“The Future of Pattern Language: Soft Social Infrastructure to Allow Freedom of Creation in the Creative Society”

The Future of Pattern Language
Soft Social Infrastructure to Allow Freedom of
Creation in the Creative Society
PUARL2018 Conference
Professor at Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University
Ph.D in Media and Governance
Courtesy Research Associate
Portland Urban Architecture Research Laboratory (PUARL)
School of Architecture & Environment,
College of Design, University of Oregon
Takashi Iba

Fact 1
These Pattern Languages are actually utilized at schools,
companies, cafes, hospitals, local communities, and
governments in Japan.
Fact 2
Many pattern languages has been created in various
domain in Japan.

“Pattern language 3.0” (3rd generation)
= pattern languages for human actions
Fact 1
Takashi Iba, “Pattern Languages as Media for the Creative Society,” in the 4th International Conference on
Collaborative Innovation Networks (COINs2013), 2013
Takashi Iba, “Pattern Language 3.0 and Fundamental Behavioral Properties” in World Conference on Pursuit of
Pattern Languages for Societal Change, 2015, published in a book: Peter Baumgartner, Tina Gruber-Muecke,
Richard Sickinger (Eds.), Pursuit of Pattern Languages for Societal Change. Designing Lively Scenarios in
Various Fields. Berlin: epubli, 2016, pp.200-233
Many pattern languages has been created in various
domain in Japan.

In addition, also 550 new words in Style Languages and Community Language.
We have created 60 pattern languages in various domain
including 1,610 patterns for past 16 years.

• Education (Iba, et al., 2011; Iba & Utsunomiya, 2017)
• Learning (Iba, et al., 2009; Iba & Iba Lab, 2014)
• Collaboration (Iba, et al., 2013; Iba & Iba Lab, 2014)
• Presentation (Iba, et al., 2012; Iba & Iba Lab, 2014)
• Reading (Iba, et al., 2018)
• Open Dialogue (Iba et al., 2017; Iba & Nagai, 2018)
• Motivating Self-Improvement (Burgoyne &Iba, 2017)
• Life Transition (Iba & Kubo, 2017)
• Project Design (Kubota et al., 2016; Iba et al., 2017)
• School Design (Iba et al., 2015)
• Workshop Design (Iba, 2012; Akado et al., 2015)
• Managing Preschool (Nozawa, et al., 2018)
• Omotenashi = Hospitality (Iba & Nakagawa, 2019)
• Cooking (Akado et al., 2016; Yoshikawa et al., 2018; Isaku & Iba, 2016)
• Managing Everyday Life with Working and Parenting (Ogo et al., 2017)
• Living Lively and Beautiful (Arao et al., 2012)
• Natural Living - Ethical Lifestyle (Kamada et al., 2016)
• Living well with Dementia (Iba & Okada, 2015; Iba, et al., 2016)
• Social Entrepreneurship (Shimomukai, et al., 2012; Shimomukai, et al., 2015)
• Cross-Border Leadership (Miura, et al., 2016)
• Public Policy Design (Iba & Takenaka, 2017)
• Surviving Earthquakes (Furukawazono et al., 2013; Furukawazono & Iba, 2015)
• Conservation of Ecosystem (Kamada et al., 2018) + about 400 meta-patterns
We have created 60 pattern languages in various domain
including 1,610 patterns for past 16 years.

• Inquiry [for students]
• Empathetic Marketing & Customer-Relation Building
• Music Composition
• Reading [for children]
• Well-being in life (Iwata et al., 2018)
• End-of-life care - quality of death
Working in progress
We are now creating some more pattern languages in various
domains.

• Self-directed learning [by elementary school students] (Harashima, et al. 2014)
• Building comfortable class [by elementary school students]
• Project-based learning [by elementary school students]
• Educational patterns [by high school teachers] (Kanai, et al., 2017)
• Workplace Design [by a company]
• Instruction for business people [by a company]
• Management of innovative company [by a company]
• Employment of disable people [by a local government] (Takiguchi, et al., 2017)
• Welfare Innovation [by a local government] (Takiguchi, et al., 2017)
• Environment design for the elderly [by a company] (Yonesu & Kato, 2017)
• Building school connected to the local community [by a local community]
• Public Policy Design [by a local government]
• Public Policy Design [by a ministry]
Pattern Languages created by others in Japan
Other pattern languages that are created by Japanese company,
government and local community.

