Scientific Management aims to improve industrial efficiency through applying scientific principles to management. Frederick Taylor is considered the father of Scientific Management. Some key principles of Scientific Management include basing decisions on science rather than intuition, promoting harmony between workers and management, encouraging mental revolution and cooperation over individualism, and developing workers' greatest efficiency. Techniques of Scientific Management include functional foremanship, standardization and simplification of work, work study including method study, motion study and time study, and implementing a differential piece wage system. Modern approaches drawing from Scientific Management principles include Just-in-Time manufacturing, Lean Manufacturing, Kaizen, Six Sigma, and Operations Research.

1. Scientific Management
Scientific Management: - Scientific Management means knowing exactly what
you went men to do and seeing that they do it in the bestand cheapest way.
Taylor’s Scientific Management
Taylor, popularly known as ‘father of Scientific Management’, belonged to an
era of industrialrevolution. He soughtto improveindustrial efficiency. He was
highly influential in reshaping the factory system of production.
Principles of Scientific Management
1. Science, Not Rule of Thumb: - All the decisions should be based on
scientific enquiry with cause and effect relationship and not on intuition
or hit and trial and trial methods
2. Harmony, Not Discord:- There Should is complete harmony between
the workers and managementsince if there is any conflict between the
two, it will not be beneficial either for the workers or the management.
3. Mental Revolution:- Itinvolves a change in the attitude of workers and
management towards each other both should realize the importance of
each other and should realize the importance of each other and should
Science, Not rule
of thumb
Harmony, Not
Discord
Mental Revolution
Cooperation, Not
Individualism
Development to
worker with their
greatest efficency
& prosperity

2. work with full cooperation. There should a spirit of togetherness
between workers and management.
4. Cooperation, Not Individualism:- The principle lays stress on mutual
cooperation between worker and management. Cooperation, mutual
confidence, senseof goodwillshould prevail among both, managers as
well as worker. Theintention is to replace internal competition with
cooperation.
5. Development toworker withtheir greatest efficiency &prosperity:-
Due care should be taken in selecting the employees and they must also
be sent for training from time to time update their knowledge, skills and
abilities.
Techniques of Scientific Management
1. Functional Foremanship:- A foreman belongs operational management
and is the highest ranking worker. Heis the centre around whom the
entire production planning implementation and controlrevolve. Thus, it
becomes very essentials to improvehis performance.
2. Standardizationand simplificationof work:-
 Standardization:- Itis the process of setting standards of setting
standards for differentfactors. Standards cab ne set for process,
raw material, time product, methods, or working conditions. It
uses standards equipment’s, methods and process in order to
Functional
Foremanship
Standarddization
and Simplification
of work
Work Study
Differential Piece
wage System

3. maximize the output keeping in mind the quality standards. It
helps in establishing the norms for sizes, types, height etc.
 Simplification:- Simplification refers to the elimination of
unwanted varieties, sizes, products and dimensions. In other
words, simplification means optimum utilization of resources viz
men, machine and material through uninterrupted runs and fewer
machine stoppages. Itaims at discarding unnecessary diversity of
products.
3. Work Study:- Work study is a systematic, objectiveoriented, analytical
and critical assessmentof the performanceof workers in various
operations in a workshop.
 MethodStudy:- The main objectiveof this technique is to find
out the best way or at least one of the best methods of doing a
particular job in order to minimize the costof production and
maximize the quality and satisfaction of the customer. In the same
manner, it needs to be checked that there are no unnecessary
activities in the production process.
 MotionStudy:- Motion Study refers to the study of various
movements, like sitting, standing holding, and turning, changing
position etc. of workers, whileperforming a particular job. The
main objective of this study is to identity the motions which are
productiveincidental and unproductive.
 Time Study:- Time study determines the standard time taken by a
workman to perform a given task. The standard time is fixed by
taking severalreadings of a specific task. Its purposeis to decide
how much time is normally required by the worker to perform a
certain job and thus to determine the number of worker to be
employed for a fair day’s work.
 Fatigue Study:- Fatigue study intends to find out the number and
frequency of restintervals that must be provided to a worker in
completing a job efficiently. Workers cannotwork at a stretch.
After putting in work for a certain period of time they feel tired
which affects their performance. If they are allowed rest intervals,
they will regain their stamina and will resumetheir work with
greater energy.

4. 4. Differential Piece Wage System:- Itis a system of wages’ paymentin
which efficient and inefficient workers arepaid at different rates. Taylor
has suggested two types of wages for similar work. Higher wages for
efficient workers & lower wages for inefficient workers. Taylor classified
the workers as efficientor inefficient on the basis of their performance.
Worker who performup to or above the standard set for them are
regarded as efficient On the other hand, inefficient workers areones
who performbelow the standard.
Present Status of Scientific Management
1. Just in Time Manufacturing:- Itis a strategy of inventory management
which is concerned with reducing the stock of work in progress and its
associated costs and thus improving return on investment KANBAN or
visualsignals are used to implement this strategy KANBAN provides the
information regarding replenishment requirement of production level.
2. Lean Manufacturing:- Itis a philosophy of management which is
concerned with reducing the seven wastes: - (a) Wastes of
overproduction (b) Waiting time (c) Transportation (d) Processing (e)
Motion (f) Inventory and (g) Scrap of any type. This resultin
improvement of quality and reduction in production costs and time.
3. Kaizen:- Kaizen is a Japaneseword which means ‘improvement’ or ‘
change for better’ The main objective of Kaizen is to eliminate waste,
Just in Time
Manufacturing
Lean
Manufacturing
Kaizen
Six Sigma
Operation
Research

5. standardized work, justin time delivery, right sizeequipment, fast
moving lines etc. it teaches people how to perform rapid experiments
using scientific methods and eliminate waste in different business
activities
4. Six Sigma: - Six sigma is a data driven approach which helps on
organisation in reducing inefficiencies and in saving time and money by
reducing ‘quality variations’.
5. Operations Research:- This technique was developed during Second
World War to optimize the deployment of war material. Using different
tools viz PERT (ProgrammeEvaluation and Review Techniques), CPM
(Critical Path Method), L.P.(Linear Programming) etc. , cost, over run and
or/ time over run can be avoided during execution of any project.