3.  Expansion of U.S. led to discovers of
deposits of coal, iron, lead, & copper
› Along with vast forests that could furnish
lumber
 Land grants given by gov’t to railroads &
other businessesses
 Tariffs were kept on imports
› Helped American industry grow by making
foreign goods more expensive

4.  Technology spurred industrial growth as
well
› 1850s: Bessemer process was developed
 Method of making steel stronger at lower costs
 Steel quickly replaced iron as basic building
material
 Pittsburgh became nation’s steel making
capital
 Due to close coal mines & good transportation

5.  1859
› Titusvill, PA
 New source of energy found
 1st oil strike
 Methods to refine crude oil were developed
 Made into lubricants for machines & later into
gasoline
 Oil became known as black gold

6.  Railroads fueled industrial growth
› Carried people & goods to the west & raw
materials to the east
› New services added (sleeping cars) & more
tracks were laid down
› Big lines soon consolidated & bought up
smaller lines
 Limited competition & kept prices high
 Higher prices angered small farmers who relied on
railroads to get their goods to market

7.  Late 1800s
› More patents issued than 10 years before
Civil War
› U.S. became known as a land of invention
› Inventions made business & life easier

8.  1876
› Thomas Edison created research lab in Menlo
Park, NJ
 Here they created the light bulb, the phonograph,
the motion picture camera, & other useful devices
 1882
› Edison opened 1st electrical power plant in New
York City; other soon followed all over the
country
 Supplied electricity that lit homes, powered
streetcars, & replaced steam engines & electric
ones in factories

9.  1866 telegraph speed increased
› Cyrus Field laid an underwater telegraph cable
from Europe
› Made communication faster
 1876
› Alexander Graham Bell sent the 1st telephone
message to his assistant in another room
› Patent for the telephone became the most
valuable ever issued
› By 1885 300,000 phones were sold
› He later organized over 100 local companies
into the giant American Telephone & Telegraphy
Company

10.  1868
› Christopher Sholes invented the type writer
› Made writing letters much faster
 1888
› George Eastman introduced a lightweight camera
› Replaced heavy chemicals & equipment
› Sold for a low price, ordinary people could purchase
it
 Jan Matzeliger
› African American; invented shoe sewing machine
 Granville Woods
› African American; invented telegraph between
moving trains

11.  Late 1800s
› European engineers developed automobile
 Only 8,000 Americans had one
› Era of freer & faster transportation followed
 Henry Ford
› American manufacturer made automobile available to millions
› Created a system to mass produce cars & made them available
at a lower price
› 1913 Ford introduced the assembly line
 Production time was cut in half
 Lower costs to build = lower prices for consumers
 1917 4.5 million owned cars
 Cars changed the nation’s landscape
› Roads spread across country & new cities were developed

12.  1903
› Wilbur & Orville Wright tested a gas powered
airplane @ Kitty Hawk, NC
› Stayed in the air for 12 seconds & flew 120 feet
› 1st flights attracted little interest
 No use for a flying machine
 Military did not starting using airplane until WWI
 1920s
› Airplane started to alter the world by making
travel quicker & trade easier

14.  Expansion led by entrepreneurs
› Someone who sets up new businesses to
make a profit
› To raise more money, entrepreneurs
adopted new ways of organizing business

15.  Corporations
› Businesses owned by many investors
› Raise money by selling stock or shares
› Stockholders get some of the profits & pick
who runs the company
 Limited risk of investors, only lost money they
invested

16.  Huge loans were given to corporations
› Helped industry grow quickly
› Made huge profits for bankers
 J. Pierpont Morgan
› Became powerful force in American economy
› Gained control of key industries (railroads &
steel)
 Bought stock in troubled corporations
 Ran companies by eliminating competition &
increasing profits

17.  Congress did little to regulate business
practices
› Led to growth of “Big Business”
› Entrepreneurs formed monopolies or
companies that control most or all business
in a particular industry

18.  Poor Scottish immigrant that worked his
way up in the railroad business
 Entered the steel industry
› Soon controlled every step of making steel
(owned iron mines, steel mills, railroads, &
shipping lines)
 1892 formed Carnegie Steel Company;
produced more steel than all mills in England

19.  Carnegie believed the rich had a duty to
improve society
› Called Gospel of Wealth
› Donated millions to build libraries & charities
› Set up a foundation that funded worthy
causes after his death

20.  Son of a New York peddler
 At 23 he invested in an oil refinery
› Used profits to buy other oil companies
› Didn’t hesitate to crush competitors
 1882 Rockefeller formed the Standard Oil
Trust
› Trust: group of corporations run by a single
board of directors
 1900
› Trusts dominated many of nation’s key industries

21.  Big Business good or bad?
 Critics
› Trusts threatened free enterprise (system in which
privately owned businesses compete freely)
› Business leaders were “robber barons” & used
their money to influence politicians
 Others
› Bold “captains of industry”
› Built up economy & created jobs
› Made goods & services affordable for American
consumers

22.  Supported trend toward trusts
 Survival of the fittest applied to human
affairs
 Business leaders used to justify efforts to
limit competition & harsh working
conditions