Pattern Languages empower people to create things they
desire to create, and enables them to participate in creative
activities in various domains.

Many pattern languages in various domain in Japan.
Fact 1

Fact 2
These Pattern Languages are actually utilized
at schools, companies, cafes, hospitals, local
communities, and governments in Japan.

Presentation Patterns
in an elementary school

`Life with Reading’ Patterns
in an elementary school

Collaboration Patterns
Learning Patterns
in a middle school

in a middle school

in a high school

Learning Patterns
in a university
1,000 freshmen participate in dialogue workshops with using the
Learning Patterns every year, for past 7 years (Keio University)

in a university

in a graduate school

in a workshop for
high school teachers

in a school training for
middle and high school teachers

“Active Learning Patterns
for Teachers”
in a school training for
high school teachers

“Active Learning Patterns
for Teachers”
in a graduate school of
teacher education

“Words for a Dialogue”
(Open Dialogue Patterns)
in a graduate school of
teacher education

Learning Patterns
in a Faculty Development
for University Professors

Project Design Patterns
in a Corporate Training

Project Design Patterns
in a course for business people

in a talk live at a cafe

“Words for a Journey” (Pattern Language
for living well with dementia)
in a Dementia Cafe

in a meeting of those living with dementia

in a day care group home

“Words for a Journey” (Pattern Language for
living well with dementia)
in a staﬀ training in a housing for the elderly

in a nursing education

in a meeting for supporters in a local community

in a meeting for supporters in a local community
(elementary school students)

in a hospital

in the action guidebook oﬃcially provided
by a local government

Please remember these background facts,
when listening the following future vision.

Future of Pattern Language
Future Vision
“Creative Society”

CCreation
CCConsumption Communication
Consumptive
Society
Communicative
(Information)
Society
Creative
Society
Iba, T. (2016) “Sociological Perspective of the Creative Society” in Matth us P. Zylka, Hauke Fuehres, Andrea Fronzetti Colladon,
Peter A. Gloor (eds.), Designing Networks for Innovation and Improvisation, Springer International Publishing, 2016, pp.29-42

Creative
Society
People could create their own goods, tools, concepts,
knowledge, mechanisms, and ultimately, the future with
their own hands.
Creation would no longer be limited to just companies,
organizations, and government, but could be performed by
each and every individual according to their own needs,
wants, and motivation.
This also means that it is too difﬁcult to survive without
creating anything to solve problems and conﬂicts in the
complex and dynamically changing society.
Everyday Creativity
“Natural Creativity”
Iba, T. (2016) “Sociological Perspective of the Creative Society” in Matth us P. Zylka, Hauke Fuehres, Andrea Fronzetti Colladon,
Peter A. Gloor (eds.), Designing Networks for Innovation and Improvisation, Springer International Publishing, 2016, pp.29-42

CCreation
CCConsumption Communication
Consumptive
Society
Communicative
(Information)
Society
Creative
Society
Pattern Language

However, as diverse as these topics are, they are still merely
small fragments within the much larger context of human action
and creation.
Pattern Languages empower people to create things they
desire to create, and enables them to participate in creative
activities in various domains.

If more pattern languages are created in various domains, it will
become much easier for people to try engaging in creative
activities in domains which they are not familiar with.

From the creativity viewpoint, it can be said that this ability to step
into various creative activities is a new kind of `freedom’.
In this sense, it can be said that pattern language is a tool to enhance
people’s creative ‘freedom’.
‘Creative Well-being Freedom’

Pattern Languages
as
Soft Social Infrastructure
for Creative Well-Being
The Future of Pattern Language - 1

Economist / philosopher who was awarded
Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
Amartya Sen
Capability Approach
Quality of Life

“I tried to explore a particular approach to well-being and
advantage in terms of a person’s ability to do a valuable acts
or reach valuable states of being.” (Sen, 1993, p.30)
“The expression was picked to represent the alternative
combinations of things a person is able to do or be — the
various `functionsings’ he or she can achieve.” (Sen, 1993,
p.30)
Sen, A. “Capability and Well-Being”, Quality of Life,
Eds. by M.C. Nussbaum and A. Sen., Oxford University Press, 1993
Capability
Amartya Sen

