2. The Call to Arms
President Lincoln
Declared rebellion existed in South, after Fort Sumter attack
Asked for 75,000 troops
Many states begged to send more
More States Secede
Tennessee, Kentucky, & Missouri
Refused to send troops
Maryland & Delaware did not respond to call for troops
Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, & North Carolina left the
Union
Western counties of Virginia refused to secede & were admitted into
Union as state of West Virginia
3. The Border States
Delaware
Strong support for Union
Kentucky, Missouri, & Maryland
supported the South
Control of Ohio river & protecting Washington was part of these states
Kentucky
Declared itself neutral
Union did not invade Kentucky
Confederates invaded in September 1861
W/ move Kentucky decided to support Union
Missouri & Maryland
Lincoln used force to hold states in Union
Troops were sent in Missouri to break up fighting between Southern
supporters & Union supporters
Maryland placed under martial law when Southern supporters
destroyed railroad & telegraph lines
4. North Against South
Southern Advantages:
Outnumbered, but had military advantages
Northern armies would have to invade & conquer South
Would be fighting on their own territory
Had most experienced military officers
Albert Johnston, Joseph Johnston, & Robert E. Lee
Northern Advantages:
Had more factories for producing supplies
Twice as much railroad track & farmland
Population advantage
Able to field, feed, & equip larger armies
5. The Two Sides Plan Strategies
North:
Win a quick victory
Naval blockade on Southern seaports
Block supply of manufactured goods & overseas sales of
cotton
Gain control of Mississippi River
South:
Did not need to invade the North
Defend their land until Northerners got tired of fighting
Sought aid from Britain & other European nations
British need for cotton would force support towards South
6. Americans Against Americans
Civil War
War between Americans
Families spilt apart: brothers against brothers, father against
son
Mary Lincoln
4 brothers who fought for Confederacy
Soldiers came from many backgrounds
Farmers, immigrants, etc.
Most of men between 18-45 years old, some as young as
14
7. First Battle of Bull Run
Union
Led by General Irvin McDowell
30,000 men (not very well prepared for battle)
Confederates
Led by General Thomas Jackson
30,000 men
Hundreds of people came from Washington to watch the
battle
Armies clashed along Bull Run River
Northern armies pushed forward at first
Southern army rallied & poorly trained Union army began to
panic & fled back to Washington
8. A Soldier’s Life
¾ of time spent in camp, not fighting
Trained for 10 hours per day
Rest of time they stood guard, wrote home, & gathered
firewood
Harsh Conditions
Camp conditions were miserable
Lack of clean water
Diseases swept through camps
Prisoners of War
Prison camps were built by both sides
were overcrowded & became deathtraps
10% of those who died during the war, died in prison camps
10. New Technology in the War
New Weapons
Previous Wars: charges on the enemy
Now: new rifles & cannons were more accurate & had
longer range; attacking troops could be bombarded
before reaching defenders
Generals were slow to recognize this & change tactics
Ironclads: warships covered with protective iron plates
Cannon fire bounced off the sides of these ships
Confederates used them against the Union blockade
Union used them in the effort to gain control of the
Mississippi River
11.
12. The War in the East
George McClellan
Placed in command of Union troops after Battle of Bull Run
Very organized & cautious general
March 1862
McClellan moved 100,000 soldiers by boat to a peninsula
southeast of Richmond
As he moved toward the capital he discovered superiority of his
troops to the 15,000 Confederate troops
Ordered 37,000 troops to guard Washington, D.C.
Waited another month to advance again
Gave Confederates time to reinforce
May 31, 1862
Confederates stopped Union advance near Richmond
In late June McClellan was forced to retreat
13. Lucky Break
General Lee decided to invade the North
Hoped victory of Union soil would gain support for the South in
Europe & turn northern public opinion against the war
September: Lee’s army moved into western Maryland
September 1862 45,000 troops slipped into Maryland
Union officer found a piece of paper showing Lee’s battle plan
Confederates had divided into two parts
McClellan attacked Lee on September 17, 1862 at Antietam Creek
near Sharpsburg, Maryland
Bloodiest single day of the war
Lee was forced to retreat to Virginia; Confederates suffered
14,000 casualties
McClellan lost 12,000 men & was too damaged to pursue Lee &
finish him
14. The War in the West
Ulysses S. Grant
General of western Union forces
Took chances & was not as cautious as McClellan
1862
Union forces made major advances in western land &
naval battles
Grant moved forces south from Kentucky capturing Fort
Henry in TN & the Fort Donelson on the Cumberland
River
Two water routes into the Confederacy were now open
Grant continued toward Corinth, MS
15. April 6,1862
Confederate General Albert Sydney Johnston attacked
Grant’s forces at the Battle of Shiloh
South suffered nearly 11,000 casualties & the North
more than 13,000.
