1. Water Quality
Dr. Partha Chattopadhyay
Senior Principal Scientist
CSIR-Institute of Minerals And Materials Technology
Bhubaneswar 751 013

2. Ppo
•Potable water is the water whose consumption would not
affect health adversely
•Man’s requirement of water for drinking purposes is more
important than any other of its use
•The mean daily intake of water by an individual is
~ 3.1% of the body wt.
•Availability of water free of bacteriological and chemical
contamination is becoming challenging in major parts of
India, particularly in rural are
What is water Quality

3. Water Quality Index
A water quality index provides a single number (like a grade) that expresses overall
water quality at a certain location and time based on several water quality
parameters
Objective
To turn complex water quality data into information that is understandable and
useable by the public

5. Drinking Water Quality Index (DWQI)
all parameters regardless of WHO designation
Source Water Quality Index (SWQI)
health and microbial criteria only
arsenic, boron, cadmium, chromium, copper, fluoride, lead, manganese, mercury,
nitrate, nitrite,
faecal coliforms
Acceptability Water Quality Index (AWQI)
acceptability criteria only
ammonia, chloride, iron, pH, sodium, sulphate, zinc
4X4 Rule: Each parameter that contributes to the index must be
measured at least 4 times per year at stations that have measured a
minimum of 4 parameters per year.
Calculation of Global Water

9. Analytical Report along with Drinking Water Specification,
Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) BIS 10500 : 1991
Sl.No. Characteristics Desirable
Limit
Permissible
Limit
1. Cloour (Hazen Unit) 5 5
2 Odour Unobjectionale Unobjectionale
3 Taste Agreeable
4. Turbidity, NTU 5 10
5. pH 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 –8.5
6. Total Hardness 300 600
7. Iron 0.3 1.0
8. Chlorides 250 1000
9. Residual Free Chlorine 0.2 -
10. Dissolved Solids 500 2000
11. Calcium 75 200
12. Mn 0.05 1.5
13. Sulfate 0.10 0.3
14. Nitrate 200 400
15. Fluoride 45 100
16. Mercury 1.0 1.5
17. Cadmium 0.001 No relaxation
18. Selenium 0.01 do

10. Analytical Report along with Drinking Water Specification,
Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) BIS 10500 : 1991
Unit mg/L or ppm
*UK Drinking Water Regulation Act 1989
Sl.No. Characteristics Desirable Limit Permissible
Limit
19. Arsenic 0.05
No relaxation
20. Cyanide 0.05
do
21. Lead 0.05
do
22. Zinc 5
15
23. Chromium (VI) 0.05
No relaxation
24. Alkalinity
200 600
25. Aluminium 0.03
26. Boron 1.0
5
27. *Sodium
150.00
--
28. *Potassium
12.0
29. Mineral Oil 0.01 0.03

11. Parameters Test sample, mg/L Max. permissible conc.(mg/L)
Calcium 2.0 (0.1 mEq/L)
Magnesium 4.0 (0.3 mEq/L)
Cu 0.1
Al 0.1
Zn 5.0
Sulphate 100
Nitrate 2.0
Fluoride 0.2
Potassium 8.0 (0.2 mEq/L)
Sodium 70.0 (3.0 mEq/L)
Hemodialysis Water (AAMI Standards)

12. Sl No. Parameters Test Results Max. Permissible Limit, mg/L
1. Organic 200
2. Inorganic
(Total dissolved
solids)
3000
3. Chloride 2000
4. Sulphate 400
5. pH 5.5 – 8.5
Water quality for construction BIS 3025

13. TARGET

14. SsuSuuuuu11111111111111
Summary of targets for water quality parameters included in water quality index

15. MONITORING

18. Many factors affecting water quality
•Sedimentation
•Run off
•Erosion
•Dissolved Oxygen
•pH
•Temperature
•Decayed Organic Materials
•Pesticides
•Toxic and Hazardous Substances
•Oil, grease and chemicals
•Detergents
•Litter and rubbish

19. GUIDELINE

20. Some recommended alkalinity values
Industry and Process
Recommended Maximum Total
Alkalinity (in mg/L CaCO3)
Carbonated beverages
85
Food products (canning)
300
Fruit juice
100
Washing diapers
60
Pulp and paper making(ground-wood process)
150
Rayon manufacture
50
Tanning hides
135
Textile mill products
50-200
Petroleum refining 500

21. Water Quality Guidelines:
• Guidelines for Drinking–Water Quality:
The primary purpose of the Guidelines for Drinking–Water Quality is the
protection of the public health
• Adequate, safe and accessible supply must be available to all
• Access to safe drinking water is essential to health, a basic human right
and a component of effective policy for health protection
• Safe drinking water, as defined by the Guidelines, does not represent any
significant risk to health over a lifetime of consumption,
including different sensitivities that may occur between life stages
• UN General Assembly declared the period from 2005-2015
as the International Decade for Action, “water for life”

22. CSIR

23. Potable Water and CSIR

24. Water Purification Technology Inventions by CSIR
Problem Solution by CSIR Tech
High arsenic •Ceramic membrane based As removal by CGCRI
•Adsorbent based As removal by NML
•As test kit (NEERI)
High F •RO based CSCMRI
•Electrolytic defluoridation
High Fe •Ceramic based iron removal (CGCRI)
•Hand pump attachable iron removal (NEERI)
•Terafil (IMMT)
•NEERI-Zar Potable water filter (NEERI)(
High saline(brine water in coastal area) Thin film composite (TFe)
RO membrane based Tech (CMCRI)
Pathogen like bacteria and viruses Ultrafiltration membrane Tech (NCL)
Hollow Fibre membrane Technology

