Integrated Home Systems - Chapter 4 - Technical Examination

INTEGRATED HOME SYSTEMS COURSE
CHAPTER 4: A TECHNICAL EXAMINATION
Guy Kasier
December 2015
ECI Publication No Cu0236
Available from www.leonardo-energy.org

Publication No. Cu0236
Issue Date: December 2015
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Document Issue Control Sheet
Document Title: Chapter 4: A technical examination
Publication No: Cu0236
Issue: 02
Release: Public
Author(s): Guy Kasier
Reviewer(s): Carol Godfrey
Document History
Issue Date Purpose
1 July 2008 Initial public release
2 December
2015
Review
3
Disclaimer
While this publication has been prepared with care, European Copper Institute and other contributors provide
no warranty with regards to the content and shall not be liable for any direct, incidental or consequential
damages that may result from the use of the information or the data contained.
Copyright© European Copper Institute.
Reproduction is authorised providing the material is unabridged and the source is acknowledged.

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CONTENTS
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2. Centralised, decentralised or semi-centralised intelligence........................................................................................... 2
2.1. Centralised systems ........................................................................................................................................................... 2
2.1.1. Advantages of centralised systems..................................................................................................................2
2.1.2. Disadvantages of centralised systems..............................................................................................................2
2.2. Decentralised systems: ...................................................................................................................................................... 2
2.2.1. Advantages of decentralised systems..............................................................................................................3
2.2.2. Disadvantages of decentralised systems..........................................................................................................3
2.3. Semi-centralised systems:.................................................................................................................................................. 3
3. Topology ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5
3.1. Star topology...................................................................................................................................................................... 5
3.1.1. Advantage:.......................................................................................................................................................5
3.1.2. Disadvantages:.................................................................................................................................................5
3.2. BUS topology ..................................................................................................................................................................... 5
3.2.1. Advantages:......................................................................................................................................................6
3.2.2. Disadvantages:.................................................................................................................................................6
3.3. Tree topology or free topology.......................................................................................................................................... 6
3.3.1. Advantages:......................................................................................................................................................6
3.3.2. Disadvantages:.................................................................................................................................................6
4. Media used................................................................................................................................................................... 7
4.1. Multicable.......................................................................................................................................................................... 7
4.2. Twisted Pair (TP) ................................................................................................................................................................ 7
4.3. Powerline (PL).................................................................................................................................................................... 8
4.4. Coax 8
4.5. Radio frequency (RF).......................................................................................................................................................... 8
4.6. Infrared (IR)........................................................................................................................................................................ 9
4.7. Optical fibre ....................................................................................................................................................................... 9
5. Integrated home system components......................................................................................................................... 10
5.1. The consumers................................................................................................................................................................. 10
5.2. The actuators................................................................................................................................................................... 10
5.3. Input modules.................................................................................................................................................................. 11
5.3.1. Digital input modules.....................................................................................................................................11
5.3.2. Analogue input modules ................................................................................................................................11
5.4. The sensors...................................................................................................................................................................... 11

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5.4.1. Switches and push buttons ............................................................................................................................12
5.4.2. Operating panels............................................................................................................................................12
5.4.3. Voltage-free contacts.....................................................................................................................................13
5.4.4. Touch screen..................................................................................................................................................13
5.4.5. The touch window..........................................................................................................................................14
5.4.6. RF transmitters...............................................................................................................................................14
5.4.7. IR remote controls .........................................................................................................................................15
5.4.8. Smartphone ...................................................................................................................................................15
5.4.9. Tablet .............................................................................................................................................................15
5.4.10. The computer...............................................................................................................................................15
5.4.11. Motion detectors .........................................................................................................................................16
5.4.12. Presence detectors ......................................................................................................................................16
5.4.13. Smoke detectors ..........................................................................................................................................17
5.4.14. Gas detectors ...............................................................................................................................................17
5.4.15. Magnetic contacts........................................................................................................................................18
5.4.16. Thermostats.................................................................................................................................................18
5.4.17. Analogue temperature sensors....................................................................................................................18
5.4.18. Level sensors................................................................................................................................................18
5.4.19. Water leak detector.....................................................................................................................................19
5.4.20. Humidity detectors ......................................................................................................................................19
5.4.21. Light sensors ................................................................................................................................................19
5.4.22. Wind sensors................................................................................................................................................19
5.4.23. Rain sensors .................................................................................................................................................19
5.4.24. Weather station ...........................................................................................................................................20
5.4.26. Card readers and proximity readers ............................................................................................................20
5.4.27. Code panels..................................................................................................................................................20
5.4.28. Biometric detectors......................................................................................................................................20
5.4.29. Energy meters..............................................................................................................................................21
5.5. Other interfaces............................................................................................................................................................... 21
6. Safety and security in and around the home............................................................................................................... 22
6.1. Positioning of IHS components in wet rooms.................................................................................................................. 22

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6.2. Manual operation of roll-down shutters and doors ........................................................................................................ 23
6.3. Take care with clocks....................................................................................................................................................... 23
6.4. Switching off outdoor power points ................................................................................................................................ 23
7. Installation techniques and tips.................................................................................................................................. 25
7.1. Protecting relay modules................................................................................................................................................. 25
7.2. Fitting overvoltage protection ......................................................................................................................................... 26
7.3. Avoiding large loops with IHS cables................................................................................................................................ 27
7.4. Manual switching............................................................................................................................................................. 28
7.5. EMC 29
7.6. CE mark............................................................................................................................................................................ 29
7.7. Earthing of modules......................................................................................................................................................... 29
7.8. Use the specified cables................................................................................................................................................... 29
7.9. Respect the maximum distances ..................................................................................................................................... 30
7.10. Use of screening............................................................................................................................................................. 30
7.11. Keep cables with different voltages away from one another ........................................................................................ 30
7.12. Use of multicable ........................................................................................................................................................... 31
7.13. Labelling cables and wires ............................................................................................................................................. 31
7.14. Good connecting techniques ......................................................................................................................................... 32
7.15. Fitting terminating resistors........................................................................................................................................... 33
7.16. Filters in powerline systems........................................................................................................................................... 33
7.17. Note the addresses of BUS participants......................................................................................................................... 33
7.18. Calculation of the power supply .................................................................................................................................... 34
7.19. Select the correct relay contacts.................................................................................................................................... 34
7.19.1. Resistive loads..............................................................................................................................................36
7.19.2. Inductive loads.............................................................................................................................................36
7.19.3. Capacitive loads ...........................................................................................................................................36
7.19.4. Switch-on currents.......................................................................................................................................37
7.20. Connection of tube motors............................................................................................................................................ 37
7.21. Operating components at a usable height..................................................................................................................... 39
7.22. Positioning of thermostats or temperature sensors...................................................................................................... 39
7.23. Maintaining flexibility .................................................................................................................................................... 40
7.23.1. Multicable ....................................................................................................................................................40
7.23.2. Separate cabling for push buttons ...............................................................................................................41

