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The Evolutionary
Benefits of
Altruism



Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley
The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley
Beyond Happiness:
Jen Science and the Good Life
           Dacher Keltner
  University of California, Berkeley
            keltner@berkeley.edu
          www.greatergoodscience.org
The Bad is Stronger than
The Good?
•  Negative
  Contamination
•  Self-Interest as
  Default?
•  Altruism = selfish
  genes or Freudian
  Fantasy
•  Attachment and
  Anxiety
Well Placed Cynics
“       The very emphasis of the commandment:
    Thou shalt not kill, makes it certain that we are
    descended from an endlessly long chain of
    generations of murderers, whose love of murder
    was in their blood as it is perhaps also in ours.”
    — Sigmund Freud
“      If any civilization is to survive, it is the
    morality of altruism that men have to reject. ”
    — Ayn Rand
Well Placed Cynics
“        Of mankind we may say in general they are
    fickle, hypocritical, and greedy of gain.”
    — Machiavelli
“       The natural world is “grossly immoral”.
    Natural selection “can honestly be described as a
    process for maximizing short sighted selfishness”
    — George Williams
“       Sympathy as a good natured emotion is
    always blind and weak. ”
    — Immanuel Kant
Positive Emotions as
Second Class Citizens
•  Negative more
  numerous
•  Negative greater
  hedonic impact
•  Positive byproduct of
  negative
•  Negative biological,
  evolved
Darwin’s Joys
Admiration      eyes opened, eyebrows raised, eyes bright, smile,
Affirmation     nod head, open eyes widely
Astonishment    eyes open, mouth open, eyebrows raised, hands placed over mouth
Contemplation   frown, wrinkle skin under lower eyelids, eyes divergent, head
                droops, hands to forehead, mouth, or chin, thumb/index finger to lip
Determination   firmly closed mouth, arms folded across breast, shoulders raised
Devotion        face upwards, eyelids upturned, fainting, pupils upwards and
                inwards, humbling kneeling posture, hands upturned
Happiness       eyes sparkle, skin under eyes wrinkled, mouth drawn back at corners
High Spirits    zygomatic, body erect, head upright, eyes open, frontal muscles,
Cheerfulness    (AU 1 + 2), eyelids raised, nostrils raised, eating gestures (rubbing
                belly), air suck, lip smacks,
Laughter        tears, deep inspiration, contraction of chest, shaking of body, head
                nods to and fro, lower jaw quivers up/down, lip corners drawn
                backwards, head thrown backward, shakes, head face red,
                orbicularis, lip press/bite
Darwin’s Joys
Love              beaming eyes, smiling cheeks (when seeing old friend), touch,
                  gentle smile, protruding lips (in chimps), kissing, nose rubs,
Maternal Love     touch, gentle smile, tender eyes
Romantic Love     breathing hurried, faces flush
Joy               muscle tremble, purposeless movements, laughter, clapping hands,
                  jumping, dancing about, stamping, chuckle/giggle, zygomatic,
                  orbicularis, upper lip raised, naso labial fold formed
Pride             head, body erect, look down on others,
Tender (sympathy) tears
The Distal Evolution
of Pro-Sociality
Care-taking
     Vulnerable offspring
Flattened Hierarchies
     Affordance rather than coercion
Conflict and Reconciliation
     Reconciliation rather than territory
Fragile Monogamy
     Pairbonding, paternal care
The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley
The Positive Emotions
Resources
       Enthusiasm    Approach Goal
       Contentment   Satiation
Social Relations
       Love          Attachment
       Desire        Reproduction
       Compassion    Nurturance
       Pride         Elevated Status
       Gratitude     Reciprocity/Friendship
       Awe           Leaders
Distress Reduction
       Relief
Knowledge
       Interest      Learning
       Amusement     Transformation/Insight
Oxytocin and Trust
•  Functions of Oxytocin
•  Faithful and
  frisky voles
•  The Neuroeconomics
  of Trust
Varieties of Smiles
The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley
The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley
The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley
The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley
The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley
The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley
The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley
Affiliation Cues      Sexual Cues
                         Contr. for      Contr. for Affiliation
                        Sexual Cues              Cues

