A_ev Y Pvcyb| wimvB‡Kj web Lvwj n‡q hv‡e|
DB‡ÛvR †m‡fb/wfmZv‡Z wimvB‡Kj we‡bi e¨envi
 DB‡ÛvR ïiæ K‡i ÷vU© Avc w¯Œ‡b Avmyb|
 Recycle Bin AvBKb G Wvej wK¬K& Kiæb| c`©vq wimvB‡Kj web DB‡Ûv
I‡cb n‡e|
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