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1. INTRODUCTION
In this chapter of the Integrated Home Systems (IHS) course we focus on the technological aspects of an IHS
installation. Among other things, we discuss where the system intelligence is located, the topology and the
media of the installation. We also devote attention to the components of an IHS system and touch on various
safety issues. In the final section, we discuss several installation techniques and provide some handy tips for
installing an IHS system.

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2. CENTRALISED, DECENTRALISED OR SEMI-CENTRALISED INTELLIGENCE
Integrated Home Systems (IHS) can be subdivided in different ways. This can be done according to whether the
intelligence of the system is housed in one component or in all components. They are called centralised or
decentralised systems respectively. However, this can cause confusion. This classification says nothing about
the location of the IHS components. In a centralised intelligence system, the components may be located
decentrally. In a decentralised intelligence system, the components can be located centrally if desired.
2.1. CENTRALISED SYSTEMS
In centralised systems there is only one component that manages the intelligence. The signals from the
sensors (push buttons, motion detectors, etc.) are sent to the central component. It then decides what actions
have to be taken by certain actuators (relays, dimmers, etc.). If the central component or master controller is
removed from an installation with a centralised system, then nothing will work. The master is essential for the
operation of the installation.
Figure 1:
An example of a central controller. In a centralised system IHS installation the master controller
is essential. Without the master, there can be no functions. (Illustration source: Peha)
2.1.1. ADVANTAGES OF CENTRALISED SYSTEMS
Once the master has been installed in the system, all functions and facilities of the system can be used.
Expansion costs are lower than with decentralised systems because the input and output modules contain less
intelligence and therefore contain fewer components.
2.1.2. DISADVANTAGES OF CENTRALISED SYSTEMS
If the master fails, the entire IHS system does not work.
The initial costs are higher than with decentralised systems because the master controller is generally the most
expensive component of the installation.
2.2. DECENTRALISED SYSTEMS:
In decentralised systems every component has intelligence. Sensors put commands directly on the BUS and
actuators “listen” for the commands intended for them in order to execute them independently. There is
therefore no central intelligent component. A power supply, input components and output components are all
that are needed to build this type of IHS system.

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Figure 2:
The KNX IHS system is a typical example of a system with decentralised intelligence.
Sensors and actuators are connected to one another by the BUS (green lines). There is no master
that controls everything. Every component can “listen” and/or “send”. (Illustration source: KNX)
Example:
Figure 3:
In this IHS system all control and sensor components and all actuators are connected to the
same BUS. At the left there is a power supply for the BUS, but there is no master controller in the system. Each
component has its own intelligence. (Illustration source: Bticino)
2.2.1. ADVANTAGES OF DECENTRALISED SYSTEMS
The initial cost for a small installation is low. All that is needed is a power supply, an input module and an
output module. No expensive master is required.
When a component fails, in principle it will not affect the operation of the other components.
2.2.2. DISADVANTAGES OF DECENTRALISED SYSTEMS
Expansions are generally more expensive than with a centralised system, as every component must carry the
necessary intelligence.
Specific components have to be installed in the system in order to execute certain functions.
2.3. SEMI-CENTRALISED SYSTEMS:
Some brands work with what is called “semi-centralised intelligence”. In practice, this means that every output
module has intelligence for its own outputs. The sensors are connected to the output modules over a common
BUS. When a sensor sends a signal, each module checks whether the signal is intended for it. If it is, the

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module then checks which module outputs the signal is intended for, and which function needs to be
performed.
Each module works as a stand-alone. An installation with just one module can be treated as a centralised
system. If the installation contains several intelligent output modules, it acts like a group of master modules
working in parallel.
When one of the output modules (small controller) fails, the rest of the installation can still work.

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3. TOPOLOGY
Every system has a certain way of installing the cabling to the connection unit. The manufacturer generally
stipulates one of the following topologies. In practice, this must be strictly followed so that no faults occur.
Manufacturers only guarantee proper operation of their systems if the cabling has been installed according to
the stipulated topology.
3.1. STAR TOPOLOGY
Figure 4:
With star topology, every module is connected separately to a central point. (Illustration source: E&D Systems)
Every module is connected by its own cabling to a central point (possibly with multicable). Many integrated
home systems use this topology for connecting the consumers (lights, roll-down shutter motors, etc.) to the
output modules. There are also many systems that use this topology for connecting voltage-free push buttons
to an input module.
3.1.1. ADVANTAGE:
When a certain cable is broken the connected module will not work, but the other modules will. The continuity
of the installation is therefore guaranteed.
3.1.2. DISADVANTAGES:
A lot of cabling is required.
There are many connections at the central point.
3.2. BUS TOPOLOGY
Figure 5:
With BUS topology every module has to be connected directly to the BUS or line.
(Illustration source: E&D Systems)

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The bus cable here goes from module to module. A branch connected to a number of modules is not allowed.
The bus cable starts from one module, goes to the next module, and then on to the next until it is finally
connected to the last module. In practice, a terminating resistor has to be put on the bus at the start and at
the end to stop reflections on the bus.
3.2.1. ADVANTAGES:
Less cable has to be installed.
In most cases, it requires fewer connections.
A break in the cable will cause a substantial section of the installation not to work.
3.3. TREE TOPOLOGY OR FREE TOPOLOGY
Figure 6:
In practice, tree topology gives great freedom of installation. (Illustration source: E&D Systems)
The tree topology is a combination of the star and bus topologies. It is also called free topology because the
installer is free to make any kind of branch for connecting modules to the bus cable. The only restriction is that
closed loops cannot be created.
3.3.1. ADVANTAGES:
The installer can make branches anywhere.
The flexibility of the installation is increased.
Here too, a break in the cable can paralyse a substantial section of the installation.