Union forced Confederate army to withdraw from the
railroad center
Union also gained control of western Tennessee & part
of Mississippi River
Union fleet under command of David Farragut
entered Mississippi River from the Gulf of Mexico 2
weeks after this battle
April 26 Farragut captured New Orleans, LA & by
summer nearly all of the Mississippi River was in
Union hands
17. Emancipating the Enslaved
Abolitionists urged Lincoln to end slavery after start of
war
Feared emancipating slaves would cause border states to
secede
Goal: was to restore the Union even if he had to let slavery
continue
Began to realize how important slavery was to South’s
war effort
Lincoln was going to issue an Emancipation Proclamation
Cabinet members advised him to wait until success on the
battlefield
18. A Famous Proclamation
September 22, 1862
preliminary proclamation issued
January 1, 1863
Final Emancipation Proclamation issued
Little effect at first
Only freed enslaved people in areas that were fighting the Union
(Union had no power)
Didn’t apply to parts of the South already under Union control or
free anyone in the border states
Proclamation criticized & praised
Abolitionists: should be applied throughout the country
Southerners: accused Lincoln of trying to start a slave revolt
Union soldiers: enthusiastic; would weaken the South
19. Effects of the Proclamation
Freed few slaves at first
Changed the Civil War into a struggle for freedom
No longer a fight to save the nation
Fight to end slavery
Dashed hope that Britain would recognize the South’s
independence
Would not help a gov’t wanting to keep people enslaved
United African Americans in support of the war
20. African Americans Help the Union
Were not permitted to join Union army at first
Only after Emancipation Proclamation were they
allowed to serve
189,000 served in the Union army & navy
½ were former slaves who escaped or freed by fighting
If caught they were either returned to slavery or killed; not
treated like prisoners
21. African Americans & white sailors served together on
warships
Army:
African Americans served in all-black regiments under
white officers
Earned less pay
Fought with pride & courage
Took part in 40 major battles & 100s of minor ones
Many other African Americans worked for Union
armies as cooks, wagon drivers, & hospital aides
22. Resisting Slavery
South
Many enslaved African Americans tried to hurt the
Confederate war effort
Some provided military information to Union armies
Worked slowly or damaged equipment
Slaves often also simply refused to work
24. Divisions over the war
Nation divided as well as divisions in the North &
South
Northerners: some did not support the war or want to
restore the Union
Southerners: some did not support a war to defend
slavery or secession
25. Divisions in the South
Georgia
Only half supported secession
North Carolina
Held nearly 100 peace protests
Supplied second most number of troops to Confederate army
Regions w/ large plantations supported the more stronger
than poor black country regions
States’ Rights
Created divisions
Objections to officers from other states leading troops
Objection to Confederate government forcing men to do
military service
26. Division in the north
Many opposed the Emancipation Proclamation
Others believed South had a right to secede
Northern Democrats
Blamed Lincoln & Republicans of forcing the South into
War
Called Copperheads; strongest in Ohio, Indiana, & Illinois;
criticized the war & called for peace
27. Dealing with disruptions
People on both sides tried to disrupt the war
Tried to encourage soldiers to desert
Helped prisoners of war escape
Southern peace groups worked against the Confederacy
Tried to prevent men from volunteering for military service
Habeas Corpus suspended
Lincoln & Jefferson Davis suspended Habeas Corpus in some
places (constitutional protection against unlawful
imprisonment)
Empowered judges to determine if prisoners were being legally held
13,000 people in the North were arrested and jailed without
trials
28. The Draft
April 1862
South: men aged 18-35 & later to 50 were drafted into the army
March 1863
North: U.S. Congress created a military draft
Draft laws
Incomplete & discriminatory
Could hire a substitute to avoid service
Could buy out by paying the government $300.00
Critics began calling the Civil War “a rich man’s war and a poor
man’s fight”
Southern governors helped their citizens evade the draft
July 1863
Riots took place in New York City to show opposition to the draft
29. Bounty, or lump sum, of $1,500 was paid for a 3-year
enlistment
This led to the practice of bounty jumping
A man would enlist, collect his bounty and then desert,
only to reenlist somewhere else
30. The war and economic strains
Northern Industries
boomed during the war; turned out goods Union needed
Draft did drain away workers
August 1861
Congress levied 1st income tax in history
Union printed $400 million of paper money
Pay for expenses
1st federal paper money printed
Led to inflation; prices of goods in raised 80% during the war
in the North
South
Less able to sustain war
Union blockade prevented ability to raise money
Shortages made goods more expensive
Led to greater inflation than in the North
$18 shoes now cost $800
Food production fell as Union armies destroyed farmland &