“The functionings included can vary from most elementary
ones, such as being well-nourished, avoiding escapable
morbidity and premature mortality, etc., to quite complex
and sophisticated achievements, such as having self-respect,
being able to take part in the life of the community, and so
on.”(Sen, 1992, p.5).
functionings
“Functionings represent parts of the state of a person — in
particular the various things that he or she manages to do or
be in leading a life.” (Sen, 1993, p.31)
Sen, A. Inequality Reexamined,
Harvard University Press., 1992
Eds. by M.C. Nussbaum and A. Sen., Oxford University Press, 1993
Amartya Sen

“The capability of a person reflects the alternative
combinations of functionings the person can achieve, and
from which he or she can choose one collection.” (Sen,
1993, p.31)
capability
“This approach is based on a view of living as a combination
of various ‘doings and beings’, with quality of life to be
assessed in terms of the capability to achieve valuable
functionings” (Sen, 1993, p.31)
Eds. by M.C. Nussbaum and A. Sen., Oxford University Press, 1993Amartya Sen

“if the achieved functionings constitute a person’s well-
being, then the capability to achieve functionings (i.e. all
the alternative combinations of functionings a person can
choose to have) will constitute the person’s freedom — the
real opportunities — to have well-being.” 
(Sen, 1992, p.40).
‘well-being freedom’
Sen, A. Inequality Reexamined,
Harvard University Press., 1992Amartya Sen

If more pattern languages are created in various domains, it will become
much easier for people to try engaging in creative activities in domains
which they are not familiar with.
‘Creative Well-being Freedom’
Pattern Languages empower people to create things they desire to
create, and enables them to participate in creative activities in various
domains.

Pattern languages help people overcome obstacles
and improves the quality of daily life, thereby
contributing to a higher level of peace in the world.
There may be a day when someone from the pattern
language domain awards the Nobel Peace Prize.
Pattern Languages
as
Soft Social Infrastructure

Pattern Languages
as
Pragmatic Tools for
Creative Democracy

John Dewey, “Creative democracy: The task before us”, 1939
John Dewey
(1859 – 1952)
In J. Boydston (Ed.), John Dewey: The later works, 1925-1953, volume 14,
Carbondale:Southern Illinois University Press, pp. 224-230
John Dewey claimed that sharing the development of habit
through experience should be at the core of democracy, and
called form of democracy, “Creative Democracy”.
• Richard J. Bernstein, “Creative democracy—the task still before us”,
American Journal of Theology and Philosophy 21 (3):215 - 228,
2000
• Shigeki Uno, Minshushugi no Tsukurikata [How to build
Democracy], in Japanese, Chikuma Shobo, 2013
‘Creative Democracy’

“What pragmatists emphasized is that ideas and thoughts are
social in nature. … To answer the question of how ideas can be
social, pragmatists focused on habit. People make decisions as
their actions require them to, and then search for validation. It is
through repeating these actions and finding its recurring
patterns, that habits are formed.”
On Creative Democracy
Shigeki Uno, Minshushugi no Tsukurikata [How to build Democracy], Chikuma Shobom, 2013
“Looking at society as a whole, habits are media which connect
people with one another; a social equipment that becomes a
leverage for social change through the results of various
experiments compiling together. Without awareness, individual’s
beliefs merge, consequently creating a change in society. You
might even say that this is almost democratic.”

• Generally, the term “habit” may refer to negative everyday
actions that one cannot easily get rid of, such as smoking and
drinking.
• However, “habit” in terms of pragmatism refers to a broader
concept that points to any general pattern that generates
action.
• This includes subtle actions that we take unconsciously, as well
as actions that we only rarely take. 
• Dewey emphasizes that repetition is not a necessary part of
habit.
• The real essence of habit is “an acquired predisposition to
ways or modes of response” (Dewey, 1922, p.42).
Habit
Takashi Iba, Ayaka Yoshikawa, “Constructing the Philosophy of Pattern Language: From the
Perspective of Pragmatism,” PUARL Conference 2016, USA, 2016

• Our proposal is to consider the purpose of pattern language as
changing people’s habits or help them form new habits.
• Especially, what we are aiming to do in Pattern Language 3.0 is to
generate habits of actions for certain situations.
• Thus, when creating patterns in Pattern Language 3.0, we must mine
habits that create desirable results and write them as patterns that
describe what action is good for a certain situation.
• The aim is for the reader of a pattern to put it into practice and
transform that action into a habit.
Patterns are for Forming and Changing Habit

“At the moment when a person is faced with an act of design,
he does not have time to think about it from scratch. He is
faced with the need to act, he has to act fast; and the only way
of acting fast is to rely on the various rules of thumb which he
has accumulated in his mind. In short, each one of us, no
matter how humble, or how elevated, has a vast fabric of rules
of thumb, in our minds, which tell us what to do when it comes
time to act. At the time of any act of design, all we can hope to
do is to use the rules of thumb we have collected, in the best
way we know how.” (Alexander, 1979, p.204)
• A pattern within a pattern language can be thought of as a habit
in pragmatism.
• Alexander points out that a person who performs an act of
design does not think from scratch, but instead uses various
rules of thumb that they have gained from experience.