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Figure 10:
RF operation is increasingly being used by a number of manufacturers.
Transmitters are used in the form of an ordinary wall switch or hand-held
remote control. The receivers are available in different forms. (Illustration source: Bticino)
4.6. INFRARED (IR)
Infrared is used for sending signals to be used locally. It is a much-used medium in current IHS systems and is
generally found in the form of a hand-held remote control used as an interface between man and an IHS
system. A multifunctional remote control for the TV, audio, video and IHS functions increases comfort and
ease-of-use. Infrared is rather a slow medium and the distance from transmitter to receiver is limited.
Some IHS systems also have an IR control module. In that case, signals from the IHS BUS are converted into IR
signals. These signals can be used to control all sorts of equipment items that have IR remote control capability
(mainly audio and video).
4.7. OPTICAL FIBRE
In the future, optical fibre might enter our homes because of its immense bandwidth. However, it is currently
difficult and expensive to install. It consists of a glass or plastic core through which light signals are sent.

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5. INTEGRATED HOME SYSTEM COMPONENTS
5.1. THE CONSUMERS
The residents of an integrated home want to be able to operate specific equipment items. These items of
equipment are called consumers. The same equipment is also used in a traditional electrical installation. The
consumers are connected to the IHS via the actuators. Examples of consumers include:
Lights and light fittings
Electrical domestic appliances (such as washing machine, dishwasher, dryer, coffee maker)
Electrical outlets
Motors (used for garage doors, gates, roll-down shutters, awnings, curtains, etc.)
Ventilators
Electric or central heating
Air conditioning equipment
Electrical valves
Boilers for hot water
Door locks
Audio and video equipment
Figure 11:
Curtain motors are among the consumers to be controlled. The curtains can be opened or closed easily
without having to balance uncomfortably on the sofa. (Illustration source: G-Rail Goelst)
5.2. THE ACTUATORS
In order to drive the consumers, every IHS system has actuators. They are called output components.
Actuators are the IHS system components that receive data signals and take the relevant action to control one
or more connected consumers. As actuators we have:
Relay modules
Remote controlled switches
Motor modules
Dimmers
IR transmitter stations
RF transmitter stations
Other output interfaces

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Figure 12:
A 10-fold relay output module. (Illustration source: Hager)
5.3. INPUT MODULES
The input modules process the signals from the sensors. There are basically two types: digital input modules
and analogue input modules.
5.3.1. DIGITAL INPUT MODULES
A digital input module converts the signals from voltage-free contacts (push buttons, switches, etc.) to signals
that can be used on the BUS or that can be sent to a master module. Sometimes the modules are clipped onto
a DIN rail on the distribution board. However, there are also input modules that can, for example, be placed
behind a push button in a flush-mounted electrical box.
5.3.2. ANALOGUE INPUT MODULES
Sensors that generate analogue output signals are connected to analogue input modules. Some examples are
light sensors, humidity detectors, temperature sensors, etc.
5.4. THE SENSORS
Sensors are the IHS components that collect information. This information is put directly on the BUS or
transferred through an input module. An actuator does not take any action on its own initiative. It has to be
given instructions. These instructions come from the information placed on the BUS or are generated by the
master controller. Most sensors act as a human interface so that people can operate the IHS system.
The first IHS systems on the European market appeared around 1990. At that time only a limited number and
variety of sensors were available, such as push buttons, button panels and motion detectors. However, there
are now many other sensor types. Technology is constantly evolving, which also means that some sensors are
no longer available.
One example is the phone interface. Some manufacturers had an interface that allowed the IHS to be
controlled by the buttons of a conventional telephone. Now that smartphones are so popular, these phone
interfaces have disappeared from the market. We saw the same disappearing act with personal digital
assistants, better known as PDAs. They could also be used as control devices, but this function has now moved
to smartphones.
There have also been some fads that disappeared from the market just as quickly as they entered it. An
example of this is the IHS system's voice control. The idea was that the lights could be switched on with a voice
command. Some manufacturers had this option in their product range, but the market was not ready for

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everyone to walk around their homes constantly wearing microphones. The technology was also not fully
developed with background noise from radios, televisions, conversations and so on hindering its functioning.
Below we give an overview of the commonest sensors.
5.4.1. SWITCHES AND PUSH BUTTONS
With most IHS systems, standard push buttons (normally open type) of any brand can be used. In certain
cases, switches are also allowed. They are connected to a digital input module. Every switch or push button
can be freely programmed.
Figure 13:
A few examples of switches and push buttons. (Illustration source: Berker)
5.4.2. OPERATING PANELS
Operating panels are operating elements that have one or more push buttons. They are always a design of the
IHS manufacturer and therefore vary with regard to construction and design. Generally they are aesthetic and
functional panels with a choice concerning the number of push buttons. There are often LEDs in the push
buttons which indicate whether or not the underlying function is active.
Figure 14:
An example of a button panel with six buttons. Each button is labelled to indicate what it does.
(Illustration source: Vantage)
In certain cases, the operating panels also have a display and/or a temperature sensor. An IR receiver is
sometimes included in the operating panel. Operating panels do not have voltage-free contacts, but are
connected directly to the BUS.

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5.4.3. VOLTAGE-FREE CONTACTS
In order to achieve integration, certain subsystems can make voltage-free contacts available to the IHS system
– for example the contacts of the security system. In this way the IHS system “knows” whether or not the
home is in an activated state, and whether or not an alarm is being generated. The IHS system can respond
appropriately in such cases.
5.4.4. TOUCH SCREEN
Touch screens can be placed on the walls of the home in strategic positions. By touching the icons or text on
the screen, the person can go through a menu structure and all types of operations can be carried out on the
IHS system.
Figure 15:
A touch screen can provide an overview of the entire IHS system. (Illustration source: Gira)
Certain touch screens are true multimedia units. Not only can they be used to communicate with the door
videophone, they can also be used to call up images from other cameras in and around the home, watch
television or listen to the radio. Sometimes they are also connected to the computer network so that e-mails
can be sent or the internet can be used. Viewing energy consumption charts is also an increasingly popular
option.
Touch screens are mainly used with relatively large and expensive projects. However, there they are facing
more and more competition from much cheaper tablets.