23.  Close relationships between owners &
workers ended as industries grew
 Most new workers were immigrants,
others were African Americans who left
southern farms

24.  Outnumbered men in most industries
 Many work in sweatshops (workshops
with long hours & poor working
conditions with low pay)
 Children had hazardous jobs as well
 Most children did not go to school &
could not improve their lives

25.  Lung diseases by textile workers & miners
› From breathing fibers & dusts
 Burns & death by steelworkers
 Employers were not required to pay
compensation for injuries
› Social Darwinists: harsh conditions necessary
to cut costs, increase production, & ensure
survival of business

26.  Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
› Fire broke out
› Within 15 minutes, upper stories were ablaze
› Workers raced to exits to find them locked
 Doors locked to keep workers at their jobs
› Fire truck ladders were too short to reach the fire
 Workers leaped to their deaths
 150 people, mostly young women, died
 New York & other states approved safety

27.  Factory workers made attempts to
organize in early days of Industrial
Revolution
› Security guards were hired by companies to
attack strikers or union organizers
› Laws made it illegal to strike
› Workers formed unions in secret
 Sought safer working conditions, higher wages,
& shorter hours

28.  Philadelphia clothing workers
› 1st was small & secret
 1879
› Terence Powderly elected president of KOL
 Held public rallies
 Women, African Americans, immigrants, &
unskilled workers were admitted
 Became biggest union in the country

29.  Violent labor disputes soon took
place
 May 4th, 1886
› Strike took place in Haymarket Square in
Chicago
› Bomb exploded killing seven policemen
› Police opened fire on the crowd
› KOL lost their influence as a result of
protest

30.  1886
› Samuel Gompers formed new union in Columbus,
OH
 American Federation of Labor
 Replaced KOL as leading union in the country
 AFL only admitted skilled workers
› Costly & more difficult to train replacements
› Believed in collective bargaining (unions negotiate
with management for workers as a group)
› Used strikes only when all else failed
 1904
› AFL had more than a million members
› Only included a fraction of American workers

31.  Played leading roles in building unions
 Mary Harris Jones
› Traveled the country campaigning for unions
› Called attention to hard lives of children
 Called Mother Jones by many people

32.  1893
› Severe economic depression
› Owners cut production, fired workers, & slashed wages
 Violent strikes swept the country
 George Pullman
› Cut workers pay by 25% & did not lower rent on company
housing
› Workers walked off their jobs
› By July rail lines were shut down from coast to coast
› President Grover Cleveland sent federal troops to
Chicago to end the strike
 Shots were fired into the crowd, killing 2
 Public generally sided with owners in violent labor
disputes
› Striking unions were seen as radical or violent
› By 1900 only 3% of American workers belonged to a union

34.  Urbanization
› Rapid growth of city populations
 1890
› 1 in 3 Americans lived in a city
› U.S. had cities the sizes of London & Paris
 Reasons for urbanization
› Cities attracted industry & industry attracted
people
 Moved in search of jobs & excitement
 Many were near waterways, provided easier
transport of goods

35.  Technology
› Aided in growth of cities
 Elevated trains, electric streetcar, & electric
subway
 Public Transportation
› Help create suburbs
 Didn’t have to live in the cities to work there
› Steel bridges also allowed suburbs to grow

36.  Cities expanded upward
› 1885 1st 10 story building constructed
› 1900 skyscrapers reached 30 stories
 Electric elevators allowed people to move up
& down the building
 Cities grew outward from old downtown
sections
› Poor families crowded into these areas

37.  Fire
› Constant threat to tightly packed
neighborhoods
› 1871
 Chicago fire leveled 3 square
miles of downtown killing 300
people & leaving 18,000 homeless

38.  Downtown slums
› Poor living conditions
› Tenements: buildings divided into many tiny
apartments
 No windows (usually), heat, or indoor plumbing
 10 people lived in a single room & several families
shared a single bathroom
› Streets were littered w/ garbage
› Diseases were common
› Babies ran the greatest risk of death
 In one Chicago slum, half of all babies died by one

39.  1880s
› Streetlights, fire stations, police departments,
& sanitation stations were set up
› Public health officials waged war on disease
› Religious groups served the poor
 Hospitals & clinics were set up for those who
could not afford a doctor
› Salvation Army was founded & gave food,
clothing & shelter to the homeless

40.  Jane Addams
› 1889 opened Hull House (settlement house)
in Chicago
 A center offering help to the urban poor
 At settlement houses
› Taught English to immigrants, sponsored
music & sports for young people, & provided
nurseries for children of working women
 Addams & other house leaders fought to
outlaw child labor

41.  Attractions available in the city
› Electric lights, elevated railroads, & tall
buildings
 Department stores
› Developed to meet the needs of shoppers
 Could buy everything they needed in one
store (use to buy shirts in one, shoes in one,
pants in one)
 Goods were separated on different floors

