Basics of processing landfill or anaerobic digester gas for use in a pipeline, CNG or LNG.

1. Engineering Solutions for Process Industries
May 4, 2017
RNG Webinar:
Basics of High BTU

2. Today’s Agenda and Goals
Agenda
Extremely sensitive to your valuable time. Will be muted with typed
questions. Only 19 slides with Q & A at end.
 Introduce High BTU Renewable Natural Gas: Generated from
Landfills, Anaerobic Digestion, or Wastewater
 Background- Why now?
 Provide technology-neutral descriptions of available options
 RNG revenue sources
 Common site layout for membrane and PSA
 Question & Answer- Due to the number of attendees, please
type your questions so that we may remain on mute

3. WHO WE ARE?
Kyle Snyder, Vice President, Business Development
&
Bill Slatosky, Chief Technical Officer

4. Background
Venture Engineering & Construction
 Founded in 2007 Our goals:
 Multi-Discipline engineering leading with Process, Electrical, I&C,
Automation, and Piping Design
 Project & Construction Management
 Market leader in siloxane treatments in biogas
 Have been involved in 40+ biogas to energy projects, multiple
high or medium BTU projects and currently working on ~10 high
BTU projects
 Focus on process industries and energy (natural gas and power)

5. Treatment and Timing
Gas Treatment and Why
 Upgrading of biogas mainly involves the removal of CO2, H2S and
H2O from the raw biogas. CO2 is removed to increase the energy
content of the gas
 Biogas into the gas grid, BTU content and gas spec required
will be similar to that of the gas already present in pipeline
 CO2 concentration is also important to ensure flame
stability and energy value for the end users
 H2S removal prolongs the lifetime of the equipment, piping
and burners since it is a very corrosive gas
 Siloxane reduction to avoid silicon dioxide deposits in
consumer pilot burners(potential flame instability)

6. Why Now?
Gas Treatment and Why
Significant uptick in the amount of projects, because:
1. Financial Incentives
2. Better efficiencies and technologies for treating ‘smaller flow’
projects(less than 1500 scfm)
3. Renewable power projects are currently a cold market due to
Power Purchase Agreements. Not profitable
4. More CNG vehicles means more necessary CNG. This tied
together with other reasons is just demand and timing
5. Generally, less permitting requirements due to negligible
emissions

7. Biogas Plant
 High BTU gas- Essentially removing Carbon Dioxide, Sulfur
Dioxide, Nitrogen and some other compounds from methane.

8. Technologies
 There are several biogas upgrading technologies, ranging from the most
commonly used water scrubbing to highly sophisticated cryogenic
techniques. Each process has its advantages and disadvantages, depending
on the biogas origin, composition and plant location.
 PSA-TSA
 Membranes including new higher efficiency
 Water or Chemical Scrubbers
 Cryogenic Liquefaction
All listed Pros and Cons may be relative to individual project—One size does not
fit all in the selection of these technologies.

9. TSA-PSA
Manufacturers- Guild, Xebec, Air Science, ARI
Pro
 Experience
 Flexible turn-down range
 CO2 and Nitrogen remediation in single step
Con
 Cost of potential media fouling- High replacement cost
 Valve maintenance

10. Membrane
Manufacturers- Air Liquide, DMT
Pro
 Easier construction, often modular
 Highly efficient process
 Ease of operation & maintenance
Con
 Parasitic electric cost
 Does not remove Nitrogen

11. Water-Wash
Manufacturers- Greenlane Biogas, Megtec
Pro
 No Chemicals
 Removes H2S
 Proven
Con
 No Nitrogen removal
 Water management may be issue
 Large footprint

12. Selexol- Chemical Scrub
Manufacturers- Morrow
Pro
 No Heat
 Low Maintenance
 H2S Tolerant
Con
 High O & M, Relatively Complex Process
 Large Footprint
 No Nitrogen Removal

13. Cryogenic
Manufacturers- Linde, Air Products
Pro
 No Water or Solvent Required
 High Methane Recovery
 Nitrogen and Oxygen Removal
Con
 Complex Operation
 High Electrical Cost
 High CAPEX
13

14. Tech Comp
14
Water
Wash
Selexol
Chemical
Scrub
PSA
TSA
Selective
Membrane
Cryo
Liquefaction
Produced gas quality 98 99 97 99 99.5 %
Methane slip 1 0.1/0.81
3 0.3-0.5 0.5 %
Energy efficiency7
96/992
93-96 93 98 93 %
Electrical use 0.23 0.15/0.353
0.25 0.21 0.35 kWh/m(3)
biogas
0.65 0.42-0.993
0.71 0.59 0.99 kWh/ 100
SCFM
Reliability / up time 96 94 94 98 94 %
Gas fluctuation
allowed
50-100 50-100 85-100 0-100 75-100 %
CAPEX 2730 2940 3080 2460 3140 $/m3 (4)
OPEX 8.3 8.9 9.15 7.5 9.7 $ ct/m3 (4)
Bio Methane loss 150,000 130,0001
265,000 75,000 125,000 $/year (4)
Foot print / height Large Large Medium Small Medium
Maintenance needed Medium Medium+ Medium+ Low High
Operation ease Medium Medium+ Complex Easy Complex
Waste streams Water Chemicals Carbon None None

15. Revenue Sources
Sources of Revenue for RNG
Commodity Price for RNG injected into Gas Pipeline
 Value: $2.50 - $3.00 / MMBTU
EPA Renewable Fuel Standard 2
 D-3 RINs Market Credit Value: $2.50/credit
 11.73 RIN Credits per MMBTU of RNG
 RIN Value= $29.32/ MMBTU ($ $28.46 / mcf RNG)
Low Carbon Fuel Standard in California (LCFS)
 Develop Carbon Intensity, CI (gCO2e/MJ) from well to
storage tank (WTT)
 Credit Market Credit Value : $78-85/ MT
( MT=metric tonne of CO2 offset)
 Evaluate Carbon footprint for entire gathering,
processing and transportation to determine CI
Voluntary Carbon Offset Credits
 Voluntary Market: $2 - $4/ tonne of CO2 offset
 Compliance Markets : $4 - $10/ tonne of CO2 offset
 Offset credits must be 3rd party validated/ audited ;
Formal paper trail
 Existing Mandatory Compliance Markets:
 Washington
 California
 Oregon ( potential legislation under proposal)
Local State and County Regional Grants & Special Funding &
Tax Credits for Renewable Fuel Projects
Some uncertainty in the RINs/ LCFS credit market beyond 2022.
Will credit markets continue, be expanded or contracted?

16. Potential Pitfalls
1. Bad Gas- Very high levels of Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide,
Sulfur Dioxide, relative to gas flow.
2. Inability to find home for gas. No pipeline, No CNG or
LNG.
3. Improper decision making early in process. Open decision-
making process must be implemented.

17. The Process
 PSA High BTU Layout
 Membrane Plant Layout

18. Q & A
 Thanks for submitting questions.
 Thank you very much for attending. We look forward to
future webinars including:
“A Deeper Dive Into The Financial Aspects of Renewable
Natural Gas”, coming in May.

19. Contact Information
Contact Information:
www.VentureEngr.com
Kyle Snyder, Vice President
(412)860-3446
ksnyder@ventureengr.com
Bill Slatosky, Chief Technical Officer
(412)231-5890 x305
bslatosky@ventureengr.com