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5.4.7. IR REMOTE CONTROLS
Infrared remote controls are generally on the market in the form of a hand-held transmitter. Multifunctional
remote controls are the preference here. As a result, we can operate not only the lighting, but also the
television, audio system, roll-down shutters, etc., with the same remote control.
5.4.8. SMARTPHONE
Smartphones now play a prominent role amongst the sensors. With a suitable app, users can control all the
functions of the IHS system. Of course, the IHS system has to be equipped with an interface to the home LAN
network. Wi-Fi is used as the two-way communication channel.
Figure 19:
Users can operate and control the entire IHS system with a menu structure consisting of icons and text.
(Illustration source: Niko)
5.4.9. TABLET
As a user interface component for the IHS system, a tablet basically functions the same way as a smartphone.
However, because the screen is larger, it is sometimes possible to work with photos of various places in the
home, in addition to icons and text. For example, you can switch a floor lamp in the living room on or off by
clicking on the lamp.
5.4.10. THE COMPUTER
The computer is also being increasingly used to perform operations. In certain cases, there is a direct link
between the computer and the IHS system. However, in most cases the LAN network is used. The
manufacturer then provides a user interface, i.e. the “Graphic User Interface” (GUI). Photos or drawings can
also be used here, as with tablets.

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Figure 20:
Operations can be carried out with the computer using such screens of the home.
Buttons are placed on the diagram for controlling the lighting, roll-down shutters, power points,
heating, audio and even for viewing with IP cameras. (Illustration source: E&D Systems)
5.4.11. MOTION DETECTORS
Motion detectors were primarily used in the past in outdoor applications. The detector observes someone
coming up the driveway and automatically switches the lights on when it is dark. However, motion detectors
are increasingly being used inside the home. They are particularly suitable at entrance doors and in spaces
where people do not spend a long time, such as cellars, attics, stairwells or the garage. A few IHS systems have
motion detectors of their own brand that can be connected directly to their “bus”. Other IHS systems use
motion detectors available on the market.
Figure 21:
An intelligent motion detector for outdoor use with remote control and holiday function.
(Illustration source: Busch-Jaeger)
5.4.12. PRESENCE DETECTORS
If you want to detect the presence of people in rooms where there is not much movement, you have to use a
presence detector. The technique used is similar to a motion detector, but the detection sectors are much

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finer so that somebody working at a desk can be detected. The system then knows that it must keep on the
lighting and heating, if necessary.
Figure 22:
In contrast to motion detectors, presence detectors are often installed on the ceiling.
(Illustration source: Merten)
5.4.13. SMOKE DETECTORS
An audio alarm is generated when smoke is detected. A contact of the smoke detector is passed on to an input
of the IHS system. The IHS system can then respond appropriately.
Figure 23:
Smoke detectors are supplied by battery or 230V. (Illustration source: Niko)
5.4.14. GAS DETECTORS
In the event of a gas leak, however small, the gas detector will send a signal to the master controller or the
BUS of the IHS system. It can then close a gas valve. The height at which the gas detector is placed is of great
importance. Butane and propane are heavier than air and thus sink to the floor. In such a case the gas detector
must be low down. Natural gas on the other hand is lighter than air and rises to the ceiling. The gas detector
therefore needs to be placed high up.
Figure 24:
This gas detector can detect different types of gases. (Illustration source: Joel)

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5.4.15. MAGNETIC CONTACTS
Magnetic contacts are mainly used for doors and windows. When the magnet is not in the vicinity of the
contact (the window is open) the contact is passed on to the IHS system. When the window is open the
heating can be switched off. Or when the person leaves the home a signal can be given to the occupier that a
window or door is still open. There are models that can be recessed into the window or door, and models that
can be mounted on their surface.
Figure 25:
Left: structure of a magnetic contact. Right: a version for building into a window or door.
(Illustration source: Aliexpress)
5.4.16. THERMOSTATS
A thermostat is a unit where the temperature is measured by an electronic sensor or bimetallic strip and
compared to the set temperature. The thermostat will open or close an output contact depending on whether
the temperature is above or below the set value. On/off thermostats are rarely used in combination with IHS
systems. Analogue temperature sensors are used most often.
Figure 26:
An everyday room thermostat. (Illustration source: GE Grässlin)
5.4.17. ANALOGUE TEMPERATURE SENSORS
In contrast to a standard thermostat, an electronic temperature sensor does not compare temperatures. It
only measures the room temperature and passes on the measured value to the IHS system. The system then
determines what has to be done, taking the programming into account.
5.4.18. LEVEL SENSORS
Level sensors measure the level of a liquid in a tank. Example: in a rainwater tank a level sensor can detect
when the level is too low and pass it on to the IHS system.