“The patterns in the world merely exist. But the same
patterns in our minds are dynamic. They have force. They
are generative. They tell us what to do; they tell us how we
shall, or may, generate them; and they tell us too, that under
certain circumstances, we must create them. Each pattern is
a rule which describe what you have to do generate the
entity which it defines.” (Alexander, 1979, p.182)
• Both habits and patterns in mind lead to action.
Takashi Iba, Ayaka Yoshikawa, “Constructing the Philosophy of Pattern
Language: From the Perspective of Pragmatism,” PUARL Conference 2016, 2016
Pattern language does not only change a person’s individual
actions, but also contributes to the development and/or
transformation of people’s habits over time.

Pattern languages support the realization of
Creative Democracy through enabling people
to develop habits through experience and
share this knowledge with each other.
Pattern Languages
as
Pragmatic Tools for
Creative Democracy

Pattern Language
as
New type of Art
for Describing the World

The purpose of pattern language is not to discover and
represent truths that exist in the world, but to create new
vocabularies that help capture the world.
• Richard Rorty took an anti-representationalist stance and denied
the representationalist claim that truth exists objectively.
• Instead, of representing or expressing the intrinsic
characteristics of the world, Rorty advocated creating a new
vocabulary to describe the world.
Richard Rorty
(1931 – 2007)
Takashi Iba, Ayaka Yoshikawa, “Constructing the Philosophy of
Pattern Language: From the Perspective of Pragmatism,” PUARL
Conference 2016, USA, 2016
Vocabulary matters

• Both pragmatism and pattern language emphasize the importance of
creating a vocabulary that can be used within a story.
• In such cases, the dichotomy between truth and value is destroyed.
This is a common line of thinking among pragmatists.
• Rorty points out that the supposed difference between things like
science and poetic expression is meaningless (Rorty, 1979).
Science and Poem
Richard Rorty
(1931 – 2007)

• Creating a pattern language is not merely writing in a
scientific manner, but is rather a continuous process of
improving expressions, much like writing poetry.
Patterns have both Scientific and Poetic Aspect
• We can understand the reason Christopher Alexander
decided to create the pattern language format that contains
characteristics of both scientific and poetic statements
rather than mathematical representations.

Gabriel, R. P., Writers’
Workshops & the Work of
Making Things: Patterns,
Poetry…, Pearson
Education, 2002
Silverstein, M., Any Old
Wolf, Sixteen Rivers
Press., 2006
Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S.,
Silverstein, M., Jacobson,
M., Fiksdahl-King, I. and
Angel, S. A, Pattern
Language: Towns, Buildings,
Construction, Oxford
University Press,1977
Gabriel, R. P., Drive
On, The Hollyridge
Press, 2005
Poets in the Pattern Community

http://generativeﬁlms.org/Richard P. Gabriel

Writers’ Workshop
at PLoP (Pattern Language of Programs) Conference

Bob Dylan
For his contribution in creating a
new poetic expression in the domain
of American music.
Bob Dylan awarded the Nobel Prize
in Literature!

Pattern Language will be further recognized as a
new form of literature and creative writing, as
various high quality works of patterns are created
and used to enrich our understanding of the world.
Consequently, there may be people from the
domain who wins the Nobel Prize for Literature.
Pattern Language
as
New type of Art
for Describing the World

Many pattern languages has been created in various domain
in Japan.
These Pattern Languages are actually utilized at schools,
companies, cafes, hospitals, local communities, and
governments in Japan.