25. NEERI-
Implementation status of key water Purification Technologies
Laboratory Technology produced and implemented
CSMCRI •Installed dozens of RO plants across the country
•Installed 6 RO plants in Afganistan
•Installed demonstration Solar powered /Animal power plants
•Installed several plants in earth quake, cyclone and tsunami affected are
CSMCRI 20 arsenic and fluoride removal units set up using ion specific resin in West Bengal, Gujrat and Tamil Nadu
NCL Developed and transferred ultra filtration membrane based technology for water purification
IMMT •About 1 lakh Terafil filters installed under Bharat Nirman and Jalmani schemes
•Installed hundreds of filters during floods in different parts of the country
•Technology transferred to >100 entrepreneurs
NEERI •Developed NEERI-ZAR another type of instant water filter suitable for flooded areas
•Developed hundreds of unit during different floods in the country
•240 hand pump attachable iron removal plants installed in North Eastern states
NGRI •Technology on rain water harvesting and artificial recharge implemented in 3 villages in Chittoor district
of AP
•Technology on artificial recharge & recovery of surplus storm runoff in desert areas for use as drinking
water source,Churu district of Rjasthan
•Technology on drinking water self sufficiency for industry through rain water harvesting
•Technology on interaction of lake water and ground water (5 lakes in Hyderabad)
CGCRI •28 COMMUNITY MODEL PLANTS set up in WB and North East states BASED ON CERAMIC MEMBRANE FOR
As and Fe removal

26. TETERATERAFIL FILTER CANDLE BY IMMT (RRL BHUBANESWAR)

27. Samples collected on …….
Odd nos. are raw water, Even are terafil filter product
TH = Total hardness, measure of sum of concentration of calcium and magnesium expressed as
carbonate in mg/L (ppm)
TDS = Total dissolved solids in mg/L (ppm)
BIS = Bureau of Indian Standard for drinking water (BIS 10500:1991)
Sl.
No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 BIS Limit
Desirable/Permi
ssible
Ter. 7 nil 6 nil 8 nil 7 nil 8 5 /10
NTU
pH 5.55 6.63 5.53 6.84 5.63 6.97 5.63 6.68 5.64 6.71 6.5 to 8.5
TH 20 50 30 40 30 50 30 40 30 40 300 /600
mg/L
Fe 4.5 0.2 1.3 0.1 1.1 0.2 3.9 0.1 2.3 0.1 0.3 /1.0
mg/L
TDS 65 90 64 86 62 88 64 83 62 91 250 /2000
mg/L

28. Samples collected on ……….
Odd nos. are raw water, Even are terafil filter product
TH = Total hardness, measure of sum of concentration of Ca and Mg expressed
as carbonate in mg/L (ppm)
TDS = Total dissolved solids in mg/L (ppm)
BIS = Bureau of Indian Standard for drinking water
Sl.
No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 BIS Limit
Desirable/Permis
sible
Ter. 7 nil 6 nil 8 nil 7 nil 8 5 /10 NTU
pH 5.42 6.7 5.3 6.5 5.3 6.7 5.4 6.3 5.4 6.4 6.5 to 8.5
TH 20 50 30 40 30 50 30 40 30 40 300 /600
mg/L
Fe 4.5 0.2 1.3 0.1 1.1 0.2 3.9 0.1 2.3 0.1 0.3 /1.0
mg/L
TDS 65 90 64 86 62 88 64 83 62 91 250 /2000
mg/L

29. Samples collected on ……….
Odd nos. are raw water, Even are terafil filter product
TH = Total hardness, measure of sum of concentration of calcium and magnesium expressed as
carbonate in mg/L (ppm)
TDS = Total dissolved solids in mg/L (ppm)
BIS = Bureau of Indian Standard for drinking water
Sl.
No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 BIS Limit
Desirable/Permis
sible
Ter. 6 nil 6 nil 8 nil 7 nil 7 nil 5 /10 NTU
pH 5.59 6.91 5.61 6.78 5.58 6.66 5.64 6.93 5.68 6.87 6.5 to 8.5
TH 12.5 26.5 10.0 30.0 15.0 30.0 12.5 37.5 17.5 32.5 300 /600
mg/L
Fe 1.2 <0.1 1.1 <0.1 1.3 <0.1 0.79 <0.1 1.3 <0.1 0.3 /1.0
mg/L
TDS 78.3 122 78.1 118 78 113 81 136 78 118 250 /2000
mg/L

30. pH change of raw water
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Raw
Filter
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Raw
Filter
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Raw
Filter
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Raw
Filter

31. Effect of total hardness (mg/L) from raw water by passing through terafil
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Raw
Filter
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Raw
Filter
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Raw
Filter
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Raw
Filter

32. Removal of iron (mg/L) from raw water by passing through terafil
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Raw
Filter
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Raw
Filter
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Raw
Filter
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Raw
Filter
B (5.9.07)
D (29.11.07)

33. Conclusion:
• Raw water is acidic, high iron and low calcium – magnesium concentration
• Terafil filter water improves the water quality by decreasing acidity
• Total hardness increases significantly with the rise in concentration of
both Ca and Mg
• Raw water tested so far contain well above the permissible limit for iron
• Terafil product brings down to much below the desired limit