5.4.19. WATER LEAK DETECTOR
Overflow sensors or water leak detectors are
to a washing machine, for example, and the machine starts to leak, the water detector will detect it and issue
the instruction for the necessary steps to be taken to avoid further disast
Example of a water leak sensor. (Illustration source: Teletask)
5.4.20. HUMIDITY DETECTORS
These detectors measure the relative humidity of the air. A ventilation system can be switched on when a
certain humidity level is reached. Just as with light sensors, we have to make a distinction between analogue
sensors and those that only close a contact when a certain humidity level is exceeded. Analogue sensors are
recommended where possible.
5.4.21. LIGHT SENSORS
Light sensors for outdoor applications are used
deploy the sun blind, or to detect that it is getting dark outside so
There are also light sensors for indoor use. As more daylight comes into an office, the lights will be dimmed,
which can yield a substantial saving in energy bills.
Example of a light sensor for building into the ceiling. (Illustration source: Vantage)
5.4.22. WIND SENSORS
This sensor measures wind strength. When the wind is too strong, for example, the sun
be retracted in to prevent damage.
5.4.23. RAIN SENSORS
These will detect any rainfall and can therefore
the sun blind.
Overflow sensors or water leak detectors are installed to detect too high a liquid level. If
for example, and the machine starts to leak, the water detector will detect it and issue
the instruction for the necessary steps to be taken to avoid further disaster (shuts off the water pipe).
Figure 27:
Example of a water leak sensor. (Illustration source: Teletask)
y level is reached. Just as with light sensors, we have to make a distinction between analogue
ght sensors for outdoor applications are used, for example, to check whether the sunlight is strong enough to
blind, or to detect that it is getting dark outside so the outside lighting can be switched
door use. As more daylight comes into an office, the lights will be dimmed,
which can yield a substantial saving in energy bills.
Figure 28:
is sensor measures wind strength. When the wind is too strong, for example, the sun
and can therefore give a signal to automatically close the wi
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installed to detect too high a liquid level. If one is installed next
for example, and the machine starts to leak, the water detector will detect it and issue
er (shuts off the water pipe).
y level is reached. Just as with light sensors, we have to make a distinction between analogue
to check whether the sunlight is strong enough to
the outside lighting can be switched on.
door use. As more daylight comes into an office, the lights will be dimmed,
blinds and screens can
give a signal to automatically close the windows and retract

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5.4.24. WEATHER STATION
Sun sensors, rain detectors and wind detectors are increasingly being integrated into a single unit for
controlling sun blinds and screens. Sometimes they can be connected directly to the IHS BUS.
Figure 29:
A weather station for measuring wind, sunlight and rain. (Illustration source: Becker)
5.4.26. CARD READERS AND PROXIMITY READERS
Card readers or proximity readers can be used to control access to the home in certain cases. With card
readers the user actually has to put the card into the unit. With proximity readers it is sufficient just to put the
card in the vicinity of the reader. The disadvantage of card readers is that they are sensitive to dust and dirt. In
many cases the user can choose a card or tag. The latter can be used as a key fob. Cards and tags can be added
to or removed from the system with the software.
5.4.27. CODE PANELS
Code panels are also used for access control. The disadvantage of a code panel is that, after long term use, it
can be seen which keys are pressed the most. This increases the risk of somebody trying to crack the code.
Figure 30:
Surface mounted code panel. (Illustration source: Nice)
5.4.28. BIOMETRIC DETECTORS
They are not used so much in the home, but finger scanners and iris scanners are also among the sensors that
can be used in an IHS system. They will generally be used when enhanced protection of the building is
required.

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5.4.29. ENERGY METERS
More and more IHS systems are able to measure energy consumption and self-generated energy (from PV
panels) to track energy usage and to display it in charts on a smartphone, tablet or PC. These measurements
can be made for electricity, gas and water consumption. The sensors send pulses to the IHS system, which
processes them and displays them to the user as a chart.
5.5. OTHER INTERFACES
As well as the previously mentioned actuators and sensors, there are many other interfaces. The interface
between the IHS system and the home LAN network is an example, but there are also many types of audio
interfaces. There are also interfaces that can be used to connect an intrusion alarm system to the IHS system.

Page 23
6.2. MANUAL OPERATION OF ROLL-DOWN SHUTTERS AND DOORS
The installer, architect and occupier must be aware that many things can be automated, but that this can
sometimes lead to unsafe situations. This is the case for example when all windows and doors have electrically
operated roll-down shutters. If there is a fire in the home when all the roll-down shutters are down, and the
electricity is off (cable burned through), the occupiers must still be able to escape. It is then sensible to give
certain roll-down shutters in strategic places the option of manual operation.
Figure 32:
A mechanical emergency handle for an automated roll-down shutter might not
be pretty, but the safety of the occupiers takes precedence. (Illustration source: E&D Systems)
It would not be the first time that a pleasant barbecue has been abruptly stopped because the clocks or light
sensor of the IHS system have suddenly closed all roll-down shutters automatically. If the doors are also fitted
with roll-down shutters and everybody is outside, then there is a problem. However, this can be solved by
fitting motion detectors on the terrace and in the garden. As long as they detect motion, the IHS system
cannot automatically close the roll-down shutters.
If the home has electrically locked doors, the residents must still be able to get out at all times, even if there is
no electricity. There has to be a mechanical means of unlocking them.
6.3. TAKE CARE WITH CLOCKS
In certain cases the clocks of the IHS system can also be a danger to a home and its occupants. Let’s take the
example of the coffee maker that we left on in the evening. By pressing the “sleep well” button when we went
to sleep, we disconnected the socket from the network. We assume that the next day is a normal working day,
so the clock of the IHS system reconnects this power point at 07:00 in the morning. This isn’t a problem if we
get up at that time and go into the kitchen to have breakfast. However, if we are ill and decide to stay in bed,
then there is a dangerous situation. The coffee maker was left on and is now connected to the mains again. It
can cause a fire. It might be sensible to only allow such clock-controlled potentially hazardous equipment to be
connected to the power for a limited time.
6.4. SWITCHING OFF OUTDOOR POWER POINTS
If the outdoor power points are always connected to the power, then a burglar can use a piece of wire to make
a link between the power point and earth. The earth leakage breaker will then trip. We can now forget all the
actions that the IHD system would normally take in the event of a break in. Nothing will work. Hence it is
advisable for outdoor power points to only be under power when we want to use them. They can be switched
off with the “all out” command (for example when leaving the home) or with the “sleep well” button next to
the bed (when we go to bed).