42.  Entertainment provided to people in cities
› Museums, orchestras, art galleries, & theaters
› Circuses drew large audiences
 1850s
› Frederick Law Olmsted planned Central Park in NY
 Others cities built parks, zoos, & gardens
 Sports
› Pro teams developed in cities after the Civil War
› Baseball was the most popular
 Cincinnati Red Stockings 1st pro team in 1869
 7 years later 8 cities had teams & formed the National
League of Professional Baseball Clubs w/ crowds of
5,000 people

43.  1891
› James Naismith nailed two peach baskets to
the walls of a gym in Springfield, MA
› Basketball was the new game he created
 Used a soccer ball
 Football also became popular
› Very dangerous, no equipment
› 1 season 44 college players died of injuries

45.  1865-1915
› 25 million immigrants entered U.S.
 Reasons for Migration
› Farmland in Europe was shrinking w/ increasing
population & machines were replacing farmhands
› Religious freedom
› Political unrest
› Job opportunities
 Steamships & railroads (profited from immigration) sent
agents to Asia & Europe advertising cheap land &
plentiful jobs
› Promise of freedom drew people from lands w/o
democracy & liberty

46.  Came from southern
& eastern Europe
(Italy, Poland, Russia,
& Greece), Asia, &
the Pacific
 Most were Catholic
or Jewish
 Few understood
English or experience
living in a
democracy or a city

47.  Difficult decision to emigrate
› Leave home, family, & friends to start a
strange new life
 Coming to America
› Miserable journey
› Crammed below decks in steerage
(large compartments that usually held
cattle)
› Diseases & rough seas sickened
travelers

48.  Most settled into cities after being
admitted to U.S.
› Near people from the same country
 Helped people feel less isolated
 Celebrated familiar holidays & cooked foods
from homeland
 Social groups were started (Sons of Italy)
 Storefronts became places of worship

49.  Immigrant Aid Societies
› Helped cloth, house, & teach immigrants
 Assimilation
› Immigrants kept traditional modes of
worship, family life, & community
› Worked hard to also assimilate (process of
becoming part of another culture)
 Children assimilated faster than parents;
learned English faster, played baseball &
dressed like native-born Americans
 Pained parents to see children change, but dreamed

50.  Labor of immigrants was essential to new
American economy
› Took whatever job they could find (steel
mills, meatpacking plants, mines, garment
sweatshops, built subways, skyscrapers, &
bridges)
› Chinese, Irish, & Mexican workers laid
hundreds of miles of railroad track
 Hard work & saving allowed many to
advance economically
› Sometimes opened small businesses to serve
their community

51.  Individual Immigrants who contributed
› Andrew Carnegie, Alexander Graham Bell,
Samuel Goldwyn & Louis Mayer (started
motion picture industry), Arturo Toscanini
(famous orchestra conductor), Leo
Baekeland (invented 1st plastic)

52.  1840s
› Increased immigration led to nativism
 Nativists sought to preserve U.S. for native born
Americans
 Immigrants wouldn’t assimilate because their
languages, religions, & customs were too different
 Took away jobs from Americans
 Immigrants were associated w/ violence, crime, &
anarchy
› West Coast
 Chinese were drove from mining camps & cities &
sometimes killed by angry mobs
 1882
› Congress passed Chinese Exclusion Act to
exclude Chinese laborers from U.S.
 1st law limiting immigration based on race;
repealed in 1943

54.  Before 1870
› ½ American children attended school
› All age levels w/ one teacher
 Industry Growth
› Nation needed educated workforce
› States improved public schools @ all levels

55.  1852
› Compulsory education law passed
 Requirement that children attend school up to a certain
point
› Most states passed minimum of 10th grade
› Schools for whites & black were built in the South
 More reluctant to pass compulsory education laws
 1918
› Every state required children to attend school
 Higher education also expanded
› Colleges for men & women opened
› Universities offering free or low-cost education
opened

56.  Elementary School
› 8:00 a.m. – 4:00 p.m.
› Learned reading, writing, & arithmetic
› Moral values & the Christian religion
 Education for Adults
› Libraries were built
 Offered not only books & magazines, but also
speakers on important topics
› 1874
 Methodist minister opened summer bible
school along Lake Chautauqua
 Camp later opened to the public
 Chautauqua Society later began & traveling
lectures were sent out

57.  Americans began to read more
› Bestsellers were dime novels
› Told rags-to-riches stories
 Realism
› Writers who try to show life as it is
› Emphasized the harsh side
› Stephen Crane, Jack London, Kate Chopin,
& Paul Laurence Dunbar

58.  Mark Twain
› Pen name of Samuel Clemens
› Made stories realistic by capturing the
speech patterns of southerners who lived &
worked along the Mississippi River
 Huckleberry Finn

59.  Late 1800s
› Newspapers grew dramatically
 1900
› Half the newspapers in the world were
printed in the U.S.
 Causes of newspaper boom
› Spread of education
 More could read, more newspapers &
magazines were bought
› Urbanization
 News was shared face to face
 People needed newspapers to stay informed

60.  Joseph Pulitzer
› Created 1st modern mass circulation
newspaper
› 1883
 Bought New York World
 Cut the price so more people could afford it
 Added crowd pleasing features
 Color comics (the Yellow Kid a sweet slum boy), crime
& scandalous headlines
 Critics called it yellow journalism