Oxytocin Reactivity        .50**                .11


Oxytocin Recovery          .15                  .12
The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley
Functions of Touch
•  Reward
•  Reinforce Reciprocity
•  Signal Safety
•  Soothe
Touch and the spread
of goodness
The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley
The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley
The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley
The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley
The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley
The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley
The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley
The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley
The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley
The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley
The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley
The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley
The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley
The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley
Epoch change in RSA



Self-reported compassion         .33*



Self reported pride              -.30*



Self-other similarity            .29*
Resting Vagal Tone:
Time 5: 6 months later
                                 Time 1
Extraversion                     .40**
Agreeableness                    .32*
PANAS Positive Affect            .40**
PANAS Negative Affect            .05
Optimism                         .30*
Pessimism                        -.21*
Health                           -.21*
Spiritual Transformation         .26*
Wired For Good
Care to survive       ENS

Coordination          Ethical Nervous
                      System
Flattened             OFC
Hierarchies
                      Vagus Nerve
Reconciled Conflict   Oxytocin
Fragile Monogamy      Touch, voice, face
The American Paradox
“ A Person of Humanity, wishing to establish his own
  character, also establishes the character of others.”
  — Confucius
“ The great secret of morals is love, or a going out of our
  own nature, and an identification of ourselves with the
  beautiful which exists in thought, action or person, not our
  own. A man, to be greatly good, must imagine intensely
  and comprehensively; he must put himself in the place of
  another and of many others; the pains and pleasures of
  his species must become his own. The great instrument
  of moral good is the imagination.”
  — Shelley
Designed to be Kind
“ At the most fundamental level our nature is compassionate,
  and that cooperation, not conflict, lies at the heart of the
  basic principles that govern our human existence.”
  — His Holiness, the Dalai Lama
“ …the social instincts lead an animal to take pleasure in the
  society of his fellows, to feel a certain amount of sympathy
  with them, and to perform various services for them… the
  greater strength of the social or maternal instincts than that
  of any other instinct or motive; for they are performed too
  instantaneously for reflection, or for pleasure or even misery
  might be felt. In a timid man, on the other hand, the
  instinct of self-preservation might be so strong…”
  — Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man
THANK YOU!




www.GreaterGoodScience.org
The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley

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The Evolutionary Benefits of Altruism - Dacher Keltner, UC Berkeley