Page 24
Figure 33:
By switching off the outdoor power points when we are not at home, our neighbours will not be tempted
to use our increasingly expensive electricity to mow their lawns. (Illustration source: Niko)

Page 25
7. INSTALLATION TECHNIQUES AND TIPS
7.1. PROTECTING RELAY MODULES
When protecting electrical circuits against overloads, it is the weakest link in the circuit that has to be
considered for the selection of the fuse or circuit breaker. If it is only a lighting circuit in a standard installation
with standard switches, then in practice it will be protected with a 16A breaker. However, many installers also
use this rule for an IHS installation, which is often incorrect.
Most IHS manufacturers produce relay output modules whose internal relays cannot take high currents. The
nominal current the relays can take is often 10A, but there are also examples of 6A, 4A and even 2A contacts.
When installers use these relays to control lighting, they protect the circuit (out of force of habit) with a 16A
breaker. As a result, the weakest link in the circuit (the relay contact) is not well protected against overload.
Figure 34:
Peha has an output module in its range that has 4A contacts (left). The other output
module contains 4 contacts of 6A and 4 contacts of 10A. (Illustration source: Peha)
Below is a schematic diagram of the Peha output module that contains 2 groups of 4 relays of 4A. Each group
of 4 relays is connected together internally in the module. The same protection is therefore used for each
group. Each relay can take a maximum of 4A but, as they are connected together internally, the entire group
must be protected according to its weakest element, and that is 4A.
Figure 35:
In such an installation more circuit breakers will have to be used to protect the electrical circuits correctly.
(Illustration source: E&D Systems)
1,5mm
4A
1,5mm
4A
4A 4A 4A 4A 4A 4A 4A 4A

Page 26
Figure 36:
Here the relays are protected for their nominal value. (Illustration source: E&D Systems)
Above is a schematic diagram of the Peha output module with 6A and 10A contacts. In this module all contacts
go to the outside. When the connected load is not too high, we can protect all 6A contacts together with a 6A
breaker, and all 10A contacts with a 10A breaker. However, if heavier consumers have to be connected to
certain relays, then in certain cases separate relays will have to be protected separately. In the example below,
the load of relay 4 is 5A, and the loads of relays 1, 2 and 3 are 1.5A. The first three relays can then be
connected together on a 6A breaker, for example, while relay 4 has to be protected with a separate 6A
breaker. In the drawing we see that relays 5 and 6 with 10A contacts are each protected separately because
heavy consumers are connected to them.
Figure 37:
Separately protected relays on account of a high individual load. (Illustration source: E&D Systems)
The master controller or supply of the IHS system must be suitably protected. We can assume that these
components are not heavy consumers. In most cases a 2A or 4A breaker will suffice. However, if we use a 10A
or 16A breaker here, then these components will not be well protected against overload, resulting in possible
damage when an anomaly occurs.
7.2. FITTING OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION
In installations without an IHS installation, it is a good idea to fit overvoltage protection to protect sensitive
equipment in the home (computers, flat-screen TV, audio system, telephone exchange, etc.) against indirect
lightning strikes. The electronic components in IHS systems are also sensitive to overvoltages. Certain
overvoltages will cause them to fail immediately. On the other hand, certain overvoltages can substantially
6A 6A 6A 6A 10A 10A 10A 10A
1,5mm
6A
1,5mm
10A
6A 6A 6A 6A 10A 10A 10A 10A
1,5mm
6A
1,5mm
10A
1,5mm
6A
1,5mm
10A
1,5mm
10A

Page 27
reduce the lifetime of electronic components so that the equipment will only function properly for a shorter
period of time.
Homes that have external lightning protection must also have internal protection against direct lightning
strikes. However, most homes will only have medium protection against indirect lightning strikes and possibly
additional protection for individual items of equipment.
It is necessary to efficiently protect all electrical cables coming into the home. If we only protect 230V cables,
there can still effectively be discharges into telephone cables and coax cables. Cables leaving the home also
need to be protected, for example when a supply cable from the home goes underground into a garden shed.
If the integrated home system bus goes outside the home, appropriate measures need to be taken.
Figure 38:
This overvoltage protection limits the peak voltage to 275V. (Illustration source: Dehn)
Figure 39:
When choosing appropriate overvoltage protection, account has to be taken of the nominal
voltage, the current and frequency of the cables to be protected. (Illustration source: Dehn)
Very sensitive equipment can be individually fitted with fine protection. This reduces further the voltage spike
that remains after the medium protection. Such equipment is generally constructed as a plug strip. In certain
cases, not only is fine protection applied to the 230V circuit, but also to telephone and coax cables.
7.3. AVOIDING LARGE LOOPS WITH IHS CABLES
If large loops are unintentionally created when installing IHS system cabling, they can create problems with
indirect lightning strikes. High overvoltages can be generated in the loops through induction. The peak
voltages are in proportion to the size of the loop. During installation the loop surface must therefore be kept
as small as possible.

Page 28
In the example below a master controller and an output module of an IHS system are supplied at 230V. There
is, however, BUS cabling between the master and the output module. When the cables are installed far apart
(left-hand drawing) the voltage difference induced by an indirect lightning strike can be too great. There can
also be a discharge between the BUS cable and the 230V part. Best practice would consist of installing the
cables concerned closer together. In the case of an indirect lightning strike, the potential difference generated
between the two cables would be smaller.
Figure 40:
In practice loops cannot always be avoided, but try to keep them as small as possible
by installing the cables as close together as possible. (Illustration source: E&D Systems)
Loops can also occur between earth cables (or the BUS screening) and bare earthed metal parts of the home.
Therefore, as an example, cables and electrical equipment should always be installed at a safe distance from
metal water pipes.
7.4. MANUAL SWITCHING
If for some reason the IHS system does not work, it is important that the user can still manually control some
functions such as lighting and heating. This allows the user to perform some basic tasks manually if there is a
system outage in the weekend or during a holiday period, until an installer can come.
For this purpose, some IHS systems have output modules with a button for each output. If this option is not
available, specific outputs can be rerouted through an external contactor that can be switched manually.
Figure 41:
This output module has a toggle switch for automatic or manual operation. In the manual
state, the individual outputs can be switched with push buttons. (Illustration source: Hager)