crops
Led to riots for food, cloth, & shoes
31. Women in the civil war
400 women disguised as men fought in the war
Became spies
Took over businesses, farms, plantations for men who were
fighting in the war
Some women in the South worked the field to meet the needs
of workers
Work in factories
Became teachers & nurses
Barriers to women fell
Elizabeth Blackwell became 1st female physician
Dorothea Dix became head of Union army nurses
Harriet Tubman continued to lead enslaved people to freedom
Clara Barton cared for wounded soldiers on the battlefield
33. The Tide Turns
1862 Battle of Antietam
After this battle war began to go badly for the North
Poor leadership was the result
McClellan replaced with General Ambrose Burnside
34. Confederate Victories
December 1862
Burnside marched army of 120,000 men toward Richmond
General Lee massed 75,000 men at Fredericksburg, VA to block his
path
Burnside ordered charge after charge during this battle
Union lost 13,000 men to the Confederates 5,000
Lincoln replaced Burnside with General Joseph Hooker
May 1863
Hooker marched Union army toward Richmond
Union army was smashed at the Battle of Chancellorsville by a force
half its size
Battle was costly for the South; Stonewall Jackson was shot and
wounded & later died
35. The Battle of Gettysburg
After Lee’s army defeated Union forces at Chancellorsville
he gained confidence & headed north to Pennsylvania
Union forces now under the command of General George
G. Meade meet Lee accidentally at Gettysburg
Confederates were in search of shoes desperately needed in the South
Bloody battle marked a turning point in the war
Union troops took position on the crest of a low ridge
Confederates’ task was to dislodge them from their position
Confederate attempts failed several times, concluding with a suicidal
charge across an open field by General George Pickett on July 3
After 3 days 23,000 Union soldiers & 28,000 Confederate
soldiers had been killed or wounded
Lincoln wired Meade, “Do not let the enemy escape”
July 4, Lee retreated to Virginia & the Union army failed to
pursue him
36. Gettysburg Address
Both sides suffered heavy casualties at Gettysburg
Sparsely populated South could not recover from
November 19, 1863 President Lincoln visited
Gettysburg to dedicate the battlefield cemetery & to
honor the soldiers buried there
He promised, “these dead shall not have died in vain”
37. The Fall of Vicksburg
July 4, 1863
Vicksburg surrendered to General grant
Was last city on the Mississippi River in Confederate hands
Grant was able to capture Vicksburg not by force, but by
surrounding the city & cutting it off from supplies
Day after day the Union bombarded Vicksburg
Residents took shelter in cellars & caves they had dug in hillsides
They ate mules & rats to keep from starving
After 6 weeks the Confederate troops gave up
Last Confederate stronghold at Port Hudson, LA fell a few
days later
Lee’s defeat at Gettysburg along with loses at Vicksburg &
Port Hudson made July 1863 a major turning point in the
war
38. Closing in on the Confederacy
1864
Grant given command of Union forces
Decided to attack Richmond no matter how large the
Union losses
39. Grant vs. Lee
Grant’s huge army hammered the Confederates in
several battles in northern Virginia
They were unable to break through, but continued to
attack
Grant’s army suffered 55,000 casualties in 7 weeks of
fighting; Confederates suffered 35,000
Grant knew he could count of a steady supply of men &
supplies while Lee was running low on both
Petersburg
Grant used the same tactic he used a Vicksburg of
besieging the Confederate troops
While Grant & Lee battled, Union forces under
command of William T. Sherman advanced toward
40. Sherman’s March
Sherman believed in total war
All-out attacks aimed at destroying an enemy’s army, its
resources, & it’s people’s will to fight
Confederates were unable to stop Sherman’s advance
Union troops captured Atlanta, GA on September 2, 1864
Victory gave Lincoln’s reelection campaign a boost
Northerners were growing tired of the war prior to this event &
support for Lincoln was also lagging; Lincoln won election victory
over General George McClellan
November 1864
Sherman ordered Atlanta to be burned & he continued his
march to the Atlantic Ocean
Along the way Union forces set fires to buildings, seized crops &
livestock, & pulled up railroad tracks leaving a 60 mile path of
destruction
41.
42. Peace at last
March 1865
Grant’s army continued to besiege Petersburg
Grant extended his battle lines east & west
Lee knew the city would fall
Lincoln also saw end of war too
2nd inaugural address
“With malice toward none; with charity for all; …let us strive
together… to bind up the nation’s wounds”
43. Surrender at Appomattox
April 2
Grant’s troop broke through Confederate lines
Richmond was captured by the Union
Lee retreated to Appomattox Court House
April 9, 1865
Lee surrendered
Grant offered:
Confederates to give up their weapons & leave in peace
44. The War’s Terrible Toll
Bloodiest conflict U.S. ever fought
Confederates: 260,000 men died
Union: exceeded 360,000 men including 37,000 African
Americans
½ million were wounded
Many returned home disfigured for life
Key results of the war
Reunited the nation
Put an end to slavery