Land based sources of marine pollution.

2.  Definition
 Types of marine pollution
 Impact of Marine Pollution
 Sources of Marine pollution
 Land Based Pollution
 Mobility of Pollutants & Range of Pollutants
 Sources and Effects of LBSMP
 International& Regional Framework for LBSMP Control
 Steps to Prevent Marine Pollution

3. The term 'pollution' describes the occurrence and inputs of wastes
and the impact of these wastes on the environment.
Marine Pollution (UN definition) – “The introduction by man,
directly, or indirectly, of substances or energy to the marine
environment resulting in deleterious effects such as: hazards to
human health, hindrance to marine activities, impairment of the
quality of seawater for various uses and reduction of amenities.”

4.  Sedimentation
 Agricultural runoff (herbicides, pesticides and nutrients)
 Energy(Thermal and Light)
 Sewage(Faecal Coliform and nutrients)
 Solid Waste
 Chemicals, Metals and Radioactive Substances
 Oil
 Biological

5. Generally marine pollution affects ecosystem health, public
health, recreational water quality and economic viability
in the following ways:
 Mechanical
 Eutrophication
 Saphrogenic
 Toxicity
 Mutagenic and Carcinogenic

6. From Land-
 80% of non-biological marine pollution comes from land based activities
 Most obvious inputs via pipes discharging directly into marine
waters(sewage, industrial,chemical and food processing wastes)
 Riverine flows into the sea carry pollutants from the entire catchment
area.
From Air-
 Global atmospheric inputs to the sea from air discharges
Maritime-
 Oily discharges from ballast water and bilge water) during routine ship
operations and illegal dumping of solid waste
 Designated dumping grounds at sea (dredged spoil, old munitions,
sewage sludge, fly ash, oil based drilling muds)
 Accidental spills from Ships carrying hazardous substances, oil, gas
etc.

7. Land-based sources are recognized as the main cause of marine pollution
and the resulting loss of marine habitat which adversely impacts on the
health and economic well-being of the majority of the world's
population.
Mobility of Pollutants -
Land-based pollutants can manifest in three ways-
 First, the water column may become contaminated by hydrocarbon,
nutrients and metal particles.
 Second, the pollutants may sink to the ocean floor and contaminate
sediments. Once imbedded in the sediments, pollutants provide an
insidious source of toxins long after land-based pollution has abated.
 Finally, the pollutants can be ingested by marine plants and animals.

8. The sources of land-based marine pollution are varied and can be attrib-
uted to a wide range of human activities. A comprehensive listing is pro-
vided in Agenda 21 and includes:
 Human settlements;
 Land use;
 Construction of coastal infrastructure;
 Agriculture; - Poor land husbandry (e.g. Hillside farming)
-Excessive chemical use
 Forestry;
 Urban development;
 Tourism; (construction, waste streams, operation)
 Industry. -Manufacturing effluent
- Mining wastes

9. The United Nations estimates that as much as eighty percent of
all global marine pollution originates from land-based sources,
threatening marine life in general, but especially coastal waters
and areas of high biological productivity.
Pollutant of land-based origin include pesticides, chemical waste,
cleaning agents, petroleum products, mining waste, garbage and
sewage. Even pharmaceuticals ingested by humans, but not fully
processed by the human body, have been detected in
fish. Nitrogen-based fertilizers which are routinely used in
agricultural operations migrate to rivers and estuaries and
ultimately to the sea where they promote harmful algal growth
and deprive ocean areas of oxygen, creating multiple dead zones
in which marine life cannot exist. Floating plastic waste, bags,
packaging foam, and other solid waste materials are often
consumed by marine mammals and birds, sometimes with fatal
effects. Ocean currents in certain areas tend to collect such
debris into large floating garbage patches.

10. The lack of international conventions addressing land-based sources
of marine pollution can be attributed, to an extent, to the fact that the
pollution usually has a national source, in that it originates from an area
under the sovereignty of an individual State, well outside the scope of
international organisations or international law.
 Stockholm Declaration 1972
 The Paris Convention 1974
 LOSC 1982
 Montreal Guidelines 1985
 Rio-Declaration 1992
 Washington Declaration 1995

11.  Stop using plastic and littering garbage as they not only choke up the
drains but also releases into the oceans.
 Ensure that chemicals mentioned above are not used anywhere near
the streams of water and try cutting down on the usage of such
chemicals.
 For farmers, they need to switch from chemical fertilizers and
pesticides and move towards the usage of organic farming methods.
 Use public transport and reduce the carbon footprint by taking small
and substantial measures that will not help in reducing the pollution
from the environment but will ensure a safe and healthy future for the
upcoming generations.
 Prevent from any oil or chemical spill in the oceans and if in case there
is an oil or chemical spill near you volunteer and help in cleaning out
the ocean water.
 Volunteer or initiate beach clean up activities and spread awareness
about the same in the nearby vicinity.