7.5. EMC
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) must be guaranteed by IHS systems. In essence, the IHS system
cause any interference in other electrical equipment (TV, audio, data network, etc.). Externally generated
signals must not affect the good operation of the IHS system. In certain cases a Faraday cage can be put
around certain components. Some master controllers for IHS systems are supplied in a metal box. Other
manufacturers of IHS systems recommend installing the IHS components in a m
of a PVC distribution board. This distribution board must
7.6. CE MARK
If the CE mark is placed on an item
the person importing it into Europe declares that the equipment concerned satisfies all European Directives
applicable to it. For most electrical applications there are three of them:
The Machines Directive
The Low-Voltage Directive
The EMC Directive (Electromagnetic Compatibility)
The CE mark indicates that a product satisfies the minimum safety requirements
with quality tests or standards inspections. Without the CE mark, products for which the mark is required
(almost all electrical products), cannot be sold or traded in the European Union. Save for exceptions for
specific applications, a manufacturer
affixing the CE mark, a person who is associated with t
technical manager, etc.) is jointly and severally liable for having done so correctly, in order to avoid the CE
mark being affixed all too easily and sometimes without knowledge of the facts.
risk, most manufacturers have tests
products. In this way they have independent test results as a basis for affixing the CE mark.
Installers using products without a CE mark
7.7. EARTHING OF MODULES
This aspect differs from producer to producer. With some systems, all modules are supplied in a class II
housing. These modules do not have to be earthe
On the other hand there are manufacturers
or whose components can be touched on an open printed circuit board. In such case
connection must be used.
7.8. USE THE SPECIFIED CABLES
Every IHS producer specifies the use of certain cables for connecting the modules. Sometimes it is a twisted
pair cable, in other cases such a cable is not required. Sometimes it is a screened cable, sometimes not. Certain
manufacturers have their own branded cables in their range, designed for use with their own products. The
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) must be guaranteed by IHS systems. In essence, the IHS system
e good operation of the IHS system. In certain cases a Faraday cage can be put
manufacturers of IHS systems recommend installing the IHS components in a metal distribution board instead
of a PVC distribution board. This distribution board must, of course, be earthed.
Figure 42:
CE mark.
n item of equipment/product, it only means that the equipment
applicable to it. For most electrical applications there are three of them:
lectromagnetic Compatibility)
The CE mark indicates that a product satisfies the minimum safety requirements but t
lectrical products), cannot be sold or traded in the European Union. Save for exceptions for
manufacturer must put the CE mark on his products himself (printed or sticker). By
affixing the CE mark, a person who is associated with the manufacturer (owner, chief executive, director,
mark being affixed all too easily and sometimes without knowledge of the facts. To limit this
have tests carried out by an independent laboratory during the development of new
a CE mark can be held liable in the event of any problems (for example, fire).
housing. These modules do not have to be earthed.
manufacturers who bring out class I modules in metal housings (entire or partial)
or whose components can be touched on an open printed circuit board. In such cases, the provided earthing
HE SPECIFIED CABLES
have their own branded cables in their range, designed for use with their own products. The
Page 29
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) must be guaranteed by IHS systems. In essence, the IHS system must not
e good operation of the IHS system. In certain cases a Faraday cage can be put
etal distribution board instead
of equipment/product, it only means that the equipment manufacturer or
but this has nothing to do
lectrical products), cannot be sold or traded in the European Union. Save for exceptions for
must put the CE mark on his products himself (printed or sticker). By
(owner, chief executive, director,
o limit this joint and several
by an independent laboratory during the development of new
can be held liable in the event of any problems (for example, fire).
who bring out class I modules in metal housings (entire or partial)
, the provided earthing
have their own branded cables in their range, designed for use with their own products. The

Page 30
use of the specified cable is highly advisable as the manufacturer only guarantees correct operation of his
system when the correct cables are used in the installation.
7.9. RESPECT THE MAXIMUM DISTANCES
Every IHS system also specifies the maximum distances for the cables used. This too comes back to the
guarantee of good operation. Sometimes, only a maximum length is specified for the BUS cabling. In other
cases, maximum mutual distances are specified between different BUS participants. In many cases there are
also distance restrictions for connecting sensors and push buttons to input modules. The non-observance of
these maximum distances could lead to poor data communications. In order to bridge greater distances, BUS
amplifiers or repeaters can sometimes be used.
7.10. USE OF SCREENING
If a screened cable is used, the manufacturer also specifies what has to be done with the screening. In most
cases, it is generally specified that the screening of the BUS cable must be connected to earth at a certain
place. At every module the screening is connected through to the last module on the bus. The screening is not
connected to earth at any other place, so that no undesired loop currents can occur.
For KNX installations, the BUS cable consists of an external sheath covering a metal screen and a continuity
wire. It is specified however that this screen must not be connected to earth, or come into contact with it. As a
result, in practice shrink sleeving is always put over the ends of the cable.
Figure 43:
Schematic presentation of the EIB/KNX cable with screening. (Illustration source: KNX)
Figure 44:
The ends of the KNX cable have shrink sleeving. (Illustration source: KNX)
7.11. KEEP CABLES WITH DIFFERENT VOLTAGES AWAY FROM ONE ANOTHER
All kinds of components are brought together in the distribution board. The supplies, controllers and output
modules are connected with 230V cabling. On the other hand, there are input modules where only very low
safety voltage is used. The cables used for the two networks are very different. The discharge voltage of 230V
cables and wires is much higher than for the cables and wires used for the BUS or for connecting the push
buttons. In practice, we must keep these cables and wires separated and as far away from one another as