New type of Art for  
Describing the World
The Future of Pattern Language
Pattern Languages will be
Pragmatic Tools for  
Creative Democracy
Soft Social Infrastructure 

References
Akado, Y., Kogure, S., Sasabe, A., Hong, J.-H., Saruwatari, K. and Iba, T. (2015) “Five Patterns for Designing
Pattern Mining Workshops,” EuroPLoP’15 Proceedings of the 20th European Conference on Pattern Languages
of Programs.
Akado, Y., Shibata, S., Yoshikawa, A., Sano, A. and Iba, T. (2016) “Cooking Patterns: A Pattern Language for
Everyday Cooking,” 5th Asian Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs
Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., Silverstein, M., Jacobson, M., Fiksdahl-King, I. and Angel, S. (1977) A Pattern
Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction, Oxford University Press.
Alexander, C. (1979) The Timeless Way of Building, Oxford University Press.
Arao, R., Tamefusa, A., Kadotani, M., Harasawa, K., Sakai, S., Saruwatari, K. and Iba, T. (2012) “Generative Beauty
Patterns: A Pattern Language for Living Lively and Beautiful,” PLoP’12 Proceedings of the 19th Conference on
Pattern Languages of Programs.
Bernstein, R. J. (2000) “Creative democracy—the task still before us”, American Journal of Theology and
Philosophy 21 (3):215 - 228
Burgoyne, A., Iba, T. (2017) “Motivating Self-Improvement: Methods to stay motivated”, 24th Conference on Pattern
Languages of Programs (PLoP17).
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14, Ed. by Boydston, J., Southern Illinois University Press, 1988, pp. 224-230
Furukawazono, T., Seshimo, S., Muramatsu, D., and Iba, T. (2013) “Survival Language: A Pattern Language for
Surviving Earthquakes,” PLoP’13 Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Pattern Languages of Program.
Furukawazono T. and Iba, T. with Survival Language Project (2015), Survival Language: A Pattern Language for
Surviving Earthquakes, CreativeShift.
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Gabriel, R. P. (2005) Drive On, The Hollyridge Press.
Harashima, Y., Kubota, T., Matsumura, T., Tsukahara, K., Iba, T. (2014) “Learning patterns for self-directed learning
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Iba, T., Ichikawa, C. Sakamoto, M. and Yamazaki, T. (2011) “Pedagogical Patterns for Creative Learning,”
PLoP’11 Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs.
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on Pattern Languages of Programs.
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Presentations,” EuroPLoP’12 Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs.
Iba, T. (2013) “Pattern Languages as Media for the Creative Society,” in the 4th International Conference on
Collaborative Innovation Networks (COINs2013), 2013
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Creation for Campus Building: The Keio-SFC Experiment,” 22nd Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs.
Iba, T. and Okada, M. (Eds), Iba Laboratory and Dementia Friendly Japan Initiative (2015) , Words for a Journey:
The Art of Being with Dementia, CreativeShift.
Iba, T. (2016) “Pattern Language 3.0 and Fundamental Behavioral Properties” in World Conference on Pursuit of
Pattern Languages for Societal Change, 2015, published in a book: Peter Baumgartner, Tina Gruber-Muecke,
Richard Sickinger (Eds.), Pursuit of Pattern Languages for Societal Change. Designing Lively Scenarios in
Various Fields. Berlin: epubli, 2016, pp.200-233
Iba, T. (2016) “Sociological Perspective of the Creative Society” in Matth us P. Zylka, Hauke Fuehres, Andrea
Fronzetti Colladon, Peter A. Gloor (eds.), Designing Networks for Innovation and Improvisation, Springer
International Publishing, 2016, pp.29-42
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Dementia: Words for a Journey," International Journal of Organisational Design and Engineering, Volume 4, No.
1/2, pp.85-112.

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Pragmatism,” PUARL Conference 2016.
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Language for Collaborative Problem Dissolving,” the traveling pattern conference (VikingPLoP 2017).
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Languages for Societal Change conference 2017 (PURPLSOC2017).
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Patterns,” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, in printing Iba, T., Takenaka, H. (2017)
“Policy Language: A Pattern Language for Designing Public Policy,” 6th Asian Conference on Pattern Languages
of Programs (AsianPLoP 2017).
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Change conference 2017 (PURPLSOC2017).
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through Cooking,” 21st European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs.
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Based on 4 Factors of Happiness”, 25th Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (PLoP18).
Kamada, A., Kato, R., Akado, Y., Iba, T. (2016) “Natural Living Patterns: A Pattern Language for Ethical and
Sustainable Life”, 23rd Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (PLoP2016).
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Miura, H., Shimomukai, E., Iba, T. (2016) “Cross-Border Leadership Patterns: A Pattern Language for Social
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Social Entrepreneurship," PLoP’12 Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs.
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