  • 3. Beyond Happiness: Jen Science and the Good Life Dacher Keltner University of California, Berkeley keltner@berkeley.edu www.greatergoodscience.org
  • 4. The Bad is Stronger than The Good? •  Negative Contamination •  Self-Interest as Default? •  Altruism = selfish genes or Freudian Fantasy •  Attachment and Anxiety
  • 5. Well Placed Cynics “ The very emphasis of the commandment: Thou shalt not kill, makes it certain that we are descended from an endlessly long chain of generations of murderers, whose love of murder was in their blood as it is perhaps also in ours.” — Sigmund Freud “ If any civilization is to survive, it is the morality of altruism that men have to reject. ” — Ayn Rand
  • 6. Well Placed Cynics “ Of mankind we may say in general they are fickle, hypocritical, and greedy of gain.” — Machiavelli “ The natural world is “grossly immoral”. Natural selection “can honestly be described as a process for maximizing short sighted selfishness” — George Williams “ Sympathy as a good natured emotion is always blind and weak. ” — Immanuel Kant
  • 7. Positive Emotions as Second Class Citizens •  Negative more numerous •  Negative greater hedonic impact •  Positive byproduct of negative •  Negative biological, evolved
  • 8. Darwin’s Joys Admiration eyes opened, eyebrows raised, eyes bright, smile, Affirmation nod head, open eyes widely Astonishment eyes open, mouth open, eyebrows raised, hands placed over mouth Contemplation frown, wrinkle skin under lower eyelids, eyes divergent, head droops, hands to forehead, mouth, or chin, thumb/index finger to lip Determination firmly closed mouth, arms folded across breast, shoulders raised Devotion face upwards, eyelids upturned, fainting, pupils upwards and inwards, humbling kneeling posture, hands upturned Happiness eyes sparkle, skin under eyes wrinkled, mouth drawn back at corners High Spirits zygomatic, body erect, head upright, eyes open, frontal muscles, Cheerfulness (AU 1 + 2), eyelids raised, nostrils raised, eating gestures (rubbing belly), air suck, lip smacks, Laughter tears, deep inspiration, contraction of chest, shaking of body, head nods to and fro, lower jaw quivers up/down, lip corners drawn backwards, head thrown backward, shakes, head face red, orbicularis, lip press/bite
  • 9. Darwin’s Joys Love beaming eyes, smiling cheeks (when seeing old friend), touch, gentle smile, protruding lips (in chimps), kissing, nose rubs, Maternal Love touch, gentle smile, tender eyes Romantic Love breathing hurried, faces flush Joy muscle tremble, purposeless movements, laughter, clapping hands, jumping, dancing about, stamping, chuckle/giggle, zygomatic, orbicularis, upper lip raised, naso labial fold formed Pride head, body erect, look down on others, Tender (sympathy) tears
  • 10. The Distal Evolution of Pro-Sociality Care-taking Vulnerable offspring Flattened Hierarchies Affordance rather than coercion Conflict and Reconciliation Reconciliation rather than territory Fragile Monogamy Pairbonding, paternal care
  • 12. The Positive Emotions Resources Enthusiasm Approach Goal Contentment Satiation Social Relations Love Attachment Desire Reproduction Compassion Nurturance Pride Elevated Status Gratitude Reciprocity/Friendship Awe Leaders Distress Reduction Relief Knowledge Interest Learning Amusement Transformation/Insight
  • 13. Oxytocin and Trust •  Functions of Oxytocin •  Faithful and frisky voles •  The Neuroeconomics of Trust
  • 22. Affiliation Cues Sexual Cues Contr. for Contr. for Affiliation Sexual Cues Cues Oxytocin Reactivity .50** .11 Oxytocin Recovery .15 .12
  • 24. Functions of Touch •  Reward •  Reinforce Reciprocity •  Signal Safety •  Soothe
  • 25. Touch and the spread of goodness
  • 40. Epoch change in RSA Self-reported compassion .33* Self reported pride -.30* Self-other similarity .29*
  • 41. Resting Vagal Tone: Time 5: 6 months later Time 1 Extraversion .40** Agreeableness .32* PANAS Positive Affect .40** PANAS Negative Affect .05 Optimism .30* Pessimism -.21* Health -.21* Spiritual Transformation .26*
  • 42. Wired For Good Care to survive ENS Coordination Ethical Nervous System Flattened OFC Hierarchies Vagus Nerve Reconciled Conflict Oxytocin Fragile Monogamy Touch, voice, face
  • 44. “ A Person of Humanity, wishing to establish his own character, also establishes the character of others.” — Confucius “ The great secret of morals is love, or a going out of our own nature, and an identification of ourselves with the beautiful which exists in thought, action or person, not our own. A man, to be greatly good, must imagine intensely and comprehensively; he must put himself in the place of another and of many others; the pains and pleasures of his species must become his own. The great instrument of moral good is the imagination.” — Shelley
  • 45. Designed to be Kind “ At the most fundamental level our nature is compassionate, and that cooperation, not conflict, lies at the heart of the basic principles that govern our human existence.” — His Holiness, the Dalai Lama “ …the social instincts lead an animal to take pleasure in the society of his fellows, to feel a certain amount of sympathy with them, and to perform various services for them… the greater strength of the social or maternal instincts than that of any other instinct or motive; for they are performed too instantaneously for reflection, or for pleasure or even misery might be felt. In a timid man, on the other hand, the instinct of self-preservation might be so strong…” — Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man