In theory we can divide the various loads into resistive, inductive or capacitive. In practice, however,
consumers are often a mixture of these types of loads, but they have a stronger component that
predominates, which puts them in a certain group. Let’s look at the characteristics of each group.
7.19.1. RESISTIVE LOADS
With resistive loads the switch-on current is in principle equal to the nominal current. In principle Ohm’s law
can thus be used to calculate the current
halogen lamps belong to this group, but have a switch
current. The reason for this switch-
the lamp is cold than when the lamp is at its service temperature.
7.19.2. INDUCTIVE LOADS
Inductive loads are formed by windings and coils. The standard wound transformer used for low voltage
halogen lamps is an example of this.
Furthermore, to calculate the nominal current we have to take account of the Cos φ of the load. We use the
following formula for this: I = P/(U x Cos φ).
The smaller the Cos φ, the greater the nominal current. A purely resistive load of 1150W at 230V yields a
current of 5A. However, with an appliance with a Cos φ of 0.75 the current increases to 6.666A. If we had
chosen 6A relay contacts for this load, they would not last very long.
A standard wound transformer is a typical example of an inductive load. (Illustration source: Erea)
7.19.3. CAPACITIVE LOADS
In practice we find capacitive loads in the form of electronic transformers or converters.
as with the inductive loads with regard to the nominal current. However, the switch
higher than with inductive loads. The chosen relay contacts must be able to withstand this.
Electronic converters often present a capac
s them in a certain group. Let’s look at the characteristics of each group.
on current is in principle equal to the nominal current. In principle Ohm’s law
can thus be used to calculate the current, but nevertheless we have to take care. 230V incandescent lamps and
halogen lamps belong to this group, but have a switch-on current that can be up to 20 times the nominal
-on current is mainly due to the fact that the resistance is much less when
the lamp is cold than when the lamp is at its service temperature.
halogen lamps is an example of this. Inductive loads have a switch-on current that can be significantly higher.
following formula for this: I = P/(U x Cos φ).
greater the nominal current. A purely resistive load of 1150W at 230V yields a
chosen 6A relay contacts for this load, they would not last very long.
Figure 54:
In practice we find capacitive loads in the form of electronic transformers or converters.
with the inductive loads with regard to the nominal current. However, the switch-on current can be a lot
Figure 55:
Electronic converters often present a capacitive load. (Illustration source: Erea)
Page 36
s them in a certain group. Let’s look at the characteristics of each group.
on current is in principle equal to the nominal current. In principle Ohm’s law
. 230V incandescent lamps and
on current that can be up to 20 times the nominal
istance is much less when
on current that can be significantly higher.
greater the nominal current. A purely resistive load of 1150W at 230V yields a
In practice we find capacitive loads in the form of electronic transformers or converters. The same applies here
on current can be a lot
itive load. (Illustration source: Erea)

Page 37
7.19.4. SWITCH-ON CURRENTS
Figure 56:
Switch-on currents and their duration. (Illustration source: Zettler Electronics)
In the above table in the left-hand column we see various types of loads. The last two columns are particularly
important here. There we can see the ratio between the switch-on current with respect to the nominal current
and the duration of this switch-on current to its 50% level. We see, for example, the remarkably high switch-on
current for a low energy lamp. The duration is short, however. Not included in this table, but worth
mentioning, is that the switch-on current of gas discharge lamps is 5 to 10 times the nominal current, but lasts
around 10 seconds. With mercury or sodium vapour lamps the ratio with respect to the nominal current is less
(up to 3 times), but the duration is as much as 2 minutes. The chosen relay contacts must be able to withstand
this.
7.20. CONNECTION OF TUBE MOTORS
Tube motors with two mechanical end-stop switches are normally used for electrically operated roll-down
shutters or sun blinds. They are adjusted during installation so that the motor stops when the roll-down
shutter is fully up, and the other when the roll-down shutter is fully closed. Sometimes we want to drive a
number of roll-down shutters up and down together – for example two windows in the same wall of a room,
each of which has a roll-down shutter. To save outputs in the IHS system, the installer can connect these two
roll-down shutter motors in parallel to one roll-down shutter output of the IHS system. With lighting, switching
a number of lights in parallel is not a problem. With roll-down shutter motors with mechanical end-stop
switches it is indeed a problem. We will explain why.
We drive two parallel connected roll-down shutters down (see diagram below). Roll-down shutter 1 (motor 1)
comes down a fraction of a second earlier than roll-down shutter 2. That can happen because of the setting of
the end-stop switches. At that moment end-stop switch ES1 interrupts the operation of motor 1. Because
motor 2 is still running, an undesired current flows (dotted line). The opposite winding (opposite direction) of
motor 1 is supplied via ES3, capacitor C2, ES4 and ES2. As a result, motor 1 starts to turn in the opposite
direction (roll-down shutter back up). This happens until roll-down shutter 2 is fully down and end-stop switch
ES3 has opened. We therefore never get both roll-down shutters nicely up or down together.

Page 38
Figure 57:
When one of the motors stops earlier, that motor starts to turn the other way
through the action of the other motor. (Illustration source: E&D Systems)
We have to separate these motors from one another in order to drive them together so we use an isolating
relay (WS2 in the diagram below). In this way undesired currents (dotted line) are avoided.
Figure 58:
By using an isolating relay, the shutters will always perform the same movement
and will not hinder one another. (Illustration source: E&D Systems)
In practice, it makes sense to give every roll-down shutter its own cabling to the distribution board, and to
install the isolating relay there. In this way it can be decided at a later stage to drive the roll-down shutters
separately by connecting each of them to a roll-down shutter output of the IHS system.
N
L
C1 C2ES1 ES2 ES3 ES4
Motor 1 Motor 2
N
ES1 ES2C1 ES3 ES4C2
WS1
WS2
Motor 1 Motor 2
L

Page 39
There are also tube motors on the market that have electronic end-stop switches. They do not impede one
another when connected in parallel.
7.21. OPERATING COMPONENTS AT A USABLE HEIGHT
Operating components such as keypads with an LCD display, touch screens or other controls on which text or
other information is displayed, must be fitted at a usable height. Ordinary switches and push buttons are
generally fitted at a height of 110cm from the finished floor. For operating components on which something
needs to be read, this is far too low but we are not able to dictate a specific height for this. Firstly, the height
depends on the operating component itself. A touch screen can be somewhat higher than a keypad with LCD
readout. Secondly, the height will also depend on the average height of the occupiers. The average Dutch
person is a fair bit taller than the average Japanese person. In such cases the height at which a keypad with
display is fitted will differ by tens of centimetres. But there are, of course, also short Dutchmen and tall
Japanese. There is therefore no fixed rule for the height of such operating components.
Figure 59:
Both the information of the LCD window and the description of the buttons must be readable without the
person having to stand on his toes or bend his knees. (Illustration source: Jung)
7.22. POSITIONING OF THERMOSTATS OR TEMPERATURE SENSORS
When we want to measure the room temperature we will (depending on the IHS system) use thermostats or
electronic temperature sensors. To obtain a good measurement, the positioning of these components is very
important. The greatest heat loss in a room occurs on the outside walls and at the window. That is therefore
also the place to compensate for the heat losses so the heating element is installed here, creating an airflow in
the room. Normally the room temperature is measured at the wall opposite the heating element. Generally
the room sensor is placed at a height of 1.5 to 1.6 metres. In any case they are not put on outside walls or next
to a door, which could lead to inaccurate measurements.

Integrated Home Systems - Chapter 4 - Technical Examination

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